基于语料库的民航英语被动语态初探
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT face=宋体><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基于语料库的民航英语被动语态初探</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.5pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT face=宋体><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.5pt">­</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——波音空客飞行手册英语个案研究</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">摘要：前人关于</SPAN>专门用途英语（<SPAN lang=EN-US>ESP</SPAN>）中<SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的被动语态研究颇多，且认识也颇为统一。本文利用语料库的手段对民航英语中</SPAN>的波音<SPAN lang=EN-US>737</SPAN>和空客<SPAN lang=EN-US>320</SPAN>飞行员操作手册英语<SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的被动语态进行了深入细致地分析研究，全面客观地展现了该飞行手册英语中的被动语态。受其专门用途性的制约，</SPAN>波音<SPAN lang=EN-US>737</SPAN>和空客<SPAN lang=EN-US>320</SPAN>飞行员操作手册英语<SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在被动语态的使用具有在分布上的偏态性和在句法上的缩约性。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关键词：</SPAN> <SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">语料库</SPAN>、词频、共现、民航英语、被动语态、</FONT></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>0<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN>引言</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN>现代语料库语言学通常被认为发端于二十世纪六十年代初。随着计算机技术和因特网的快速发展，这门衍生于语言学、计算机科学、应用语言学以及认知语言学的边沿学科得到越来越广泛的运用。特别是其借助计算机技术大规模地分析真实语言素材的方法为我们科学地研究语言提供了全新的思路。语料库研究方法不但在普通英语（<SPAN lang=EN-US>General English</SPAN>）研究方面发挥了重要作用，在专门用途英语（<SPAN lang=EN-US>ESP</SPAN>）的研究上更是具有立竿见影的应用效果。专门用途英语语料库针对性强，因此可以在远远小于普通英语语料库规模<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>约<SPAN lang=EN-US>100</SPAN>万<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>的基础上获取较为科学可靠的研究数据<SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SUP>。为了进行该研究，本文作者建立了一个小规模的民航英语语料库（<SPAN lang=EN-US>CAEC, </SPAN>约<SPAN lang=EN-US>130</SPAN>万），并根据其中的波音<SPAN lang=EN-US>737</SPAN>和空客<SPAN lang=EN-US>320</SPAN>飞行员操作手册英语子语料库（约<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>万）进行了被动语态的研究。</FONT></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>1 </SPAN>英语被动语态概述</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 12pt 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>对于英语学习者而言，“语态”（<SPAN lang=EN-US>voice</SPAN>）这个词是大家非常熟悉的。它作为一个语法范畴，是表示主语和动词之间关系的动词形式。传统英语语法把语态分为主动语态和被动语态两种。伦敦学派代表人物韩礼德认为，人们在说话时往往包含一个过程<SPAN lang=EN-US>(Process),</SPAN>这个过程的参与者可能是动作的施事者<SPAN lang=EN-US>(Agent)</SPAN>，也可能是使过程变为现实的目标<SPAN lang=EN-US>(Goal)</SPAN>和<SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“受事者”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(Recipient)</SPAN>。因此，若施事者作主语，则为主动语态，若目标作主语，则为被动语态<SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SUP>。</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 12pt 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就语态而言</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主动语态是语言中更基本、更常见、更自然的结构</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>, </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因而它是无标记的。与之相对应</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">被动语态无论从形态上还是从分布上看都是一种有标记的语态。</SPAN>我们知道，一个英语动词能否变成被动语态，最基本的条件就是主动分句必须包含有“主动宾”这三个成分。英语动词的被动语态通常由“助动词<SPAN lang=EN-US>be</SPAN>的一定形式<SPAN lang=EN-US>+</SPAN>及物动词的<SPAN lang=EN-US>-ed</SPAN>分词<SPAN lang=EN-US>+</SPAN>（<SPAN lang=EN-US>by</SPAN>短语）”构成<SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SUP>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Douglas Biber</SPAN>等利用语料库方法也得到相同的结论：“<SPAN lang=EN-US>Most passive constructions are formed with the auxiliary <I>be</I> followed by an <I>ed</I>-participle.</SPAN>”<SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></SUP>。不少语法书对<SPAN lang=EN-US>get + ed </SPAN>分词这种被动语态形式也有所论述，<SPAN lang=EN-US>get </SPAN>在此作为助动词。但是<SPAN lang=EN-US>get</SPAN>多用于非正式文体<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>而<SPAN lang=EN-US>be</SPAN>则多用于正式文体中<SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SUP>。 民航英语中的手册英语是专门用途英语<SPAN lang=EN-US>(ESP)</SPAN>中学术英语的分支，文体较为正式，所以本文只对<SPAN lang=EN-US>be</SPAN>型被动语态进行分析研究。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>英语中，特别是在学术英语中被动语态使用得十分广泛。据<SPAN lang=EN-US>Douglas Biber</SPAN>等的语料库统计， 学术英语是被动语态使用最多的，平均每<SPAN lang=EN-US>100</SPAN>万词次就出现<SPAN lang=EN-US>18</SPAN>，<SPAN lang=EN-US>500</SPAN>次。从比例上看，学术英语中被动语态形式占限定动词（<SPAN lang=EN-US>finite verb</SPAN>）的<SPAN lang=EN-US>25%</SPAN>，而日常口语中只占<SPAN lang=EN-US>2%</SPAN>。此外，<SPAN lang=EN-US>get</SPAN>型被动语态仅较少出现在口语中，且只占所有动词的<SPAN lang=EN-US>0.1%<SUP></SUP></SPAN>。学术英语中，为何被动语态的应用最为广泛？这是因为学术<SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英语描述的主体往往是客观的事物、现象或过程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而客体往往是从事某项工作的人或装置</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这时使用被动语态不仅比较客观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而且还可以使读者的注意力集中在描述的事物、现象或过程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">即主体上。</SPAN>英语的被动结构要求有助动词出现<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>通常是ｂｅ，但是ｂｅ本身有八种形态变化<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>过去分词也有不规则变化形式<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>被动语态还经常与时态、体及情态动词结合产生复杂结构形式<SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SUP>。本文就根据ｂｅ的八种形态变化进行语料库检索分析。</FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>2 </SPAN>词条原码（<SPAN lang=EN-US>lemma</SPAN>）<SPAN lang=EN-US> BE</SPAN>的词频分析</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN>根据以上对被动语态的一般分析，“助动词<SPAN lang=EN-US>be</SPAN>的一定形式<SPAN lang=EN-US>+</SPAN>及物动词的<SPAN lang=EN-US>-ed</SPAN>分词<SPAN lang=EN-US>+</SPAN>（<SPAN lang=EN-US>by </SPAN>短语）”是最为普遍的被动语态形式。为了便于语料检索分析，我们把<SPAN lang=EN-US>Lemma BE</SPAN>的八种形态一一列出：表一般现在的<SPAN lang=EN-US>am, is </SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>are</SPAN>； 表一般过去的<SPAN lang=EN-US>was</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>were</SPAN>；表进行体的<SPAN lang=EN-US>being</SPAN>；表完成体的<SPAN lang=EN-US>been</SPAN>；以及表将来和情态的<SPAN lang=EN-US>be</SPAN>。利用语料库检索软件<SPAN lang=EN-US>MY FINDER</SPAN>对民航英语子语料库——波音空客系统描述语料库进行检索，得到<SPAN lang=EN-US>Lemma BE</SPAN>的八种形态（这里我们把每一种形态作为一个单独的类符）的出现频数，如下表：</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-left: 1.75gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.75"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>表一：<SPAN lang=EN-US>CAEC</SPAN>子语料库中<SPAN lang=EN-US>Lemma BE</SPAN>的频数及其分布比例</FONT></P>
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<TR style="HEIGHT: 14.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 41.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.55pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>类符</FONT></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.55pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=63>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>be </FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.55pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>am</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.55pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=63>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>are</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.55pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=63>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>is</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.55pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>was</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.55pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>were</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.55pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>being</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.55pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>been</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 34.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.55pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=45>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>总计</FONT></P></TD></TR>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>频数</FONT></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=63>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>469</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>4</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=63>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>918</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=63>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>2286</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>8</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>2</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>29</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>30</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 34.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=45>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>3746</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 41.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>占总形符 （<SPAN lang=EN-US>%</SPAN>）</FONT></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=63>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>12.5</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>0.1</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=63>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>24.5</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=63>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>61.0</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>0.2</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>0.1</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>0.8</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=55>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>0.8</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 34.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 16pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=45>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>100</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体>根据表一，动词<SPAN lang=EN-US>BE</SPAN>在民航英语子语料库中出现频数为<SPAN lang=EN-US>3746</SPAN>，且在八种类符上分布极其不均衡。从统计的角度看，只有三种类符具有显著性特征（<SPAN lang=EN-US>significance</SPAN>）：即表一般现在的<SPAN lang=EN-US> is </SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>are</SPAN>以及表将来和情态的<SPAN lang=EN-US>be</SPAN>。这样的检索结果与学术英语的一般特征完全吻合。因为学术英语重在描述一般化的过程、状态或关系（<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">“<SPAN lang=EN-GB>the focus of academic prose is usually on generalized processes, states, or relationships</SPAN>”</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">），所以一般现在时是其主要时态基调</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">为了进一步检验民航英语子语料库中被动语态与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">BE</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">动词的结合度，我们对最具显著性特征的类符</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">IS</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">进行了深度检索。</SPAN>我们把<SPAN lang=EN-US>IS</SPAN>设为节点词（<SPAN lang=EN-US>node word</SPAN>）进行语料检索<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">类符</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">IS</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">在民航英语子语料库中的频数为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2286</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">次，且与类符</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">BY</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">共现（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">co-occur</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">）了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">376</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">次。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">通过对类符</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">IS</SPAN>随机节选的<SPAN lang=EN-US>30</SPAN>行检索行进行分析<SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">，其中<SPAN lang=EN-GB>25</SPAN>行均表现为被动语态，居然达到了惊人的<SPAN lang=EN-GB>83.3%</SPAN>。当然，由于并未对<SPAN lang=EN-GB>2286</SPAN>行进行一一分析，此数据具有一定局限性，但这样的数据足以说明</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">BE</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">动词在民航英语子语料库中的被动语态用法高频率特征。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>3 </SPAN>词条原码<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY </SPAN>的词频分析</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN>当我们把<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY</SPAN>设为节点词进行语料检索时，在波音空客系统描述子语料库中，介词<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY</SPAN>共出现<SPAN lang=EN-US>886</SPAN>次。进一步检索表明：词条原码<SPAN lang=EN-US>BE</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY</SPAN>共现了<SPAN lang=EN-US>553</SPAN>次；而随机节选的<SPAN lang=EN-US>30</SPAN>行检索行中显性被动语态出现了<SPAN lang=EN-US>24</SPAN>次，高达<SPAN lang=EN-US>80%</SPAN>。这至少从一个侧面说明民航英语子语料库中被动语态多以<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY-Phrase </SPAN>的形式出现。根据章振邦的观点，被动分句中，<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY-Phrase</SPAN>通常是被省约掉。理由是，用被动语态主要侧重动作的承受者，动作的执行者被降到了次要地位<SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SUP>。 为什么波音空客系统描述子语料库中的被动语态多以<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY-Phrase </SPAN>的形式出现呢？让我们先来看看以下几行随机节选以<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY</SPAN>为节点词的被动语态检索行：</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>1) </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">cockpit area illumination is provided<SPAN style="COLOR: red"> by </SPAN>dome lights.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>flood, integral<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>2) dome lights are automatically powered<SPAN style="COLOR: red"> by </SPAN>the battery bus at a<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>3) on at the intensity selected<SPAN style="COLOR: red"> by </SPAN>the indicater lights selector. the<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>4) </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">crossover light valve, as detected<SPAN style="COLOR: red"> by </SPAN>the autobright system sensors located<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体>如上边随机所选的几个例句中，<SPAN lang=EN-GB>by-phrase</SPAN>中没有一个带有动作行为人—飞行员，且均为动作行为的工具或手段。但是我们根据常识也能知道，在波音和空客飞行员操作手册中，含有许许多多的操作指令。那么，这些动作行为是如何得以实现的呢？很显然，动作行为人飞行员（施事者<SPAN lang=EN-GB>agent</SPAN>）被作为一种大的语境前提被缩略了，并且施事者很难恢复到由这些例句改为的主动句中。因此，该子语料库中的被动句中<SPAN lang=EN-GB>,by</SPAN>短语多表达方式、方法或手段<SPAN lang=EN-GB>,</SPAN>而不表达行为的发出者<SPAN lang=EN-GB>(doer)</SPAN>。当然，随着飞机自动化水平的提高，飞行员只需把飞行管理计算机（<SPAN lang=EN-GB>FMC</SPAN>）初始化<SPAN lang=EN-GB>,</SPAN>在飞行的大部分时间都不需要进行任何操作。对这类特殊的被动语态进行施事和受事分析时，也许该提供专门的语法归类。<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>4 </SPAN>词条原码<SPAN lang=EN-US>BE</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY</SPAN>的共现分析</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-left: 1.75gd; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>根据以上分析，我们知道<SPAN lang=EN-US>BE</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY</SPAN>是构成被动语态形式的两个重要词条原码。 </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>二者的紧密关系决定了它们共同出现的极大可能性。为了科学客观地研究这个问题，我们对二者进行了共现分析（<SPAN lang=EN-US>co-occurrence analysis</SPAN>）。</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>首先，我们通过类符词频检索建立了<SPAN lang=EN-US>CAEC</SPAN>子语料库的级序（<SPAN lang=EN-US>rank order</SPAN>）表。既根据每一个类符在语料库中出现的频数从高到低进行排列得到的一个等级序列排位。为了使该级序具有可比性，我们借用了两个通用语料库（<SPAN lang=EN-US>BNC</SPAN>语料库和<SPAN lang=EN-US>Brown</SPAN>语料库）的级序表，并对其<SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">频数最高的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个类符级序</SPAN>进行对比（如表二）。在<SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">频数最高的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个类符级序这方面，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>BNC</SPAN>语料库和<SPAN lang=EN-US>Brown</SPAN>语料库的级序比较相似。这一方面是因为二者所收词汇量大（<SPAN lang=EN-US>BNC</SPAN>约<SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN>亿，<SPAN lang=EN-US>Brown</SPAN>约<SPAN lang=EN-US>100</SPAN>万）<SPAN lang=EN-US>;</SPAN>另一方面是二者都是平衡语料库（<SPAN lang=EN-US>balanced corpus</SPAN>）<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>其在收集的样本文章时考虑了各个领域，各种体裁和风格等因素。而它们的相似则更加彰显了民航英语的独特性。如表二，类符<SPAN lang=EN-US>is,are</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US> by</SPAN>在<SPAN lang=EN-US>CAEC</SPAN>子语料库中的级序均进远高于在另外两个语料库中的级序，这样的级序表明它们之间有相对较高的共现可能。结合上文对被动语态的一般分析，类符<SPAN lang=EN-US>is,are</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US> by</SPAN>共现与被动语态有极大的关联性。因此，三者的高共现表明<SPAN lang=EN-US>CAEC</SPAN>子语料库中被动语态是一个突出的语言现象，其频率远高于通用语料库中的出现频率。</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">表二：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">CAEC </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">子语料库中频数最高的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个类符级序及其对比表</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 52.8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 4.4; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" /><v:line id=_x0000_s1026 style="Z-INDEX: 1; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left" to="93.6pt,30.7pt" from="-5.4pt,-.5pt"><FONT face=宋体 size=3></FONT></v:line><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">语料库</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></v:textbox></v:line><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级序</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类符</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=133>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>CAEC </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">子语料库</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 98.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=131>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>BNC</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">语料库</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>Brown</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">语料库</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1">
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>the</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=133>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>1</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 98.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=131>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>1</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>1</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 2">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>is</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=133>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>2</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 98.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=131>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>8</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>8</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 3">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>and</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=133>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>3</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 98.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=131>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>3</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>3</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 4">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>a</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=133>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>4</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 98.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=131>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>5</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>5</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 5">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>to</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=133>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>5</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 98.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=131>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>4</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>4</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 6">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>of</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=133>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>6</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 98.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=131>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>2</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>2</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 7">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>In</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=133>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>7</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 98.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=131>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>6</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>6</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 8">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>On</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=133>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>8</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 98.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=131>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>14</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>16</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 9">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>Are</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=133>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>9</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 98.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=131>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>21</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>24</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>By</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=133>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>10</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 98.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=131>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>20</FONT></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 99pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=132>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>19</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>然后，我们对词条原码<SPAN lang=EN-US>BE</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY</SPAN>的进行深度共现分析，即按类符共现分布比例进行比较。原码<SPAN lang=EN-US>BE</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>BY</SPAN>在<SPAN lang=EN-US>CAEC</SPAN>子语料库中共现了<SPAN lang=EN-US>553</SPAN>次，其中具有统计显著性特征的是表一般现在的类符<SPAN lang=EN-US>is</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>are</SPAN>占<SPAN lang=EN-US>80.10%</SPAN>，共计<SPAN lang=EN-US>443</SPAN>次；类符<SPAN lang=EN-US>be</SPAN>占<SPAN lang=EN-US>19%</SPAN>，共计<SPAN lang=EN-US>105</SPAN>次。而进一步的检索行分析表明，类符<SPAN lang=EN-US>be</SPAN>几乎全与情态动词连接。这样的共现分布从另一个侧面验证了<SPAN lang=EN-US>CAEC</SPAN>子语料库中被动语态与一般现在时联结。</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 60pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 5.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>5 </SPAN>结论</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></SPAN>由于波音和空客飞行员操作手册编写在内容、结构和篇章上是统一的，虽然有更新页面（<SPAN lang=EN-US>revesion pages</SPAN>）<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>但就英语本身而言是没有什么变化的，所以波音<SPAN lang=EN-US>737</SPAN>和空客<SPAN lang=EN-US>320</SPAN>飞行员操作手册英语能很好地代表各自的系列。根据以上分析，在波音<SPAN lang=EN-US>737</SPAN>和空客<SPAN lang=EN-US>320</SPAN>飞行员操作手册英语中，被动语态是一个十分突出的特征。通过语料库检索分析，波音<SPAN lang=EN-US>737</SPAN>和空客<SPAN lang=EN-US>320</SPAN>飞行员操作手册英语中被动语态在分布上是以一般时态为基调的；在表现形式上多含<SPAN lang=EN-US>By-phrase,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN>但其施事者又多为隐略的，其工具性和手段性特征明显。因此，我们在飞行人员的教学中不仅要突出被动语态的高频率性，更要区别其有别于一般文体中的被动语态的专业特征，以便学员可以更好地掌握和运用被动语态。</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>参考文献：</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">杨惠中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>. </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">语料库语言学导论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>. </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上海：上海外语教育出版社，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>2002</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>239.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3> Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar . <?xml:namespace prefix = ns0 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><ns0:City><ns0:place>Beijing</ns0:place></ns0:City>: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press/Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited, 2000, </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>章振邦<SPAN lang=EN-US>.</SPAN>新编英语语法<SPAN lang=EN-US> .</SPAN>上海：上海译文出版社，<SPAN lang=EN-US>1991.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3> Douglas Biber, et al. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English . Peiking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3> Leech, Geoffrey. Communicative Grammar of English . <ns0:City>London</ns0:City>: Longman House, Longman Group <ns0:country-region><ns0:place>UK</ns0:place></ns0:country-region> limited, 1975, 134~136.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同上</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">陈万霞</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>. </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从中国学习者英语语料库看英语被动语态习得</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>. </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">外语教学与研究</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>, 2002</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>34</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卷 第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3> Douglas Biber et al, Corpus linguistics, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press/ Cambridge University Press, 1998. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同上</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> 搂主辛苦了 不是说LZ，是说作者。总结这个有虾米用处，写这么一大堆照样用不上。只要英语学好了，管他什么语态都能应付。
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