AIM
February 14, 2008AdministrationU.S. Departmentof TransportationFederal AviationAeronauticalInformationManualOfficial Guide toBasic Flight Information and ATC ProceduresAn electronic version of this publication is on the internet athttp://www.faa.gov/atpubsThis web version contains Change 1and Errata, dated 7/31/2008AIMRecord of ChangesChange Number Change Filed CommentsU.S. Departmentof TransportationFederal AviationAdministrationFEBRUARY 14, 2008AERONAUTICALINFORMATIONMANUALChange 1July 31, 2008DO NOT DESTROYBASIC DATEDERRATA SHEETSUBJECT: Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), Effective July 31, 2008.This errata sheet transmits a revised Page Control Chart and pages for AIM Change 1, effectiveJuly 31, 2008.REMOVE PAGES DATED INSERT PAGES DATEDPage Control Chart . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 Page Control Chart . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08-5-4-9 through 5-4-16 . . . . . . . . 2/14/085-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/085-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08AttachmentAIM 7/31/08Explanation of Changes E of Chg-1Aeronautical Information ManualExplanation of ChangesEffective: July 31, 2008a. 1-1-20. Wide Area Augmentation System(WAAS)Updates WAAS information concerning LP and servicelevels.b. 1-2-3. Use of Area Navigation (RNAV)Equipment on Conventional Procedures and RoutesRevises paragraph to reflect current operational policy.c. 2-3-14. Aircraft Arresting DevicesRevises paragraph;Adds photo of engineered materials arresting system(EMAS) on airports; andChanges paragraph title to Aircraft Arresting Systems.d. FIG 2-3-35. Direction Sign Array withLocation Sign on Far Side of IntersectionAdjusts the graphic to correct printer oversight in theformat of the arrows.e. 4-1-14. Automatic Flight Information Service(AFIS) -Alaska FSSs OnlyAdds a new paragraph that establishes and explains the useof the AFIS service that is provided by 11 of the FSSs inAlaska. ATCS responsibilities and instructions for use bypilots are also provided.f. 5-2-8. Instrument Departure Procedures (DP) -Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP) and StandardInstrument Departures (SID)Adds information concerning low, close-in obstacles ondepartures.g. 5-3-7. HoldingUpdates depiction of holding airspeed restrictions.h. 5-4-5. Instrument Approach Procedure ChartsAdds additional references;Removes inaccurate information;Clarifies that some WAAS receivers are not approved forLP procedures; andUpdates information concerning the WAAS Approach ID.i. 5-4-9. Procedure TurnAdds additional information concerning circling missedapproach; andChanges paragraph title to Procedure Turn and Hold-in-lieu of Procedure Turn.j. 5-4-20. Approach and Landing Minimums; and5-4-21. Missed ApproachAdds additional information concerning circling missedapproach.k. 7-5-5. Unmanned AircraftProvides updated UAS terminology; andChanges paragraph title to Unmanned Aircraft Systems.l. 10-2-4. Emergency Medical Service (EMS)Multiple Helicopter OperationsAdds new paragraph updating WAAS informationconcerning LP and service levels.m. Appendix 4. Abbreviations/AcronymsThe acronyms AFIS, AGL, LP, NGA, NIDS, NM, andUAS will be added to the appendix. NIMA will beremoved.n. Entire publicationEditorial/format changes made throughout the manual.AIM 7/31/08Page Control ChartAIM Change 1Page Control ChartJuly 31, 2008REMOVE PAGES DATED INSERT PAGES DATEDChecklist of Pages CK-1 through CK-6 . . . . 2/14/08 Checklist of Pages CK-1 through CK-6 . . . . 7/31/08Table of Contents i through vii . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Table of Contents i through vii . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08Table of Contents viii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Table of Contents viii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08Table of Contents ix and x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Table of Contents ix and x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/081-1-37 through 1-1-41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 1-1-37 through 1-1-41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/081-2-5 through 1-2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 1-2-5 and 1-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/082-3-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/082-3-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/082-3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/082-3-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/084-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/084-1-8 through 4-1-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-1-8 through 4-1-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/084-5-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-5-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/084-5-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-5-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/084-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/084-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/085-2-5 through 5-2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-2-5 through 5-2-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/085-3-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-3-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/085-3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/085-4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/085-4-6 and 5-4-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-6 and 5-4-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/085-4-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/085-4-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/085-4-18 through 5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-18 through 5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/087-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 7-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/087-5-2 through 7-5-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 7-5-2 through 7-5-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/0810-2-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 10-2-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/0810-2-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 10-2-16 and 10-2-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08Appendix 4-1 through 4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Appendix 4-1 through 4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08PCG-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 PCG-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08PCG A-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 PCG A-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08PCG A-4 through A-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 PCG A-4 through A-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08Index I-1 through I-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Index I-1 through I-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 7/31/08Checklist of Pages
AIM
Checklist of Pages CK-1
PAGE DATE
Cover 2/14/08
Record of Changes NA
E of Chg-1 7/31/08
Checklist of Pages
CK-1 7/31/08
CK-2 7/31/08
CK-3 7/31/08
CK-4 7/31/08
CK-5 7/31/08
CK-6 7/31/08
Subscription Info 2/14/08
Subs Order Form NA
Comments/Corr 2/14/08
Comments/Corr 2/14/08
Basic Flight Info 2/14/08
Publication Policy 2/14/08
Reg & Advis Cir 2/14/08
Table of Contents
i 7/31/08
ii 7/31/08
iii 7/31/08
iv 7/31/08
v 7/31/08
vi 7/31/08
vii 7/31/08
viii 7/31/08
ix 7/31/08
x 7/31/08
Chapter 1. Air Navigation
Section 1. Navigation Aids
1-1-1 2/14/08
1-1-2 2/14/08
1-1-3 2/14/08
1-1-4 2/14/08
1-1-5 2/14/08
1-1-6 2/14/08
1-1-7 2/14/08
1-1-8 2/14/08
1-1-9 2/14/08
1-1-10 2/14/08
1-1-11 2/14/08
1-1-12 2/14/08
PAGE DATE
1-1-13 2/14/08
1-1-14 2/14/08
1-1-15 2/14/08
1-1-16 2/14/08
1-1-17 2/14/08
1-1-18 2/14/08
1-1-19 2/14/08
1-1-20 2/14/08
1-1-21 2/14/08
1-1-22 2/14/08
1-1-23 2/14/08
1-1-24 2/14/08
1-1-25 2/14/08
1-1-26 2/14/08
1-1-27 2/14/08
1-1-28 2/14/08
1-1-29 2/14/08
1-1-30 2/14/08
1-1-31 2/14/08
1-1-32 2/14/08
1-1-33 2/14/08
1-1-34 2/14/08
1-1-35 2/14/08
1-1-36 2/14/08
1-1-37 7/31/08
1-1-38 7/31/08
1-1-39 7/31/08
1-1-40 7/31/08
1-1-41 7/31/08
Section 2. Area Navigation
(RNAV) and Required
Navigation Performance
(RNP)
1-2-1 2/14/08
1-2-2 2/14/08
1-2-3 2/14/08
1-2-4 2/14/08
1-2-5 7/31/08
1-2-6 7/31/08
1-2-7 2/14/08
1-2-8 2/14/08
PAGE DATE
Chapter 2. Aeronautical
Lighting and Other Airport
Visual Aids
Section 1. Airport Lighting
Aids
2-1-1 2/14/08
2-1-2 2/14/08
2-1-3 2/14/08
2-1-4 2/14/08
2-1-5 2/14/08
2-1-6 2/14/08
2-1-7 2/14/08
2-1-8 2/14/08
2-1-9 2/14/08
Section 2. Air Navigation and
Obstruction Lighting
2-2-1 2/14/08
2-2-2 2/14/08
Section 3. Airport Marking
Aids and Signs
2-3-1 2/14/08
2-3-2 2/14/08
2-3-3 2/14/08
2-3-4 2/14/08
2-3-5 2/14/08
2-3-6 2/14/08
2-3-7 2/14/08
2-3-8 2/14/08
2-3-9 2/14/08
2-3-10 2/14/08
2-3-11 2/14/08
2-3-12 2/14/08
2-3-13 2/14/08
2-3-14 2/14/08
2-3-15 2/14/08
2-3-16 2/14/08
2-3-17 2/14/08
2-3-18 2/14/08
2-3-19 2/14/08
2-3-20 2/14/08
2-3-21 2/14/08
2-3-22 2/14/08
2-3-23 2/14/08
2-3-24 2/14/08
2-3-25 2/14/08
2-3-26 7/31/08
2-3-27 2/14/08
7/31/08 AIM
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Checklist of Pages CK-2
PAGE DATE
2-3-28 2/14/08
2-3-29 7/31/08
2-3-30 7/31/08
Chapter 3. Airspace
Section 1. General
3-1-1 2/14/08
3-1-2 2/14/08
Section 2. Controlled Airspace
3-2-1 2/14/08
3-2-2 2/14/08
3-2-3 2/14/08
3-2-4 2/14/08
3-2-5 2/14/08
3-2-6 2/14/08
3-2-7 2/14/08
3-2-8 2/14/08
3-2-9 2/14/08
Section 3. Class G Airspace
3-3-1 2/14/08
Section 4. Special Use
Airspace
3-4-1 2/14/08
3-4-2 2/14/08
Section 5. Other Airspace
Areas
3-5-1 2/14/08
3-5-2 2/14/08
3-5-3 2/14/08
3-5-4 2/14/08
3-5-5 2/14/08
3-5-6 2/14/08
3-5-7 2/14/08
3-5-8 2/14/08
3-5-9 2/14/08
Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control
Section 1. Services Available
to Pilots
4-1-1 2/14/08
4-1-2 2/14/08
4-1-3 2/14/08
4-1-4 2/14/08
PAGE DATE
4-1-5 2/14/08
4-1-6 2/14/08
4-1-7 2/14/08
4-1-8 7/31/08
4-1-9 7/31/08
4-1-10 7/31/08
4-1-11 7/31/08
4-1-12 7/31/08
4-1-13 7/31/08
4-1-14 7/31/08
4-1-15 7/31/08
4-1-16 7/31/08
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4-1-18 7/31/08
4-1-19 7/31/08
4-1-20 7/31/08
4-1-21 7/31/08
4-1-22 7/31/08
4-1-23 7/31/08
Section 2. Radio
Communications Phraseology
and Techniques
4-2-1 2/14/08
4-2-2 2/14/08
4-2-3 2/14/08
4-2-4 2/14/08
4-2-5 2/14/08
4-2-6 2/14/08
4-2-7 2/14/08
4-2-8 2/14/08
Section 3. Airport Operations 4-3-1 2/14/08
4-3-2 2/14/08
4-3-3 2/14/08
4-3-4 2/14/08
4-3-5 2/14/08
4-3-6 2/14/08
4-3-7 2/14/08
4-3-8 2/14/08
4-3-9 2/14/08
4-3-10 2/14/08
4-3-11 2/14/08
4-3-12 2/14/08
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4-3-14 2/14/08
4-3-15 2/14/08
PAGE DATE
4-3-16 2/14/08
4-3-17 2/14/08
4-3-18 2/14/08
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4-3-20 2/14/08
4-3-21 2/14/08
4-3-22 2/14/08
4-3-23 2/14/08
4-3-24 2/14/08
Section 4. ATC Clearances
and Aircraft Separation
4-4-1 2/14/08
4-4-2 2/14/08
4-4-3 2/14/08
4-4-4 2/14/08
4-4-5 2/14/08
4-4-6 2/14/08
4-4-7 2/14/08
4-4-8 2/14/08
4-4-9 2/14/08
4-4-10 2/14/08
4-4-11 2/14/08
Section 5. Surveillance
Systems
4-5-1 2/14/08
4-5-2 2/14/08
4-5-3 2/14/08
4-5-4 2/14/08
4-5-5 2/14/08
4-5-6 2/14/08
4-5-7 2/14/08
4-5-8 2/14/08
4-5-9 2/14/08
4-5-10 2/14/08
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4-5-17 2/14/08
4-5-18 7/31/08
7/31/08
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Checklist of Pages CK-3
PAGE DATE
Section 6. Operational Policy/
Procedures for Reduced Vertical
Separation Minimum (RVSM) in
the Domestic U.S., Alaska,
Offshore Airspace and the
San Juan FIR
4-6-1 2/14/08
4-6-2 7/31/08
4-6-3 2/14/08
4-6-4 2/14/08
4-6-5 2/14/08
4-6-6 2/14/08
4-6-7 2/14/08
4-6-8 2/14/08
4-6-9 2/14/08
4-6-10 2/14/08
4-6-11 2/14/08
Chapter 5. Air Traffic
Procedures
Section 1. Preflight
5-1-1 2/14/08
5-1-2 2/14/08
5-1-3 2/14/08
5-1-4 2/14/08
5-1-5 2/14/08
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5-1-16 2/14/08
5-1-17 2/14/08
5-1-18 2/14/08
5-1-19 2/14/08
5-1-20 2/14/08
Section 2. Departure
Procedures
5-2-1 2/14/08
5-2-2 2/14/08
5-2-3 2/14/08
5-2-4 2/14/08
5-2-5 7/31/08
5-2-6 7/31/08
PAGE DATE
5-2-7 7/31/08
5-2-8 7/31/08
5-2-9 7/31/08
Section 3. En Route
Procedures
5-3-1 2/14/08
5-3-2 2/14/08
5-3-3 2/14/08
5-3-4 2/14/08
5-3-5 2/14/08
5-3-6 2/14/08
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5-3-9 2/14/08
5-3-10 2/14/08
5-3-11 7/31/08
5-3-12 2/14/08
5-3-13 2/14/08
5-3-14 2/14/08
Section 4. Arrival Procedures
5-4-1 2/14/08
5-4-2 2/14/08
5-4-3 2/14/08
5-4-4 2/14/08
5-4-5 2/14/08
5-4-6 7/31/08
5-4-7 7/31/08
5-4-8 2/14/08
5-4-9 2/14/08
5-4-10 2/14/08
5-4-11 2/14/08
5-4-12 2/14/08
5-4-13 2/14/08
5-4-14 2/14/08
5-4-15 2/14/08
5-4-16 2/14/08
5-4-17 2/14/08
5-4-18 7/31/08
5-4-19 7/31/08
5-4-20 7/31/08
5-4-21 7/31/08
5-4-22 7/31/08
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5-4-24 7/31/08
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PAGE DATE
5-4-28 7/31/08
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5-4-30 7/31/08
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5-4-39 7/31/08
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5-4-45 7/31/08
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5-4-48 7/31/08
5-4-49 7/31/08
5-4-50 7/31/08
5-4-51 7/31/08
5-4-52 7/31/08
Section 5. Pilot/Controller
Roles and Responsibilities
5-5-1 2/14/08
5-5-2 2/14/08
5-5-3 2/14/08
5-5-4 2/14/08
5-5-5 2/14/08
5-5-6 2/14/08
5-5-7 2/14/08
Section 6. National Security
and Interception Procedures
5-6-1 2/14/08
5-6-2 2/14/08
5-6-3 2/14/08
5-6-4 2/14/08
5-6-5 2/14/08
5-6-6 2/14/08
5-6-7 2/14/08
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Chapter 6. Emergency
Procedures
Section 1. General
6-1-1 2/14/08
Section 2. Emergency Services
Available to Pilots
6-2-1 2/14/08
6-2-2 2/14/08
6-2-3 2/14/08
6-2-4 2/14/08
6-2-5 2/14/08
6-2-6 2/14/08
6-2-7 2/14/08
6-2-8 2/14/08
6-2-9 2/14/08
6-2-10 2/14/08
6-2-11 2/14/08
6-2-12 2/14/08
Section 3. Distress and
Urgency Procedures
6-3-1 2/14/08
6-3-2 2/14/08
6-3-3 2/14/08
6-3-4 2/14/08
6-3-5 2/14/08
6-3-6 2/14/08
6-3-7 2/14/08
Section 4. Two-way Radio
Communications Failure
6-4-1 2/14/08
6-4-2 2/14/08
Section 5. Aircraft Rescue
and Fire Fighting
Communications
6-5-1 2/14/08
6-5-2 2/14/08 Chapter 7. Safety of Flight
Section 1. Meteorology
7-1-1 2/14/08
7-1-2 2/14/08
7-1-3 2/14/08
7-1-4 2/14/08
7-1-5 2/14/08
7-1-6 2/14/08
PAGE DATE
7-1-7 2/14/08
7-1-8 2/14/08
7-1-9 2/14/08
7-1-10 2/14/08
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7-1-56 2/14/08
7-1-57 2/14/08
7-1-58 2/14/08
7-1-59 2/14/08
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7-1-65 2/14/08
7-1-66 2/14/08
7-1-67 2/14/08
7-1-68 2/14/08
7-1-69 2/14/08
Section 2. Altimeter Setting
Procedures
7-2-1 2/14/08
7-2-2 2/14/08
7-2-3 2/14/08
7-2-4 2/14/08
Section 3. Wake Turbulence
7-3-1 2/14/08
7-3-2 2/14/08
7-3-3 2/14/08
7-3-4 2/14/08
7-3-5 2/14/08
7-3-6 2/14/08
7-3-7 2/14/08
7-3-8 2/14/08
Section 4. Bird Hazards and
Flight Over National Refuges,
Parks, and Forests
7-4-1 2/14/08
7-4-2 2/14/08
Section 5. Potential Flight
Hazards
7-5-1 2/14/08
7-5-2 7/31/08
7-5-3 7/31/08
7-5-4 7/31/08
7-5-5 7/31/08
7-5-6 7/31/08
7-5-7 7/31/08
7-5-8 7/31/08
7-5-9 7/31/08
7/31/08
Checklist of Pages
AIM
Checklist of Pages CK-5
PAGE DATE
7-5-10 7/31/08
7-5-11 7/31/08
7-5-12 7/31/08
7-5-13 7/31/08
Section 6. Safety, Accident,
and Hazard Reports
7-6-1 2/14/08
7-6-2 2/14/08
7-6-3 2/14/08
Chapter 8. Medical Facts
for Pilots
Section 1. Fitness for Flight
8-1-1 2/14/08
8-1-2 2/14/08
8-1-3 2/14/08
8-1-4 2/14/08
8-1-5 2/14/08
8-1-6 2/14/08
8-1-7 2/14/08
8-1-8 2/14/08
8-1-9 2/14/08
Chapter 9. Aeronautical
Charts and Related
Publications
Section 1. Types of Charts
Available
9-1-1 2/14/08
9-1-2 2/14/08
9-1-3 2/14/08
9-1-4 2/14/08
9-1-5 2/14/08
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PAGE DATE
Chapter 10. Helicopter
Operations
Section 1. Helicopter IFR
Operations
10-1-1 2/14/08
10-1-2 2/14/08
10-1-3 2/14/08
10-1-4 2/14/08
10-1-5 2/14/08
10-1-6 2/14/08
Section 2. Special Operations
10-2-1 2/14/08
10-2-2 2/14/08
10-2-3 2/14/08
10-2-4 2/14/08
10-2-5 2/14/08
10-2-6 2/14/08
10-2-7 2/14/08
10-2-8 2/14/08
10-2-9 2/14/08
10-2-10 2/14/08
10-2-11 2/14/08
10-2-12 2/14/08
10-2-13 2/14/08
10-2-14 2/14/08
10-2-15 2/14/08
10-2-16 7/31/08
10-2-17 7/31/08
Appendices
Appendix 1-1 2/14/08
Env NA
Appendix 2-1 2/14/08
Appendix 3-1 2/14/08
Appendix 4-1 7/31/08
Appendix 4-2 2/14/08
Appendix 4-3 7/31/08
Appendix 4-4 7/31/08
Appendix 4-5 7/31/08
Pilot/Controller Glossary
PCG-1 7/31/08
PCG A-1 2/14/08
PCG A-2 2/14/08
PCG A-3 2/14/08
PCG A-4 7/31/08
PCG A-5 7/31/08
PAGE DATE
PGC A-6 7/31/08
PCG A-7 7/31/08
PCG A-8 7/31/08
PCG A-9 7/31/08
PCG A-10 7/31/08
PCG A-11 7/31/08
PCG A-12 7/31/08
PCG A-13 7/31/08
PCG A-14 7/31/08
PCG A-15 7/31/08
PCG A-16 7/31/08
PCG B-1 2/14/08
PCG C-1 2/14/08
PCG C-2 2/14/08
PCG C-3 2/14/08
PCG C-4 2/14/08
PCG C-5 2/14/08
PCG C-6 2/14/08
PCG C-7 2/14/08
PCG C-8 2/14/08
PCG C-9 2/14/08
PCG D-1 2/14/08
PCG D-2 2/14/08
PCG D-3 2/14/08
PCG D-4 2/14/08
PCG E-1 2/14/08
PCG E-2 2/14/08
PCG F-1 2/14/08
PCG F-2 2/14/08
PCG F-3 2/14/08
PCG F-4 2/14/08
PCG F-5 2/14/08
PCG G-1 2/14/08
PCG G-2 2/14/08
PCG H-1 2/14/08
PCG H-2 2/14/08
PCG H-3 2/14/08
PCG I-1 2/14/08
PCG I-2 2/14/08
PCG I-3 2/14/08
PCG I-4 2/14/08
PCG I-5 2/14/08
PCG J-1 2/14/08
PCG K-1 2/14/08
PCG L-1 2/14/08
PCG L-2 2/14/08
PCG L-3 2/14/08
PCG M-1 2/14/08
PCG M-2 2/14/08
7/31/08 AIM
Checklist of Pages
Checklist of Pages CK-6
PAGE DATE
PCG M-3 2/14/08
PCG M-4 2/14/08
PCG M-5 2/14/08
PCG M-6 2/14/08
PCG N-1 2/14/08
PCG N-2 2/14/08
PCG N-3 2/14/08
PCG N-4 2/14/08
PCG O-1 2/14/08
PCG O-2 2/14/08
PCG O-3 2/14/08
PCG O-4 2/14/08
PCG P-1 2/14/08
PCG P-2 2/14/08
PCG P-3 2/14/08
PCG P-4 2/14/08
PCG Q-1 2/14/08
PCG R-1 2/14/08
PCG R-2 2/14/08
PCG R-3 2/14/08
PCG R-4 2/14/08
PCG R-5 2/14/08
PCG R-6 2/14/08
PCG R-7 2/14/08
PCG R-8 2/14/08
PCG S-1 2/14/08
PCG S-2 2/14/08
PCG S-3 2/14/08
PCG S-4 2/14/08
PCG S-5 2/14/08
PCG S-6 2/14/08
PCG S-7 2/14/08
PCG S-8 2/14/08
PCG T-1 2/14/08
PCG T-2 2/14/08
PCG T-3 2/14/08
PCG T-4 2/14/08
PCG T-5 2/14/08
PCG T-6 2/14/08
PCG T-7 2/14/08
PCG U-1 2/14/08
PCG V-1 2/14/08
PCG V-2 2/14/08
PCG V-3 2/14/08
PCG V-4 2/14/08
PCG W-1 2/14/08
PAGE DATE
Index
I-1 7/31/08
I-2 7/31/08
I-3 7/31/08
I-4 7/31/08
I-5 7/31/08
I-6 7/31/08
I-7 7/31/08
I-8 7/31/08
I-9 7/31/08
I-10 7/31/08
I-11 7/31/08
I-12 7/31/08
Back Cover NA
PAGE DATE
AIM 2/14/08
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AIM 2/14/08
Basic Flight Information
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Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
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Basic Manual 8/30/07 2/14/08
Change 1 2/14/08 7/31/08
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Basic Manual 8/27/09 2/11/10
AIM 2/14/08
Flight Information Publication Policy
Flight Information Publication Policy
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should, either by good practices or regulation, expect
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AIM 2/14/08
Regulations and Advisory Circulars
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
Code of Federal Regulations and Advisory Circulars
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AC 00-2 may also be found at: http://www.faa.gov under
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External References - All references to Advisory
Circulars and other FAA publications in the
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dates, the basic publication letter is not included.
EXAMPLE-
FAAO JO 7110.65M, Air Traffic Control, is referenced as
FAAO JO 7110.65.
AIM 2/14/08
i Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Air Navigation
Section 1. Navigation Aids
Paragraph Page
1-1-1. General 1-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-2. Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB) 1-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-3. VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR) 1-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-4. VOR Receiver Check 1-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-5. Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) 1-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-6. VHF Omni-directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC) 1-1-3 . . . . . . . . .
1-1-7. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) 1-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-8. Navigational Aid (NAVAID) Service Volumes 1-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-9. Instrument Landing System (ILS) 1-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-10. Simplified Directional Facility (SDF) 1-1-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-11. Microwave Landing System (MLS) 1-1-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-12. NAVAID Identifier Removal During Maintenance 1-1-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-13. NAVAIDs with Voice 1-1-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-14. User Reports on NAVAID Performance 1-1-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-15. LORAN 1-1-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-16. VHF Direction Finder 1-1-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-17. Inertial Reference Unit (IRU), Inertial Navigation System (INS),
and Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) 1-1-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-18. Doppler Radar 1-1-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-19. Global Positioning System (GPS) 1-1-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-20. Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) 1-1-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-21. GNSS Landing System (GLS) 1-1-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1-22. Precision Approach Systems other than ILS, GLS, and MLS 1-1-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 2. Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required
Navigation Performance (RNP)
1-2-1. Area Navigation (RNAV) 1-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-2-2. Required Navigation Performance (RNP) 1-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-2-3. Use of Suitable Area Navigation (RNAV) Systems on
Conventional Procedures and Routes 1-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 2. Aeronautical Lighting and
Other Airport Visual Aids
Section 1. Airport Lighting Aids
2-1-1. Approach Light Systems (ALS) 2-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1-2. Visual Glideslope Indicators 2-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1-3. Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL) 2-1-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1-4. Runway Edge Light Systems 2-1-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1-5. In-runway Lighting 2-1-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1-6. Control of Lighting Systems 2-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1-7. Pilot Control of Airport Lighting 2-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1-8. Airport/Heliport Beacons 2-1-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1-9. Taxiway Lights 2-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Paragraph Page
2-2-1. Aeronautical Light Beacons 2-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-2-2. Code Beacons and Course Lights 2-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-2-3. Obstruction Lights 2-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 3. Airport Marking Aids and Signs
2-3-1. General 2-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-2. Airport Pavement Markings 2-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-3. Runway Markings 2-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-4. Taxiway Markings 2-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-5. Holding Position Markings 2-3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-6. Other Markings 2-3-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-7. Airport Signs 2-3-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-8. Mandatory Instruction Signs 2-3-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-9. Location Signs 2-3-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-10. Direction Signs 2-3-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-11. Destination Signs 2-3-28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-12. Information Signs 2-3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-13. Runway Distance Remaining Signs 2-3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3-14. Aircraft Arresting Systems 2-3-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 3. Airspace
Section 1. General
3-1-1. General 3-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-1-2. General Dimensions of Airspace Segments 3-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-1-3. Hierarchy of Overlapping Airspace Designations 3-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-1-4. Basic VFR Weather Minimums 3-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-1-5. VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels 3-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 2. Controlled Airspace
3-2-1. General 3-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-2-2. Class A Airspace 3-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-2-3. Class B Airspace 3-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-2-4. Class C Airspace 3-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-2-5. Class D Airspace 3-2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-2-6. Class E Airspace 3-2-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 3. Class G Airspace
3-3-1. General 3-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-3-2. VFR Requirements 3-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-3-3. IFR Requirements 3-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 4. Special Use Airspace
3-4-1. General 3-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-4-2. Prohibited Areas 3-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-4-3. Restricted Areas 3-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-4-4. Warning Areas 3-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3-4-5. Military Operations Areas 3-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-4-6. Alert Areas 3-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-4-7. Controlled Firing Areas 3-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 5. Other Airspace Areas
3-5-1. Airport Advisory/Information Services 3-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-5-2. Military Training Routes 3-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-5-3. Temporary Flight Restrictions 3-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-5-4. Parachute Jump Aircraft Operations 3-5-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-5-5. Published VFR Routes 3-5-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-5-6. Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA) 3-5-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-5-7. National Security Areas 3-5-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control
Section 1. Services Available to Pilots
4-1-1. Air Route Traffic Control Centers 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-2. Control Towers 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-3. Flight Service Stations 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-4. Recording and Monitoring 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-5. Communications Release of IFR Aircraft Landing
at an Airport Without an Operating Control Tower 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-6. Pilot Visits to Air Traffic Facilities 4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-7. Operation Take-off and Operation Raincheck 4-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-8. Approach Control Service for VFR Arriving Aircraft 4-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-9. Traffic Advisory Practices at Airports Without Operating Control Towers 4-1-2 . . . .
4-1-10. IFR Approaches/Ground Vehicle Operations 4-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-11. Designated UNICOM/MULTICOM Frequencies 4-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-12. Use of UNICOM for ATC Purposes 4-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-13. Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) 4-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-14. Automatic Flight Information Service (AFIS) - Alaska FSSs Only 4-1-8 . . . . . . . . .
4-1-15. Radar Traffic Information Service 4-1-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-16. Safety Alert 4-1-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-17. Radar Assistance to VFR Aircraft 4-1-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-18. Terminal Radar Services for VFR Aircraft 4-1-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-19. Tower En Route Control (TEC) 4-1-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-20. Transponder Operation 4-1-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-21. Hazardous Area Reporting Service 4-1-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-22. Airport Reservation Operations and
Special Traffic Management Programs 4-1-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-23. Requests for Waivers and Authorizations from
Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) 4-1-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1-24. Weather System Processor 4-1-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 2. Radio Communications Phraseology and Techniques
4-2-1. General 4-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-2. Radio Technique 4-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-3. Contact Procedures 4-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-4. Aircraft Call Signs 4-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-5. Description of Interchange or Leased Aircraft 4-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4-2-6. Ground Station Call Signs 4-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-7. Phonetic Alphabet 4-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-8. Figures 4-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-9. Altitudes and Flight Levels 4-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-10. Directions 4-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-11. Speeds 4-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-12. Time 4-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-13. Communications with Tower when Aircraft Transmitter or
Receiver or Both are Inoperative 4-2-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2-14. Communications for VFR Flights 4-2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 3. Airport Operations
4-3-1. General 4-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-2. Airports with an Operating Control Tower 4-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-3. Traffic Patterns 4-3-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-4. Visual Indicators at Airports Without an Operating Control Tower 4-3-5 . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-5. Unexpected Maneuvers in the Airport Traffic Pattern 4-3-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-6. Use of Runways/Declared Distances 4-3-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-7. Low Level Wind Shear/Microburst Detection Systems 4-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-8. Braking Action Reports and Advisories 4-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-9. Runway Friction Reports and Advisories 4-3-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-10. Intersection Takeoffs 4-3-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-11. Pilot Responsibilities When Conducting Land and
Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) 4-3-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-12. Low Approach 4-3-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-13. Traffic Control Light Signals 4-3-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-14. Communications 4-3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-15. Gate Holding Due to Departure Delays 4-3-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-16. VFR Flights in Terminal Areas 4-3-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3-17. VFR Helicopter Operations at Controlled Airports 4-3-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-18. Taxiing 4-3-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-19. Taxi During Low Visibility 4-3-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-20. Exiting the Runway After Landing 4-3-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-21. Practice Instrument Approaches 4-3-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-22. Option Approach 4-3-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-23. Use of Aircraft Lights 4-3-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-24. Flight Inspection/`Flight Check' Aircraft in Terminal Areas 4-3-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-25. Hand Signals 4-3-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-3-26. Operations at Uncontrolled Airports With Automated Surface Observing
System (ASOS)/Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) 4-3-24 . . . . . . . . .
Section 4. ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation
4-4-1. Clearance 4-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-2. Clearance Prefix 4-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-3. Clearance Items 4-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-4. Amended Clearances 4-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-5. Coded Departure Route (CDR) 4-4-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-6. Special VFR Clearances 4-4-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-7. Pilot Responsibility upon Clearance Issuance 4-4-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-8. IFR Clearance VFR-on-top 4-4-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Paragraph Page 4-4-9. VFR/IFR Flights 4-4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-10. Adherence to Clearance 4-4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-11. IFR Separation Standards 4-4-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-12. Speed Adjustments 4-4-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-13. Runway Separation 4-4-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-14. Visual Separation 4-4-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-15. Use of Visual Clearing Procedures 4-4-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-16. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS I & II) 4-4-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-17. Traffic Information Service (TIS) 4-4-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-18. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) 4-4-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4-19. Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B) 4-4-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 5. Surveillance Systems
4-5-1. Radar 4-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-5-2. Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) 4-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-5-3. Surveillance Radar 4-5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-5-4. Precision Approach Radar (PAR) 4-5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-5-5. Airport Surface Detection Equipment - Model X (ASDE-X) 4-5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-5-6. Traffic Information Service (TIS) 4-5-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-5-7. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Services 4-5-14 . . . . . . . . .
4-5-8. Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B) 4-5-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 6. Operational Policy/Procedures for Reduced Vertical
Separation Minimum (RVSM) in the Domestic U.S., Alaska, Offshore
Airspace and the San Juan FIR
4-6-1. Applicability and RVSM Mandate (Date/Time and Area) 4-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-6-2. Flight Level Orientation Scheme 4-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-6-3. Aircraft and Operator Approval Policy/Procedures, RVSM Monitoring and
Databases for Aircraft and Operator Approval 4-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-6-4. Flight Planning into RVSM Airspace 4-6-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-6-5. Pilot RVSM Operating Practices and Procedures 4-6-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-6-6. Guidance on Severe Turbulence and Mountain Wave Activity (MWA) 4-6-4 . . . . . . .
4-6-7. Guidance on Wake Turbulence 4-6-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-6-8. Pilot/Controller Phraseology 4-6-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-6-9. Contingency Actions: Weather Encounters and Aircraft System Failures 4-6-8 . . . . .
4-6-10. Procedures for Accommodation of Non-RVSM Aircraft 4-6-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-6-11. Non-RVSM Aircraft Requesting Climb to and Descent from
Flight Levels Above RVSM Airspace Without Intermediate Level Off 4-6-11 . . . . Chapter 5. Air Traffic Procedures
Section 1. Preflight
5-1-1. Preflight Preparation 5-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-2. Follow IFR Procedures Even When Operating VFR 5-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-3. Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) System 5-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-4. Flight Plan - VFR Flights 5-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-5. Operational Information System (OIS) 5-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-6. Flight Plan- Defense VFR (DVFR) Flights 5-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-7. Composite Flight Plan (VFR/IFR Flights) 5-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-8. Flight Plan- IFR Flights 5-1-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5-1-9. IFR Operations to High Altitude Destinations 5-1-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-10. Flights Outside the U.S. and U.S. Territories 5-1-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-11. Change in Flight Plan 5-1-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-12. Change in Proposed Departure Time 5-1-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-13. Closing VFR/DVFR Flight Plans 5-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-14. Canceling IFR Flight Plan 5-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1-15. RNAV and RNP Operations 5-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 2. Departure Procedures
5-2-1. Pre-taxi Clearance Procedures 5-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-2-2. Pre-departure Clearance Procedures 5-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-2-3. Taxi Clearance 5-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-2-4. Taxi into Position and Hold (TIPH) 5-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-2-5. Abbreviated IFR Departure Clearance (Cleared. . .as Filed) Procedures 5-2-2 . . . . .
5-2-6. Departure Restrictions, Clearance Void Times,
Hold for Release, and Release Times 5-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-2-7. Departure Control 5-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-2-8. Instrument Departure Procedures (DP) - Obstacle Departure
Procedures (ODP) and Standard Instrument Departures (SID) 5-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 3. En Route Procedures
5-3-1. ARTCC Communications 5-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-3-2. Position Reporting 5-3-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-3-3. Additional Reports 5-3-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-3-4. Airways and Route Systems 5-3-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-3-5. Airway or Route Course Changes 5-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-3-6. Changeover Points (COPs) 5-3-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-3-7. Holding 5-3-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 4. Arrival Procedures
5-4-1. Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR), Area Navigation (RNAV) STAR,
and Flight Management System Procedures (FMSP) for Arrivals 5-4-1 . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-2. Local Flow Traffic Management Program 5-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-3. Approach Control 5-4-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-4. Advance Information on Instrument Approach 5-4-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-5. Instrument Approach Procedure Charts 5-4-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-6. Approach Clearance 5-4-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-7. Instrument Approach Procedures 5-4-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-8. Special Instrument Approach Procedures 5-4-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-9. Procedure Turn and Hold-in-lieu of Procedure Turn 5-4-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-10. Timed Approaches from a Holding Fix 5-4-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-11. Radar Approaches 5-4-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-12. Radar Monitoring of Instrument Approaches 5-4-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-13. ILS/MLS Approaches to Parallel Runways 5-4-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-14. Parallel ILS/MLS Approaches (Dependent) 5-4-34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-15. Simultaneous Parallel ILS/MLS Approaches (Independent) 5-4-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-16. Simultaneous Close Parallel ILS PRM Approaches (Independent)
and Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approaches (SOIA) 5-4-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-17. Simultaneous Converging Instrument Approaches 5-4-43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-18. RNP SAAAR Instrument Approach Procedures 5-4-43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5-4-19. Side-step Maneuver 5-4-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-20. Approach and Landing Minimums 5-4-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-21. Missed Approach 5-4-47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-22. Visual Approach 5-4-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-23. Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFP) 5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-24. Contact Approach 5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-25. Landing Priority 5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-4-26. Overhead Approach Maneuver 5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 5. Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities
5-5-1. General 5-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-2. Air Traffic Clearance 5-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-3. Contact Approach 5-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-4. Instrument Approach 5-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-5. Missed Approach 5-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-6. Radar Vectors 5-5-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-7. Safety Alert 5-5-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-8. See and Avoid 5-5-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-9. Speed Adjustments 5-5-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-10. Traffic Advisories (Traffic Information) 5-5-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-11. Visual Approach 5-5-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-12. Visual Separation 5-5-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-13. VFR-on-top 5-5-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-14. Instrument Departures 5-5-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-15. Minimum Fuel Advisory 5-5-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-5-16. RNAV and RNP Operations 5-5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 6. National Security and Interception Procedures
5-6-1. National Security 5-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-6-2. Interception Procedures 5-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-6-3. Law Enforcement Operations by Civil and Military Organizations 5-6-4 . . . . . . . . . .
5-6-4. Interception Signals 5-6-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-6-5. ADIZ Boundaries and Designated Mountainous Areas 5-6-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 6. Emergency Procedures
Section 1. General
6-1-1. Pilot Responsibility and Authority 6-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-1-2. Emergency Condition- Request Assistance Immediately 6-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 2. Emergency Services Available to Pilots
6-2-1. Radar Service for VFR Aircraft in Difficulty 6-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-2-2. Transponder Emergency Operation 6-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-2-3. Direction Finding Instrument Approach Procedure 6-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-2-4. Intercept and Escort 6-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-2-5. Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) 6-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-2-6. FAA K-9 Explosives Detection Team Program 6-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-2-7. Search and Rescue 6-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Section 3. Distress and Urgency Procedures
Paragraph Page
6-3-1. Distress and Urgency Communications 6-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-3-2. Obtaining Emergency Assistance 6-3-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-3-3. Ditching Procedures 6-3-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-3-4. Special Emergency (Air Piracy) 6-3-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-3-5. Fuel Dumping 6-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 4. Two-way Radio Communications Failure
6-4-1. Two-way Radio Communications Failure 6-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-4-2. Transponder Operation During Two-way Communications Failure 6-4-2 . . . . . . . . . .
6-4-3. Reestablishing Radio Contact 6-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 5. Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Communications
6-5-1. Discrete Emergency Frequency 6-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-5-2. Radio Call Signs 6-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-5-3. ARFF Emergency Hand Signals 6-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 7. Safety of Flight
Section 1. Meteorology
7-1-1. National Weather Service Aviation Products 7-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-2. FAA Weather Services 7-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-3. Use of Aviation Weather Products 7-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-4. Preflight Briefing 7-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-5. En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) 7-1-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-6. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories 7-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-7. Categorical Outlooks 7-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-8. Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) 7-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-9. Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) (Alaska Only) 7-1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-10. Inflight Weather Broadcasts 7-1-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-11. Flight Information Services (FIS) 7-1-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-12. Weather Observing Programs 7-1-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-13. Weather Radar Services 7-1-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-14. ATC Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance 7-1-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-15. Runway Visual Range (RVR) 7-1-37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-16. Reporting of Cloud Heights 7-1-38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-17. Reporting Prevailing Visibility 7-1-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-18. Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets 7-1-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-19. Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility) 7-1-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-20. Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) 7-1-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-21. PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing 7-1-41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-22. Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms 7-1-42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-23. PIREPs Relating to Turbulence 7-1-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-24. Wind Shear PIREPs 7-1-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-25. Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs 7-1-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-26. Microbursts 7-1-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-27. PIREPs Relating to Volcanic Ash Activity 7-1-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-28. Thunderstorms 7-1-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-29. Thunderstorm Flying 7-1-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Paragraph Page
7-1-30. Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) 7-1-58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1-31. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats 7-1-60 . . . . . . .
Section 2. Altimeter Setting Procedures
7-2-1. General 7-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-2-2. Procedures 7-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-2-3. Altimeter Errors 7-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-2-4. High Barometric Pressure 7-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-2-5. Low Barometric Pressure 7-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 3. Wake Turbulence
7-3-1. General 7-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-3-2. Vortex Generation 7-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-3-3. Vortex Strength 7-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-3-4. Vortex Behavior 7-3-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-3-5. Operations Problem Areas 7-3-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-3-6. Vortex Avoidance Procedures 7-3-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-3-7. Helicopters 7-3-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-3-8. Pilot Responsibility 7-3-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-3-9. Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations 7-3-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 4. Bird Hazards and Flight Over
National Refuges, Parks, and Forests
7-4-1. Migratory Bird Activity 7-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-4-2. Reducing Bird Strike Risks 7-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-4-3. Reporting Bird Strikes 7-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-4-4. Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife Activities 7-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-4-5. Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other Wildlife Hazards 7-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-4-6. Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks,
and Forest Service Areas 7-4-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 5. Potential Flight Hazards
7-5-1. Accident Cause Factors 7-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-2. VFR in Congested Areas 7-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-3. Obstructions To Flight 7-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-4. Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons 7-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-5. Unmanned Aircraft Systems 7-5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-6. Mountain Flying 7-5-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-7. Use of Runway Half-way Signs at Unimproved Airports 7-5-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-8. Seaplane Safety 7-5-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-9. Flight Operations in Volcanic Ash 7-5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-10. Emergency Airborne Inspection of Other Aircraft 7-5-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-11. Precipitation Static 7-5-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-12. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Laser)
Operations and Reporting Illumination of Aircraft 7-5-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-13. Flying in Flat Light and White Out Conditions 7-5-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-5-14. Operations in Ground Icing Conditions 7-5-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Section 6. Safety, Accident, and Hazard Reports
Paragraph Page
7-6-1. Aviation Safety Reporting Program 7-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-6-2. Aircraft Accident and Incident Reporting 7-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-6-3. Near Midair Collision Reporting 7-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-6-4. Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) Reports 7-6-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .