Chapter 9. FAA Weather Services
Section 1. General
9-1-1. PURPOSE 9-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-1-2. SCHEDULED TRANSMISSION TIMES 9-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-1-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 2. Pilot Weather Report (UA/UUA)
9-2-1. GENERAL 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-2. PREPARATION FOR TRANSMISSION 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-3. RESPONSIBILITY 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-4. PIREP DISPLAY 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-5. SOLICITING PIREPS 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-6. RECORDING OF PIREP DATA 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-7. DATA TO BE INCLUDED IN PIREPS 9-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-8. REPORTING TURBULENCE IN PIREPS 9-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-9. REPORTING ICING CONDITIONS IN PIREPS 9-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-10. MEANS USED TO SOLICIT PIREPS 9-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-11. PIREP CLASSIFICATION 9-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-12. PIREP HANDLING 9-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-13. OFFSHORE COASTAL ROUTES 9-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-14. PIREP PREPARATION 9-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-15. PIREP FORMAT 9-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-16. PIREP ENCODING 9-2-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-2-17. PIREP ORDER 9-2-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 3. Radar Weather Report (SD/ROB)
9-3-1. GENERAL 9-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-3-2. SCHEDULE 9-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-3-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-3-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Section 4. Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FD)
Paragraph Page
9-4-1. GENERAL 9-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-4-2. LEVELS FORECAST 9-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-4-3. SCHEDULES 9-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-4-4. DISTRIBUTION 9-4-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 5. Aviation Terminal Forecast (TAF)
9-5-1. GENERAL 9-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-5-2. TERMINAL FORECAST SCHEDULES 9-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-5-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 6. Aviation Area Forecast (FA)
9-6-1. GENERAL 9-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-6-2. AVIATION AREA FORECAST (FA) SCHEDULE 9-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-6-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 7. Severe Weather Forecasts
9-7-1. GENERAL 9-7-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-7-2. DISTRIBUTION 9-7-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-7-3. SEVERE WEATHER OUTLOOK NARRATIVE (AC) 9-7-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 8. Flight Advisories (SIGMET/WS-AIRMET/WA-Convective
SIGMET/WST)
9-8-1. GENERAL 9-8-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-8-2. DISTRIBUTION 9-8-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 9. Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB)
9-9-1. GENERAL 9-9-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-9-2. CROSS-COUNTRY ROUTES 9-9-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 10. Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS)
9-10-1. GENERAL 9-10-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-10-2. CRITERIA 9-10-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-10-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-10-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 11. Center Weather Advisory (CWA)
9-11-1. GENERAL 9-11-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-11-2. CRITERIA 9-11-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-11-3. DISTRIBUTION 9-11-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Chapter 10. Data Communication Systems
Section 1. General
10-1-1. TYPES OF DATA ACCEPTABLE ON FAA DATA COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS 10-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10-1-2. PRIORITY MESSAGES 10-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10-1-3. GENERAL NOTICES 10-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10-1-4. GROUP CODES 10-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10-1-5. MESSAGE FORMATS 10-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10-1-6. WMSCR NEGATIVE RESPONSE MESSAGES 10-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 11. Airport Lighting and Visibility Aids
Section 1. General
11-1-1. AIRPORT LIGHTING 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-2. OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-3. ROTATING BEACON 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-4. APPROACH LIGHTS 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-5. ALS INTENSITY SETTINGS 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-6. SEQUENCED FLASHING LIGHTS 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-7. RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS 11-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-8. CHANGING LIGHTED RUNWAYS 11-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-9. SIMULTANEOUS APPROACH AND RUNWAY EDGE LIGHT OPERATION 11-1-2 . . .
11-1-10. MALSR ODALS 11-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-11. HIRL ASSOCIATED WITH MALSR 11-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-12. MEDIUM INTENSITY RUNWAY LIGHTS 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-13. HIGH INTENSITY RUNWAY, RUNWAY CENTERLINE, AND TOUCHDOWN
ZONE LIGHTS 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-14. HIRL CHANGES AFFECTING RVR 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-15. HIGH SPEED TURNOFF LIGHTS 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-16. RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER LIGHTS 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-17. TAXIWAY LIGHTS 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-18. VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATORS (VASIS) 11-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-19. VISIBILITY AIDS - GENERAL 11-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-20. RVR/RVV 11-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-1-21. OPERATION OF LANDING DIRECTION INDICATOR 11-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 12. Interphone Communications
Section 1. General
Paragraph Page
12-1-1. PURPOSE 12-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12-1-2. INTERPHONE TRANSMISSION PRIORITIES 12-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12-1-3. PRIORITY INTERRUPTION 12-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12-1-4. MESSAGE INITIATION 12-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12-1-5. MESSAGE TERMINATION 12-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Chapter 13. NAVAID Monitoring
Section 1. General
13-1-1. PURPOSE 13-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13-1-2. DUTIES 13-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13-1-3. MALFUNCTIONS 13-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13-1-4. AIRCRAFT REPORTED MALFUNCTIONS 13-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13-1-5. ADJUSTMENTS TO NAVAIDS 13-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13-1-6. NAVAID FLIGHT CHECK 13-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13-1-7. MONITORING OF NAVAIDS BY TECHNICAL OPERATIONS SERVICES
PERSONNEL 13-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 14. Phraseology
Section 1. General
14-1-1. PURPOSE 14-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-2. PHRASEOLOGY 14-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-3. WORDS AND PHRASES 14-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-4. ANNOUNCING MISSING ITEMS 14-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-5. ICAO PHONETICS 14-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-6. RELAY OF ATC COMMUNICATIONS 14-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-7. EXPEDITIOUS COMPLIANCE 14-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-8. WEATHER PHRASEOLOGY 14-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-9. WEATHER REMARKS 14-1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-10. WEATHER ADVISORIES 14-1-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-11. RADAR 14-1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-12. WINDS AND TEMPERATURES ALOFT FORECAST (FD) 14-1-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-13. NUMBER USAGE 14-1-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-14. FACILITY IDENTIFICATION 14-1-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-15. AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION 14-1-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-16. AIRCRAFT TYPES 14-1-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-17. AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT CODES 14-1-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-18. AIRWAYS AND ROUTES 14-1-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-19. NAVAID TERMS 14-1-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-20. NAVAID FIXES 14-1-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1-21. RUNWAY CONDITIONS 14-1-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendices
Paragraph Page
APPENDIX A. ICAO FLIGHT PLANS Appendix A-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX B. Q SIGNALS Appendix B-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PILOT/CONTROLLER GLOSSARY PCG-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INDEX I-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1-1-1 General
Chapter 1. Introduction
Section 1. General
1-1-1. PURPOSE
This order prescribes procedures and phraseology for
use by air traffic personnel providing flight services.
Flight service specialists are required to be familiar
with the provisions of this order that pertain to their
operational responsibilities and to exercise their best
judgment if they encounter situations that are not
covered.
1-1-2. DISTRIBUTION
This order is distributed to selected offices in
Washington headquarters, regional offices, service
area offices, the William J. Hughes Technical Center,
the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center, all air
traffic field facilities, international aviation field
offices, and interested aviation public.
1-1-3. CANCELLATION
FAA Order 7110.10S, Flight Services, dated
February_16,_2006, and all changes to it are canceled.
1-1-4. EXPLANATION OF CHANGES
Changes incorporated into this basic order as well as
changes submitted in the future are found in the
explanation of changes page(s). It is advisable to
retain these page(s) throughout the duration of the
basic order. If further information is desired, direct
questions through the appropriate facility/service
area office staff to Flight Services Safety and
Operations Support, Operational Procedures.
1-1-5. EFFECTIVE DATE
a. This order is effective February_14,_2008.
b. This order and its changes are scheduled to be
published to coincide with AIRAC dates. The
effective dates will be:
Publication Schedule
Basic
or
Change
Cutoff Date
for Submission
Effective Date
of Publication
JO 7110.10T 8/30/07 2/14/08
Change 1 2/14/08 7/31/08
Change 2 7/31/08 3/12/09
Change 3 3/12/09 8/27/09
JO 7110.10U 8/27/09 2/11/10
c. Facilities shall notify service area office
distribution officers if orders or changes are not
received at least 30_days prior to effective dates.
1-1-6. RECOMMENDATION FOR
PROCEDURAL CHANGES
a. Submit recommended changes directly to the
facility management.
b. Procedural changes will not be made to this
order until software for Model 1 Full Capacity
(M1FC), AISR and the Operational and Supportabil-
ity Implementation System (OASIS) has been
adapted to accomplish the revised procedures.
1-1-7. SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION
This publication may be purchased from the U.S.
Government Printing Office. Address subscription
inquiries to:
Superintendent of Documents
Government Printing Office
Washington, DC 20402
Telephone: (202) 512-1800
Internet: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/index.html
FAA air traffic publications are also available on the
FAA's web site at http://www.faa.gov/atpubs/
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
1-2-1 Terms of Reference
Section 2. Terms of Reference
1-2-1. WORD MEANINGS
As used in this manual, the words listed below have
the following meanings:
a. “Shall” or an action verb in the imperative sense
means a procedure is mandatory.
b. “Should” means a procedure is recommended.
c. “May” or “need not” means a procedure is
optional.
d. “Will” means futurity, not a requirement for
application of a procedure.
e. Singular words include the plural.
f. Plural words include the singular.
g. “Aircraft” means the airframe, crew members,
or both.
h. “Altitude” means indicated altitude mean sea
level (MSL), flight level (FL), or both.
i. “Miles” means nautical miles unless otherwise
specified and means statute miles in conjunction with
visibility.
j. “Time,” when used for ATC operational
activities, is the hour and the minute/s in Coordinated
Universal Time (UTC). Change to the next minute is
made at the minute plus 30 seconds, except time
checks are given to the nearest quarter minute. The
word “local” or the time zone equivalent shall be
stated when local time is given during radio and
telephone communications. The term “ZULU” may
be used to denote UTC.
1-2-2. NOTES
Statements of fact or of an explanatory nature and
relating to the use of directive material have been
identified and worded as “Notes.”
1-2-3. JO 7110.10 CHANGES
a. Each reprinted, revised, or additional page will
show the change number and the effective date of the
change.
b. Bold lines in the margin of the text will mark the
location of all changes except editorial corrections.
1-2-4. ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations authorized for use in the application of
the procedures in this order are those contained in
FAAO_JO_7340.2, Contractions.
NOTE-
In this order, the abbreviation M1 identifies Model 1 Full
Capacity procedures, AISR identifies AISR procedures,
and OASIS identifies Operational and Supportability
Implementation System procedures. Additional abbrevi-
ations associated with OASIS are:
WINGS - Weather Information and Navigational
Graphics System, and
WIND - Weather Information Network Display.
1-2-5. EXAMPLES
Any illustration used which serves to explain subject
material is identified as an “Example.”
1-2-6. PHRASEOLOGY
Phraseology depicted in this order is mandatory.
NOTE-
Exceptions to this para are referenced in para 5-1-1, and
para_14-1-2 Note.
7/31/08 JO 7110.10T CHG 1
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
1-3-1 Responsibility
Section 3. Responsibility
1-3-1. PROCEDURAL APPLICATIONS
Apply the procedures in this order, except when other
procedures are contained in a letter of agreement
(LOA) or other appropriate FAA documents,
provided they only supplement this order and any
standards they specify are not less than those in this
order.
NOTE1. Pilots are required to abide by applicable provisions of
14 CFR or any other pertinent regulations regardless of
the application of any procedure in this order.
2. FAAO JO 7210.3, Facility Operation and Administra-
tion, contains administrative instructions pertaining to
these letters and documents.
1-3-2. DUTY PRIORITY
Because there are many variables involved, it is
impossible to provide a standard list of duty priorities
that apply to every situation. Each set of
circumstances must be evaluated on its own merit,
and when more than one action is required, personnel
shall exercise their best judgment based on the facts
and circumstances known to them. Action which
appears most critical from a safety standpoint should
be performed first.
a. The following order of duty priorities is offered
as a guideline.
1. Emergency Situations.
2. Inflight Services.
3. Preflight Services.
b. Emergency situations are those where life or
property is in immediate danger. Inflight services are
those provided to or affecting aircraft in flight or
otherwise operating on the airport surface. This
includes services to airborne aircraft, such as
NAVAID monitoring and restoration, LAA, delivery
of ATC clearances, advisories or requests, issuance of
military flight advisory messages, EFAS, NOTAM,
SAR communications searches, flight plan handling,
transcribed or live broadcasts, weather observations,
PIREPs, and pilot briefings. Preflight services are
those which directly affect aircraft operations but
which are provided prior to actual departure and
usually by telephone. These include pilot briefings,
recorded data, flight plan filing/processing, and
aircraft operational reservations.
1-3-3. DUTY FAMILIARIZATION AND
TRANSFER OF POSITION
RESPONSIBILITY
The transfer of position responsibility shall be
accomplished in accordance with appropriate facility
directives each time the operational responsibility for
a position is transferred from one specialist to
another. The relieving specialist and the specialist
being relieved shall share equal responsibility for the
completeness and accuracy of the position relief
briefing.
a. Purpose. This para prescribes the method and
the step-by-step process for conducting a position
relief briefing and transferring position responsibility
from one specialist to another.
b. Discussion.
1. In all operational facilities, the increase in
traffic density and the need for the expeditious
movement of air traffic without compromising safety
have emphasized the importance of the position relief
process. Major problems occur whenever there is a
heavy reliance upon mem ory unsupported by
routines or systematic reminders. This procedure
addresses the complete task of transferring position
responsibility and the associated relief briefing.
2. Position relief unavoidably provides added
workload for specialists at the time of relief. The
intent of this procedure is to make the transfer of
position responsibility take place smoothly and to
ensure a complete transfer of information with a
minimum amount of workload. The method takes
advantage of a self-briefing concept in which the
relieving specialist obtains needed status information
by reading from the Status Information Areas to
begin the relief process. Up-to-the-minute informa-
tion relating to the provision of flight services to
pilots and aircraft in flight requires verbal exchanges
between specialists during the relief process. The
method also specifies the point when the transfer of
position responsibility occurs.
3. In the final part of the relief process, the
specialist being relieved monitors and reviews the
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
1-3-2 Responsibility
position to ensure that nothing has been overlooked
or incorrectly displayed and that the transfer of
position responsibility occurred with a complete
briefing.
c. Terms. The following terms are important for a
complete understanding of this procedure:
1. Status Information Areas. Manual or auto-
mated displays of the current status of position-re-
lated equipment and operational conditions or
procedures.
2. Written Notes. Manually recorded items of
information kept at designated locations on the
positions of operation are elem ents of Status
Information Areas.
3. Checklist. An ordered listing of items to be
covered in a position relief.
d. Precautions.
1. Specialists involved in the position relief
process should not rush or be influenced to rush.
2. During position operation, each item of status
information which is or may be an operational factor
for the relieving specialist should be recorded as soon
as it is operationally feasible so that it will not be
forgotten or incorrectly recorded.
3. Extra care should be taken when more than
one specialist relieves or is being relieved from a
position at the same time; e.g., combining or
decombining positions.
e. Responsibilities. The specialist being relieved
shall be responsible for ensuring that any pertinent
status information of which he/she is aware is relayed
to the relieving specialist and is either:
1. Accurately displayed in the Status Informa-
tion Areas for which he/she has responsibility, or
2. Relayed to the position having responsibility
for accurately displaying the status information. Prior
to accepting responsibility for a position, the
relieving specialist shall be responsible for ensuring
that any unresolved questions pertaining to the
operation of the position are resolved. The specialists
engaged in a position relief shall conduct the relief
process at the position being relieved, unless other
procedures have been established and authorized by
the facility air traffic manager.
f. Step-By-Step Process of Position Relief.
1. Preview of the Position
RELIEVING SPECIALIST
(a) Follow the checklist and review the Status
Information Areas.
NOTE-
This substep may be replaced by an authorized preduty
briefing provided an equivalent review of checklist items
is accomplished.
(b) Observe position equipment, operational
situation, and the work environment.
(c) Listen to voice communications and
observe other operational actions.
(d) Observe current and pending aircraft and
vehicular traffic and correlate with flight and other
movement information.
(e) Indicate to the specialist being relieved
that the position has been previewed and that the
verbal briefing may begin.
NOTE-
Substeps (b), (c), and (d) may be conducted concurrently
or in order.
2. Verbal Briefing
SPECIALIST BEING RELIEVED
(a) Review with the relieving specialist, the
checklist, Status Information Areas, written notes,
and other prescribed sources of information, and
advise of known omissions, updates, and inac-
curacies. Also brief the relieving specialist on the
abnormal status of items not listed on the Status
Information Areas, as well as on any items of special
operational interest calling for verbal explanation or
additional discussion.
(b) Brief on traffic, if applicable.
(c) Completely answer any questions asked.
(d) Observe overall position operation. If
assistance is needed, provide or summon it as
appropriate.
(e) Sign off the position in accordance with
existing directives or otherwise indicate that the relief
process is complete.
REFERENCE-
FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 2-2-3, Duty Familiarization and the Transfer of
Position Responsibility.
RELIEVING SPECIALIST
(f) Ask questions necessary to ensure a
complete understanding of the operations situation.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
1-3-3 Responsibility
(g) Make a statement or otherwise indicate to
the specialist being relieved that position responsibil-
ity has been assumed.
(h) Sign on the position unless a facility
directive authorizes substep (g) above.
(i) Check, verify, and update the information
obtained in steps 1 and 2.
g. Check position equipment in accordance with
existing directives.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
2-1-1 General
Chapter 2. Broadcast Procedures
Section 1. General
2-1-1. TYPES OF BROADCASTS
Weather and flight information shall be broadcast/
recorded by one or more of the following categories:
a. Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB).
(Alaska only.)
b. Telephone Inform ation Briefing Service
(TIBS).
c. Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service
(HIWAS).
d. Meteorological Information for Aircraft in
Flight (VOLMET ICAO).
2-1-2. SPEECH RATE
Data shall be spoken at a rate of 100 to 120
words-per-minute.
2-1-3. INTERRUPTION OF BROADCAST
Interrupt broadcast only when you believe that a pilot
requires immediate attention; e.g., to issue an airport
advisory. When a pilot calls during a broadcast:
a. Broadcast for a short interval on the frequency
to which the pilot is listening simultaneously with the
broadcast frequencies, and complete the aircraft
contact immediately after the broadcast.
b. If the pilot repeats the call, interrupt the
broadcast and answer the call.
2-1-4. REDUCING RECORDED WEATHER
INFORMATION SERVICES
Recorded weather information services (TWEB and
TIB S) may be reduced during the hours of
1800-0600 local time only. Resumption of full
broadcast service should be adjusted seasonally to
coincide with daylight hours. During the period of
reduced broadcast, record a statement indicating
when the broadcast will be resumed and to contact
Flight Service for weather briefing and other
services.
PHRASEOLOGY-
THE TIBS RECORDING IS SUSPENDED. REGULAR
RECORDED WEATHER SERVICE WILL BE RESUMED
AT (time) ZULU/ (time) LOCAL. FOR PILOT WEATHER
BRIEFING AND OTHER SERVICES CONTACT A
FLIGHT SERVICE FACILITY (phone number or
additional telephone instructions, as appropriate).
PHRASEOLOGY-
THE TWEB RECORDING IS SUSPENDED. REGULAR
RECORDED WEATHER SERVICE WILL BE RESUMED
AT (time) ZULU/ (time) LOCAL. FOR PILOT WEATHER
BRIEFING AND OTHER SERVICES CONTACT A
FLIGHT SERVICE FACILITY (frequency or phone
number, as appropriate).
2-1-5. ANNOUNCING MISSING ITEMS
With the exception of RVR, announce the word
“MISSING” when any items or components of a
weather report are not reported, or in place of
unreadable or obviously incorrect items or portions
of weather reports. If the complete report is not
available for broadcast, state the location and the
word “MISSING.” When appropriate, instead of
speaking the name of several locations with missing
reports, announce: “OTHER SCHEDULED
REPORTS MISSING.”
NOTE-
On occasion, a parameter from an automated observation
may be reported as missing in the body of the report but
is available as a manually reported parameter in the
remarks section. When the report is spoken, include the
manually reported element in its proper sequence within
the report.
2-1-6. WEATHER REPORT
PHRASEOLOGY
Use the following phraseology and procedures for
radio-telephone communications and broadcast of
surface weather observations:
a. Location.
1. Announce the geographic name (not the
identifier) once for broadcasts.
2. When the location name is duplicated within
500 miles, follow the location name with the state
name.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
2-1-2 General
EXAMPLE“Wilmington, North Carolina.”
“Wilmington, Delaware.”
3. When weather reports originate at more than
one airport at the same geographical location,
identify the airport.
EXAMPLE“Chicago Midway.”
“Chicago O'Hare.”
4. Where it is considered necessary and is
requested by the military base commander, broadcast
military observations by stating the location, the
name of the airport if different, and the controlling
military branch.
EXAMPLE“Fort Riley, Marshall Army Air Field.”
“Andrews Air Force Base.”
“Norfolk Naval Air Station.”
b. Automated Observation. If AUTO appears after
the date/time element, follow the location announce-
ment with the phrase “AUTOMATED.”
PHRASEOLOGY(Location) AUTOMATED.
c. Special Reports. If a special report is available
at the time of the broadcast, follow the location with
the words “SPECIAL REPORT, (last two digits of
the time) OBSERVATION.”
d. Wind Direction and Speed. Announce wind
direction and speed by stating the word WIND
followed by the separate digits of the wind direction
to the nearest 10 degrees and the separate digits of the
speed. A “G” between two wind speed values is
announced as GUSTS. Broadcast local wind as it
appears in the report. Announce the variability of
wind at the end of the wind group. (See TBL 2-1-1.)
TBL 2-1-1
Wind Direction and Speed
Wind Phraseology
VRB04KT WIND VARIABLE AT FOUR.
00000KT WIND CALM.
26012KT WIND TWO SIX ZERO AT ONE
TWO.
29012KT
260V320
WIND TWO NINER ZERO AT
ONE TWO WIND VARIABLE
BETWEEN TWO SIX ZERO
AND THREE TWO ZERO.
30008KT WIND THREE ZERO ZERO AT
EIGHT.
36012G20KT WIND THREE SIX ZERO AT
ONE TWO GUSTS TWO ZERO.
e. Visibility. Announce visibility as follows:
(See TBL 2-1-2.)
TBL 2-1-2
Visibility
Contraction Phraseology
M1 /4SM VISIBILITY LESS THAN ONE
QUARTER.
0SM VISIBILITY ZERO.
1
/16SM VISIBILITY ONE SIXTEENTH.
1
/8SM VISIBILITY ONE EIGHTH.
3
/4SM VISIBILITY THREE QUARTERS.
11 /2SM VISIBILITY ONE AND ONE-HALF.
8SM VISIBILITY EIGHT.
25SM VISIBILITY TWO FIVE.
NOTE-
When visibility is less than 3 miles and variable, the
variable limits will be reported in the remarks.
f. RVR. When RVR is reported, announce in
accordance with TBL 2-1-3. Omit RVR when it is
not reported. Do not announce as missing.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
2-1-3 General
TBL 2-1-3
RVR
Contraction Phraseology
R16/M0600FT RUNWAY ONE SIX VISUAL
RANGE LESS THAN SIX
HUNDRED.
R17L/2400V
3000FT
RUNWAY ONE SEVEN LEFT
VISUAL RANGE VARIABLE
BETWEEN TWO THOUSAND
FOUR HUNDRED AND THREE
THOUSAND.
R28L/3500FT RUNWAY TWO EIGHT LEFT
VISUAL RANGE THREE
THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED.
R35R/P6000FT RUNWAY THREE FIVE RIGHT
VISUAL RANGE MORE THAN
SIX THOUSAND.
Note: “R-V-R” may be spoken in lieu of “visual
range.”
g. Weather Elements. TBL 2-1-4 depicts sample
phraseology for weather element contractions.
Intensity refers to precipitation, not descriptors.
Proximity is spoken after the phenomenon to which
it refers. Descriptors are spoken ahead of weather
phenomenon with the exception of “showers” which
is spoken after the precipitation. Table TBL 2-1-8
contains a complete list of weather elements and
appropriate phraseology.
TBL 2-1-4
Examples of combining intensity, descriptors and
weather phenomenon.
Contractions Phraseology
BLSN BLOWING SNOW.
FZDZ FREEZING DRIZZLE.
FZRA FREEZING RAIN.
-FZRAPL LIGHT FREEZING RAIN, ICE
PELLETS.
MIFG SHALLOW FOG.
SHRA RAIN SHOWERS.
+TSRA THUNDERSTORM, HEAVY
RAIN (SHOWERS)1.
TSRA THUNDERSTORM, RAIN.
+TSRAGR THUNDERSTORM, HEAVY
RAIN, HAIL.
-SHRA LIGHT RAIN SHOWERS.
SHSN SNOW SHOWERS.
VCSH SHOWERS IN THE VICINITY.
1
Since thunderstorms imply showery precipitation,
“showers” may be used to describe precipitation that
accompany thunderstorms.
h. Ceiling and sky coverage.
1. Broadcast Sky Coverage in the same order as
reported on the weather observation. Announce
ceiling as follows: (See TBL 2-1-5.)
TBL 2-1-5
Ceiling and Sky coverage
Contraction Phraseology
BKN000
SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED.
BKN000
CEILING LESS THAN FIVE
ZERO BROKEN.
FEW0001 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED.
FEW000
FEW CLOUDS AT LESS THAN
FIVE ZERO.
SCT0001 SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED.
SCT000
LESS THAN FIVE ZERO
SCATTERED.
(lowest layer
aloft) BKN/
OVC
(precede with) CEILING.
VV INDEFINITE CEILING.
1
Surface-based obscurations. Requires remarks,
i.e. RMK FG SCT000, FU BKN000, etc.
No remark means the layer is aloft.
2. State cloud heights in tens, hundreds and/or
thousands of feet. (See TBL 2-1-6.)
TBL 2-1-6
Cloud Heights
Number Phraseology
0001 ZERO.
003 THREE HUNDRED.
018 ONE THOUSAND EIGHT
HUNDRED.
200 TWO ZERO THOUSAND.
1
Spoken as zero only when used with VV.
NOTE-
When the ceiling is less than 3,000 feet and variable, the
variable limits will be reported in the remarks.
3. Announce sky conditions as indicated.
(See TBL 2-1-7.)
TBL 2-1-7
Sky Conditions
Contraction Phraseology
BKN (height) BROKEN.
CLR1 CLEAR BELOW ONE TWO
THOUSAND.
FEW FEW CLOUDS AT (height).
SCT (height) SCATTERED.
SKC CLEAR.
OVC (height) OVERCAST.
1
Automated weather reports.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
2-1-4 General
TBL 2-1-8
Weather Elements
QUALIFIER WEATHER PHENOMENA
INTENSITY
or
PROXIMITY
1
DESCRIPTOR
2
PRECIPITATION
3
OBSCURATION
4
OTHER
5
- Light MI Shallow DZ Drizzle BR Mist PO Well-
Developed
Dust/Sand
Whirls
BC Patchy RA Rain FG Fog SQ Squalls
Moderate
(No Qualifier)
DR Low Drifting SN Snow FU Smoke FC
+FC
Funnel Cloud,
Tornado or
Waterspout
BL Blowing SG Snow Grains DU Dust SS Sandstorm
+ Heavy SH Showers IC Ice Crystals SA Sand DS Duststorm
TS Thunderstorm PL Ice Pellets HZ Haze
VC In the Vicinity FZ Freezing GR Hail PY Spray
PR Partial GS Small Hail or
Snow Pellets
(_1/4”)
VA Volcanic Ash
UP *Unknown
Precipitation
* Automated stations only.
4. The following are examples of broadcast
phraseology of sky and ceiling conditions:
(See TBL 2-1-9.)
TBL 2-1-9
Sky and ceiling conditions
Condition Phraseology
BKN000
BKN010
BKN050 RMK
FG BKN000
SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED,
CEILING ONE THOUSAND
BROKEN, FIVE THOUSAND
BROKEN. FOG OBSCURING
FIVE TO SEVEN EIGHTS OF
THE SKY.
BKN010 CEILING ONE THOUSAND
BROKEN.
SCT000
SCT020
OVC035 RMK
FG SCT000
SKY PARTIALLY OBSCURED,
TWO THOUSAND
SCATTERED, CEILING THREE
THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED
OVERCAST. FOG OBSCURING
THREE TO FOUR EIGHTS OF
THE SKY.
SCT020
OVC250
TWO THOUSAND
SCATTERED, CEILING TWO
FIVE THOUSAND OVERCAST.
VV000 INDEFINITE CEILING ZERO.
VV012 INDEFINITE CEILING ONE
THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
2-1-5 General
i. Temperature and Dew Point. Announce temper-
ature and dew point in degrees Celsius. Temperatures
below zero are preceded with an M and are announced
by prefixing the word MINUS to the values. When
the temperature and dew point spread is greater than
3 degrees, broadcast only the temperature. (See
TBL 2-1-10.)
TBL 2-1-10
Temperature and Dew Point
Value Phraseology
02/M01 TEMPERATURE TWO, DEW
POINT MINUS ONE.
14/09 TEMPERATURE ONE FOUR.
36/34 TEMPERATURE THREE SIX,
DEW POINT THREE FOUR.
j. Altimeter Setting. Announce the four digits of
the altimeter setting. (See TBL 2-1-11.)
TBL 2-1-11
Altimeter Setting
Phraseology
A2989 ALTIMETER TWO NINER
EIGHT NINER.
A3025 ALTIMETER THREE ZERO
TWO FIVE.
k. Remarks. Announce pertinent remarks. Do not
broadcast additive data or other information intended
for NWS analysis or processing that does not
contribute to the description of the weather occurring
at the station. (See TBL 2-1-12.)
TBL 2-1-12
Remarks
Remarks Phraseology
ACSL OVR
RDG SW
STANDING LENTICULAR
ALTOCUMULUS OVER RIDGE
SOUTHWEST.
FG SCT000 FOG OBSCURING THREE TO
FOUR EIGHTHS OF SKY.
FU SCT012 SMOKE LAYER ONE
THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED
SCATTERED.
SCT020 V
BKN
TWO THOUSAND SCATTERED
VARIABLE BROKEN.
OCNL LTGCG
OHD TS OHD
MOV E
OCCASIONAL LIGHTNING
CLOUD TO GROUND
OVERHEAD. THUNDERSTORM
OVERHEAD MOVING EAST
VIS 3/4V1 1/2 VISIBILITY VARIABLE
BETWEEN THREE QUARTERS
AND ONE AND ONE HALF.
VIS NE 3 S 2 VISIBILITY NORTHEAST
THREE, SOUTH TWO.
2-1-7. CURRENT DATA
An aviation surface report is considered current for
1_hour beyond the standard time of observation
(H+00) unless superseded by a special or local
observation or by the next hourly report. Do not
broadcast obsolete data.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
2-2-1 Transcribed Weather Broadcasts (TWEB) (Alaska Only)
Section 2. Transcribed Weather Broadcasts (TWEB)
(Alaska Only)
2-2-1. GENERAL
a. Transcribed weather broadcast service provides
continuous aeronautical and meteorological informa-
tion on L/MF and VOR facilities.
b. At TWEB equipment locations controlling two
or more VORs, the one used least for ground-to-air
communications, preferably the nearest VOR, may
be used as a TWEB outlet simultaneously with the
NDB facility. Where this is accomplished, capability
to manually override the broadcast shall be provided
for emergency communications.
2-2-2. CONTENT
User needs should dictate the content of these recordings.
Required items are denoted with an asterisk (*).
a. *Introduction. State the preparation time.
PHRASEOLOGY-
TRANSCRIBED AVIATION WEATHER BROADCAST
PREPARED AT (time) ZULU.
b. *Adverse Conditions. Extracted from WST,
WS, WA, CWA and AWW.
PHRASEOLOGY-
WEATHER ADVISORIES ARE IN EFFECT FOR
(adverse conditions) OVER (geographical area)
(summary).
c. Synopsis. A brief statement describing the type,
location, and movement of weather systems and/or
masses which might affect the route or the area.
d. TWEB Route Forecasts. Broadcast from
appropriate forecast data. Include the valid time of
forecasts.
PHRASEOLOGY-
ROUTE FORECAST(S) VALID UNTIL (time) ZULU.
e. Winds Aloft Forecast. Broadcast winds aloft
forecast for the location nearest to the TWEB. The
broadcast should include the levels from 3,000 to
12,000 feet, but shall always include at least two
forecast levels above the surface.
PHRASEOLOGY-
WINDS ALOFT FORECAST VALID UNTIL (time) ZULU.
(Location) (Altitude) (direction) AT (speed).
f. Radar Reports (RAREP). Use local or pertinent
RAREPs. If the facility has access to real time
weather radar equipment, summarize observed data
using the RAREPs to determine precipitation type,
intensity, movement, and height.
g. *Surface Weather Reports. Record surface
reports as described in para 2-1-6, Weather Report
Phraseology.
1. Broadcast local reports first, then the
remainder of the reports beginning with the first
station east of true north and continuing clockwise
around the TWEB location.
2. Announce the location name of a surface
report once.
(a) Surface weather broadcast introduction:
PHRASEOLOGY-
AVIATION WEATHER, (4 digits of time), ZULU
OBSERVATIONS.
(b) Special weather reports:
PHRASEOLOGY(Location name) SPECIAL REPORT (last 2 digits of time)
OBSERVATION, (weather report).
h. *Density Altitude. Include temperature and the
statement “CHECK DENSITY ALTITUDE” as part
of the surface weather broadcast for any station with
a field elevation of 2,000 feet MSL or above that
meets the following criteria: (See TBL 2-2-1.)
TBL 2-2-1
Density Altitude
Field Elevation Temperature (C)
2,000-2,999 29 degrees or higher
3,000-3,999 27 degrees or higher
4,000-4,999 24 degrees or higher
5,000-5,999 21 degrees or higher
6,000-6,999 18 degrees or higher
7,000-higher 16 degrees or higher
i. Pilot Weather Reports. Summarize PIREPs and,
if the weather conditions meet soliciting require-
ments, append a request for PIREPs.
1. Summary.
PHRASEOLOGY-
PILOT WEATHER REPORTS SUMMARY (text).
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
2-2-2 Transcribed Weather Broadcasts (TWEB) (Alaska Only)
2. *Request for PIREPs, if applicable.
(See para_9-2-5, Soliciting PIREPs.)
PHRASEOLOGY-
PILOT WEATHER REPORTS ARE REQUESTED
(location, area) FOR (cloud tops, icing, turbulence, etc.).
j. *ALNOT Alert Announcement, if applicable.
PHRASEOLOGY-
OVERDUE AIRCRAFT ALERT, (time) ZULU (aircraft
identification), (color), (type), DEPARTED (airport) VIA
(route), (destination). LAST KNOWN POSITION (state
last known position). THIS AIRCRAFT IS OVERDUE.
ALL AIRCRAFT ARE REQUESTED TO MONITOR ONE
TWO ONE POINT FIVE FOR E-L-T SIGNAL. INFORM
THE NEAREST F-A-A FACILITY OF ANY
INFORMATION REGARDING THIS AIRCRAFT.
k. *Closing statement.
PHRASEOLOGY-
FOR NOTAM, MILITARY TRAINING ACTIVITY, OR
OTHER SERVICES, CONTACT A FLIGHT SERVICE
STATION.
2-2-3. TESTING TWEB EQUIPMENT
When TWEB equipment is to be tested, broadcast an
advisory to this effect. Care shall be exercised to
ensure no obsolete information is broadcast during a
testing period.
2-2-4. SERVICE MAY BE SUSPENDED
TWEB service may be suspended:
a. For routine maintenance only during periods
when weather conditions within 100 miles of the
broadcast outlet are equal to or better than a ceiling
of 3,000 feet and visibility of 5 miles.
b. When the equipment fails. If a malfunction
occurs in the recording or control unit but the tape
transport unit remains operative, continue broadcast-
ing current data. Remove data as it becomes obsolete.
2-2-5. MONITORING
a. At TWEB equipment locations, listen to at least
one complete TWEB cycle each hour. Check for
completeness, accuracy, speech rate, and proper
enunciation. Correct any noted irregularities.
b. If practical:
1. The control facility shall monitor the
transmissions through local outlet.
2. The AFSS/FSS associated with a remote
outlet shall monitor the transmissions for a sufficient
period each hour to assure voice quality and clarity.
c. Promptly correct or inform the TWEB facility
of any irregularities.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
2-3-1 Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) for Automated Flight Service Stations (AFSS)
Section 3. Telephone Information Briefing Service
(TIBS) for Automated Flight Service Stations (AFSS)
2-3-1. GENERAL
a. TIBS provides a continuous telephone record-
ing of meteorological and/or aeronautical informa-
tion.
1. TIBS shall contain:
(a) Area and/or route briefings.
(b) Airspace procedures, if applicable.
(c) Special announcements, if applicable.
2. TIBS should also contain, but not be limited
to:
(a) Surface observations (METARs).
(b) Terminal forecasts (TAFs).
(c) Winds/temperatures aloft forecasts.
NOTE-
User needs should dictate the content of these recordings.
b. Each AFSS shall provide at least four route
and/or area briefings. As a minimum, area briefings
should encompass a 50 NM radius. Each briefing
should require the pilot to access no more than two
channels which shall be route and/or area specific.
Pilots shall have access to NOTAM data through one
of the following:
1. Area or route briefings.
2. On separate channels which are designated
specifically for NOTAM.
3. By access to a briefer.
c. Separate channels shall be designated for each
route, area, local meteorological/aeronautical in-
formation, special event, airspace procedures, etc.
EXAMPLE201 Houston local area (75 NMR)
202 Houston to New Orleans
203 Houston to Brownsville
204 Houston to Midland
205 Houston to Dallas/Ft. Worth
206 Houston area surface observations
207 Houston area terminal forecasts
208 Houston to Shreveport
209-224 (Facility discretion as user needs
dictate)
2-3-2. AREA/ROUTE BRIEFING
PROCEDURES
Service is provided 24 hours a day, but may be
reduced in accordance with para 2-1-4. Recorded
information shall be updated as conditions change;
e.g., conditions improve from IFR to MVFR or from
MVFR to VFR, or conditions decrease from VFR to
MVFR or from MVFR to IFR. Area and route
forecast channels shall be updated whenever material
is updated.
a. Introduction. State the preparation time and the
route and/or the area of coverage. The service area
may be configured to meet the individual facility's
needs; e.g., 50 NM radius, route oriented.
NOTE-
For the purpose of TIBS broadcasts, an area briefing may
be a geographic location not defined by a nautical mile
radius, for example, NORTHWEST NEBRASKA.
PHRASEOLOGY-
THIS RECORDING PREPARED AT (time) LOCAL or
(time) ZULU. BRIEFING SUMMARY FOR:
A (number of miles) NAUTICAL MILE RADIUS OF
(location),
or
(location not defined by nautical mile radius),
or
THE ROUTE FROM (location) TO (location).
b. Adverse Conditions. Include WST, WS, WA,
CWA, AWW, UUA and any other available
information that may adversely affect flight in the
route/area.
PHRASEOLOGY-
WEATHER ADVISORIES ARE IN EFFECT FOR
(adverse conditions) OVER (geographic area) (text).
c. VFR Not Recommended Statement. Include
this recommendation when current or forecast
conditions, surface or aloft, would make flight under
visual flight rules doubtful.
PHRASEOLOGY-
V-F-R FLIGHT NOT RECOMMENDED (location) DUE
TO (conditions).
d. Synopsis. A brief statement describing the type,
location, and movement of weather systems and/or
masses which might affect the route or the area. This
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
2-3-2 Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) for Automated Flight Service Stations (AFSS)
element may be combined with adverse conditions
and/or the VNR element, in any order, when it will
help to more clearly describe conditions.
e. Current Conditions. Include current weather
conditions over the route/area and PIREPs on
conditions reported aloft.
NOTE-
When communicating weather information on the TIBS
broadcast or telephone, specialists may announce cloud
heights in either group form or in hundreds or thousands
of feet, such as, seventeen thousand or one seven
thousand.
f. Density Altitude. Include the statem ent
“CHECK DENSITY ALTITUDE” as part of the
surface weather broadcast for any weather reporting
point with a field elevation of 2,000 feet MSL or
above that reaches the criteria found in TBL 2-2-1.
g. En Route Forecast. Include forecast informa-
tion from appropriate data; e.g., FA Synopsis, TAFs
and weather advisories.
h. Winds Aloft. Include winds aloft as forecast for
the route/area as interpolated from forecast data for
the local and/or the adjacent reporting locations for
levels through 12,000 feet. The broadcast should
include the levels from 3,000 to 12,000 feet, but shall
always include at least two forecast levels above the
surface.
i. Request for PIREPs. When weather conditions
within the area or along the route meet requirements
for soliciting PIREPs (para 9-2-5), include a request
in the recording.
PHRASEOLOGY-
PILOT WEATHER REPORTS ARE REQUESTED.
CONTACT FLIGHT WATCH OR FLIGHT SERVICE, AS
APPROPRIATE.
j. NOTAM information that affects the route/area
may be included as part of the briefing, on a separate
channel, or obtained by direct contact with a pilot
weather briefer.
k. Military Training Activity. Include a statement
in the closing announcement to contact a briefer for
information on military training activity.
l. Closing Announcement. The closing announce-
ment shall be appropriate for the facility equipment
and the mode of operation; e.g., refer to the
appropriate channel or briefer for NOTAM and
military training activity information.
2-3-3. MONITORING
a. Manually prepared meteorological recordings
shall be monitored immediately after recording and
as necessary to insure accuracy of data. Non-meteor-
ological recordings shall be monitored and checked
for quality and accuracy immediately after recording
and once each shift. After each recording, the TIBS
shall be checked for availability by calling
1-800-WX-BRIEF or a locally designated phone
number. Subsequent checks may be accomplished
using local monitoring.
b. Automated TIBS products shall be monitored
once each shift to ensure clarity and accuracy.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
2-4-1 Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS)
Section 4. Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service
(HIWAS)
2-4-1. GENERAL
a. Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service
(HIWAS) is a continuous broadcast of inflight
weather advisories including summarized AWWs,
SIGMETs, convective SIGMETs, CWAs,
AIRMETs, and urgent PIREPs.
b. The HIWAS broadcast area is defined as that
area within 150 NM of HIWAS outlets assigned to
your facility.
2-4-2. PRIORITY
HIWAS broadcast shall not be interrupted/delayed
except for emergency situations, when an aircraft
requires immediate attention, or for reasonable use of
the voice override capability on specific HIWAS
outlets in order to use the limited RCO to maintain en
route communications. The service shall be provided
24 hours a day.
a. Make the following announcement if there are
no hazardous weather advisories in the HIWAS
broadcast area.
PHRASEOLOGY-
THIS RECORDING PREPARED AT (time) ZULU.
THERE ARE NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER
ADVISORIES WITHIN A ONE-FIVE-ZERO NAUTICAL
MILE RADIUS OF THIS HIWAS OUTLET.
b. The update recording shall be completed as
soon as practicable, but not more than 15 minutes
from time of receipt of new hazardous weather
information.
2-4-3. CONTENT
Record hazardous weather information occurring
within the HIWAS broadcast area. The broadcast
shall include the following elements:
a. Statement of introduction including the appro-
priate area(s) and a recording time.
PHRASEOLOGY-
HIWAS WITHIN A ONE-FIVE-ZERO NAUTICAL MILE
RADIUS OF (geographic area) RECORDED AT (time)
ZULU (text).
NOTE-
Border facilities shall append “in domestic U.S.
airspace” to the geographical area text in the
introduction statement.
b. Statement of hazardous weather, including
WSTs, WSs, WAs, UUAs, AWWs, and CWAs.
c. Request for PIREPs, if applicable. (See para
9-2-5.)
PHRASEOLOGY-
PILOT WEATHER REPORTS ARE REQUESTED.
d. Recommendation to contact AFSS/FSS/
FLIGHT WATCH for additional details concerning
hazardous weather.
PHRASEOLOGY-
CONTACT FLIGHT WATCH OR FLIGHT SERVICE, AS
APPROPRIATE, FOR ADDITIONAL DETAILS.
2-4-4. BROADCAST PROCEDURES
a. Upon receipt of new hazardous weather
information:
1. HIWAS facilities shall update the HIWAS
broadcast.
2. Make a HIWAS update announcement once
on all communications/NAVAID frequencies except
on emergency, EFAS, and navigational frequencies
already dedicated to continuous broadcast services.
Delete reference to Flight Watch when those services
are closed.
PHRASEOLOGY-
ATTENTION ALL AIRCRAFT, HAZARDOUS WEATHER
ADVISORY UPDATE FOR (geographical area) IS
AVAILABLE ON HIWAS, OR CONTACT FLIGHT
WATCH, OR FLIGHT SERVICE.
b. In the event that a HIWAS broadcast area is out
of service, make the following announcement on all
communications/NAVAID frequencies except on
emergency, EFAS, and navigational frequencies
already dedicated to continuous broadcast services:
PHRASEOLOGY-
ATTENTION ALL AIRCRAFT, HAZARDOUS WEATHER
ADVISORY UPDATE IS AVAILABLE FROM FLIGHT
WATCH OR FLIGHT SERVICE.
NOTE-
Simultaneous announcements may cause heterodyne
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
2-4-2 Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS)
problems on multiple outlets having the same frequency
and announcements may have to be rebroadcast to insure
compliance.
2-4-5. SUSPENSION
HIWAS broadcasts shall not be suspended for routine
maintenance during periods when weather advisories
have been issued for the HIWAS outlet area.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
3-1-1 General
Chapter 3. Pilot Briefing
Section 1. General
3-1-1. DEFINITION
Pilot weather briefings are defined as “The
translation of weather observations and forecasts,
including surface, upper air, radar, satellite, and pilot
reports into a form directly usable by the pilot or
flight supervisory personnel to formulate plans and
make decisions for the safe and efficient operation of
aircraft.” These briefings shall also include informa-
tion on NOTAM, flow control, and other items as
requested.
3-1-2. PREDUTY REQUIREMENTS
Before assuming pilot briefing duties, familiarize
yourself sufficiently with aeronautical and meteoro-
logical conditions to effectively provide briefing
service. This includes:
a. General locations of weather causing systems
and general weather conditions for the entire
contiguous United States and/or other briefing areas,
as appropriate; e.g., Alaska, Hawaii, Mexico,
Canada, Puerto Rico.
b. Detailed information of current and forecast
weather conditions for the geographical area deemed
significant by the facility air traffic manager.
c. Other pertinent items; e.g., NOTAM, MTR/
MOA activity.
REFERENCE-
Accomplish this in accordance with FAAO JO 7110.10, Para 1-3-3 and
pertinent facility directives.
3-1-3. PREFLIGHT BRIEFING DISPLAY
Provide a preflight briefing display for specialist/pi-
lot use. The contents and method of display shall be
based on individual facility requirements; e.g.,
available equipment, space. Additional displays, as
required, shall be provided to ensure availability of
information at all inflight and preflight positions. At
the discretion of facility management, provide a
separate display for pilot use. All material in such
displays shall be kept updated.
REFERENCE-
Enhance facsimile charts in accordance with FAAO JO 7110.10, Para
3-1-4.
3-1-4. WEATHER DISPLAY PRODUCTS
a. The weather graphic display should include, but
not necessarily be limited to, the following analysis,
prognosis, and data products:
1. Weather Depiction.
2. Surface Analysis.
3. Forecast Winds Aloft.
4. Current Winds Aloft.
5. National Radar Summary.
6. 850 MB.
7. 700 MB.
8. 500 MB.
9. 300 MB.
10. 200 MB.
11. Composite Moisture Stability Chart (Lifted
Index, Precipitable Water, Freezing Level-Mean
Relative Humidity).
12. 12- and 24-hour low level significant
weather prognosis.
13. High level significant weather prognosis.
14. 36- and 48-hour surface prognosis.
NOTE-
Because of presentation limitations and techniques, some
interim system products may not take on the same
appearance as conventional facsimile products. During
the transition into a national graphic weather display
system (GWDS) program, some flexibility of product
display, format, and content may be authorized.
b. The utility of charts is greatly enhanced by
coloring and shading. Use the symbols and colors
shown in subparas 3d and e, on all weather chart
displays. Facsimile products used for closed circuit
television (CCTV) may be highlighted to accentuate
the displays. In addition, to allow for the greatest
contrast between shaded areas and symbology,
different colors may be required to enhance color
weather graphic systems.
c. Map features. (See FIG 3-1-1.)
d. Precipitation and obstruction to vision.
(See FIG 3-1-2.)
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
3-1-2 General
FIG 3-1-1
Map Features
Chart
FIG 3-1-2
Precipitation and Obstruction To Vision
Chart
e. The facsimile products which cannot be
displayed shall be retained for specialist/pilot use.
f. Interpret and summarize weather radar video
displays and issue pertinent information on observed/
reported weather areas.
1. Use all available radar data and PIREPs to
determine intensity, tops, area of coverage, move-
ment, etc.
REFERENCE-
Pilot/Controller Glossary, Radar Weather Echo Intensity Levels.
2. Identify data obtained from sources other
than radar video display by source and time of
observation.
3. To the extent possible, define area of
coverage in relation to VORs or airways for the route
structure being flown. Airports or geographic points
may be used to assist the pilot in relating coverage to
route of flight or destination.
EXAMPLE“A broken line of weak to intense echoes covers an area
along and three zero miles east of a line from the Crazy
Woman V-O-R to the Riverton V-O-R. Average tops
between two-six thousand and three-four thousand. This
line is increasing in intensity. Movement has been from
northwest to southeast at three zero knots. The line
includes an intense echo one five miles in diameter on
Victor Two Ninety-eight forty-eight miles southeast of the
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
3-1-3 General
Worland V-O-R, tops four three thousand. There are no
known echoes within three-zero nautical miles of Victor
Eight-five or Victor Two Ninety-eight south at this time.”
3-1-5. FORECASTS, WARNINGS, AND
ADVISORIES
a. Use only weather forecasts, warnings, and
advisories issued by an NWS office (including
CWSUs), the U.S. military, foreign governments, or
FAA owned or leased graphics systems.
b. Use the information in the Meteorological
Impact Statement (MIS) for preduty briefings,
background, and supplemental information only. The
MIS is a traffic flow planning product and is not to be
used as an integral part of a briefing presentation.
c. The OUTLOOK section of WSTs includes
meteorological discussion information. Extract
pertinent forecast data concerning convective
activity location, movement, and intensity for
briefing purposes. Do not provide discussion type
information unless requested by the pilot.
d. When an NWS forecast meets amendment
criteria, request assistance from the appropriate NWS
office.
3-1-6. UNAVAILABILITY OF DATA
Use all available means to obtain the data required to
brief pilots to their destination. If a complete briefing
cannot be provided due to circuit problems or missing
data, inform the pilot of this fact. Brief to the extent
possible. As appropriate, furnish the pilot with the
telephone number of another AFSS/FSS, or advise
the pilot of the time you expect the data to be
available.
3-1-7. TYPE OF BRIEFING TO BE
CONDUCTED
Provide the pilot with the type of briefing requested;
i.e., standard, abbreviated, or outlook. When it is not
clear initially which type briefing is desired, provide
the first one or two items requested, and then
ascertain if the pilot would like a standard briefing. If
a standard briefing is requested, conduct the briefing
in accordance with para 3-2-1. If the pilot does not
desire a standard briefing, provide either an
abbreviated briefing in accordance with para 3-2-2,
or an outlook briefing, in accordance with para
3-2-3.
3-1-8. RECORDING PILOT BRIEFINGS
a. FSS. Use FAA Form s 7233-1, 7233-2,
7233-5, and 7230-21 for recording pilot briefings.
Document the briefing by one of the following
methods:
1. FAA Form 7233-2. Use a separate form each
day. Two or more forms may be used simultaneously
at different operating positions. Complete boxes 1
through 3 on each form. Enter appropriate data in
columns 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (if pertinent), and 9. The pilot's
name may be substituted for the aircraft identification
if unknown. As applicable, enter OTLK (outlook
briefing), AB (abbreviated briefing), and/or VNR in
column 8.
2. FAA Form 7233-1. Check the “pilot
briefing” block, fill in specialist initials, and time
started. As applicable, also enter AB, OTLK, and/or
check the VNR block.
3. FAA Forms 7233-5/7230-21. Enter PB in
block 14 if a briefing is provided. As applicable, also
enter AB, OTLK, and/or VNR in the same block.
b. M1. Pilot briefings are logged and stored on the
DD file for accountability. The required elements are:
PB (DESTINATION), (ACID), REMARKS.
NOTE-
If current partial exists for the proposed flight,
DESTINATION and ACID are optional.
EXAMPLE-
PB Preflight Briefing logged using
current partial.
PB DSM Preflight Briefing logged bypassing
destination in current partial.
PB ,,VNR Preflight Briefing logged using
current partial, with remarks added.
PB DSM,, VNR Preflight Briefing logged bypassing
destination in current partial, with
remarks added.
PB DSM,N1,VNR Preflight Briefing logged bypassing
destination and ACID in current
partial, with remarks added.
c. OASIS. Pilot briefings are logged using the
Briefing Log dialog box and stored in a history file for
retrieval. The required elements for OASIS logging
acceptance for a pilot weather brief are ACID and
flight rules. As applicable, enter OTLK (outlook
briefing), AB (abbreviated briefing), and/or VNR in
the “Remarks” text box.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
3-1-4 General
NOTE-
Data used in the briefing request and contained in the
Briefing Menu (Area, Region, Route, Selected Location),
Flight Plan, or Flight Workspace dialog boxes will be
automatically populated into the Briefing Log dialog box.
Additional data to complete the Briefing Log may be
entered directly into the Briefing Log dialog box. Detailed
instructions are contained in the WINGS online help and
the WINGS System Users Guide.
d. Where recorders are used, facility management
may limit entries on pilot briefing records to those
required for facility use.
e. Where fast-file recorders are used and the pilot
states the source of a briefing on the recorder, it shall
be entered in the remarks field of the flight plan.
EXAMPLE-
PB/DCA PB/DUATS
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
3-2-1 Preflight Pilot Briefing
Section 2. Preflight Pilot Briefing
3-2-1. CONDUCT OF STANDARD
BRIEFING
a. Brief by translating, interpreting, and summa-
rizing available data for the intended flight. Do not
read individual weather reports or forecasts unless, in
your judgment, it is necessary to emphasize an
important point or unless specifically requested to do
so by the pilot. Obtain the following information if it
is pertinent and not evident or already known:
1. Type of flight planned.
2. Aircraft identification or pilot's name.
3. Aircraft type.
4. Departure point.
5. Route of flight.
6. Destination.
7. Flight altitude(s).
8. ETD and ETE.
Pilot briefer shall issue the following cautionary
advisory to a pilot planning a flight outside of United
States controlled airspace, unless the pilot states “I
have the international cautionary advisory.”
PHRASEOLOGY-
CHECK DATA AS SOON AS PRACTICAL AFTER
ENTERING FOREIGN AIRSPACE, AS OUR
INTERNATIONAL DATA MAY BE INACCURATE OR
INCOMPLETE.
b. Using all sources of weather and aeronautical
information, provide the following data when it is
applicable to the proposed flight. Provide items 1
through 8 in the sequence listed except as noted.
1. Adverse Conditions. Include this element
when meteorological or aeronautical conditions are
reported or forecast that might influence the pilot to
alter the proposed flight. Emphasize conditions that
are particularly significant, such as low level wind
shear, thunderstorms, reported icing, frontal zones
along the route of flight, airport closures, air traffic
delays, etc. Weather advisories (WS, WA, WST,
CWA, and AWW) shall be given by stating the type
of advisory followed by the pertinent information.
EXAMPLE``An AIRMET is in effect until 1400 for possible moderate
turbulence below 10,000 feet over the mountainous area
of southern California.”
2. VFR Flight Not Recommended (VNR).
Include this statement when VFR flight is proposed
and sky conditions or visibilities are present or
forecast, surface or aloft, that in your judgment would
make flight under visual flight rules doubtful.
Describe the conditions, affected locations, and
times.
EXAMPLE``There are broken clouds along the entire route between
niner and one one thousand feet at the present time. With
the approach of a cold front, these clouds are forecast to
become overcast and to lower to below seven thousand
with mountains and passes becoming obscured. V-F-R
flight is not recommended between Salt Lake City and
Grand Junction after two two zero zero ZULU.”
``V-F-R flight is not recommended in the Seattle area
until early afternoon. The current weather at Seattle is
indefinite ceiling three hundred sky obscured, visibility
one, mist, and little improvement is expected before one
eight zero zero ZULU.”
NOTE-
This recommendation is advisory in nature. The decision
as to whether the flight can be conducted safely rests
solely with the pilot.
3. Synopsis. Provide a brief statement describ-
ing the type, location, and movement of weather
systems and/or air masses which might affect the
proposed flight. This element may be combined with
adverse conditions and/or the VNR element, in any
order, when it will help to more clearly describe
conditions.
4. Current Conditions. Summarize from all
available sources reported weather conditions
applicable to the flight. This element may be omitted
if the proposed time of departure is beyond 2 hours
unless the information is requested by the pilot.
NOTE1. If the surface meteorological observation originates
from an automated observation facility and is presented
as a singular report, follow the location announcement
with the phrase ``AUTOMATED.”
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
3-2-2 Preflight Pilot Briefing
2. The briefer should provide sufficient automated
surface observation information when requested by the
pilot or when deemed pertinent to the briefing.
5. En Route Forecast. Summarize from ap-
propriate data (Area Forecast) TAFs, prognosis
charts, weather advisories, etc., forecast conditions
applicable to the proposed flight. Provide the
information in a logical order; i.e., climb out, en
route, and descent.
6. Destination Forecast. Provide the destina-
tion forecast including significant changes expected
within 1 hour before and after the ETA.
7. Winds Aloft. Provide forecast winds aloft for
the proposed route using degrees of the compass.
Interpolate wind directions and speeds between
levels and stations as necessary. Provide temperature
information on request.
NOTE-
OASIS will interpolate wind direction and speed between
levels and stations as necessary if an altitude is provided.
8. Notices to Airmen (NOTAM).
(a) Provide available NOTAM (L) (Flight
Plan Area), NOTAM (D), and Prohibited Areas P-40,
P-49, P-56, and the Special Flight Rules Area for
Washington, DC, information pertinent to the flight.
(b) For M1FC and OASIS facilities, provide
Flight Data Center (FDC) NOTAM which are
pertinent to the proposed flight and are not already
carried in the Notices to Airmen publication.
NOTE-
OASIS separates Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR)
NOTAM from other FDC and General FDC NOTAM in the
Weather and Aeronautical Briefing Window under a
separate tabbed page labeled TFR.
(c) For nonautomated Alaska FSS facilities,
provide FDC NOTAM within 400 NM radius of your
facility which are pertinent to the proposed flight and
are not already carried in the Notices to Airmen
publication.
NOTE-
If approved by the Flight Services Operations Area Office,
the area may be adjusted to meet user requirements.
(d) Combine this elem ent with current
conditions when it would be logical and advanta-
geous to do so.
9. ATC Delays. Inform the pilot of any known
ATC delays and/or any flow control advisories on
hand that might affect the proposed flight.
10. Request for PIREPs. Include this element
when, in your judgment, a report of actual inflight
conditions is beneficial or when conditions meet
criteria for solicitation of PIREPs (para 9-2-5).
Advise the pilot to contact Flight Watch or Flight
Service to report en route conditions.
11. EFAS. When appropriate, inform pilots of
the availability of Flight Watch for weather updates;
e.g., thunderstorms, icing.
12. Upon request.
(a) In addition to pertinent D NOTAM,
provide information available to your position of
operation on Special Use Airspace (SUA), SUA
related airspace (i.e., Air Traffic Control Assigned
Airspace (ATCAA)) and military training route
(MTR) activity within your flight plan area plus an
additional 100 NM extension. For all SUA and MTR
data requests, advise the pilot that information may
be incomplete and to contact the appropriate ATC
facility for additional information while in flight.
NOTE1. Pertinent D NOTAM include: Restricted Areas,
Refueling Tracks, Prohibited Areas P-40, P-49, P-56,
and the Special Flight Rules Area for Washington, DC.
2. For air to ground positions utilize information
obtained from Special Use Airspace/In-Flight Service
Enhancement (SUA/ISE) and Model 1 Full Capacity/Op-
erational and Supportability Implementation System
(M1FC/OASIS). For all other positions utilize informa-
tion obtained from M1FC/OASIS.
3. SUA and related airspace includes the following types
of airspace: Alert Area, Military Operations Area (MOA),
Prohibited Area, Restricted Area, Refueling Anchor,
Warning Area and Air Traffic Control Assigned Airspace
(ATCAA). MTR data includes the following types of
airspace: IFR Training Routes (IR), VFR Training
Routes (VR), Slow Training Routes (SR) and Aerial
Refueling Tracks (AR).
(b) Review the appropriate aeronautical
publications and inform the pilot of pertinent
NOTAM, special notices, and other information
about Prohibited Areas P-40, P-49, P-56, and the
Special Flight Rules Area for Washington, DC, when
pertinent to the flight.
(c) Provide approximate density altitude
data.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
3-2-3 Preflight Pilot Briefing
(d) Provide information regarding such items
as air traffic service and rules, customs/immigration
procedures, ADIZ rules, SAR, Flight Watch, etc.
(e) Provide LORAN C NOTAM.
REFERENCE-
FAAO 7930.2, Para 5-3-7c, NOTAM (D) NAVAID.
(f) Provide military NOTAM.
REFERENCE-
FAAO 7930.2, Para 8-3-1, Military NOTAM Availability.
(g) Provide GPS Receiver Autonomous
Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) Aeronautical Informa-
tion. RAIM information shall be provided 1-hour
before to 1-hour after the ETA, or a time frame
requested by the pilot.
(h) Provide runway friction measurement
NOTAMs.
(i) Provide Special FDC instrument approach
procedure changes.
3-2-2. CONDUCT OF ABBREVIATED
BRIEFING
Provide an abbreviated briefing when a pilot requests
information to supplement mass disseminated data;
update a previous briefing; or when the pilot requests
that the briefing be limited to specific information.
Pilot briefers shall issue the following cautionary
advisory to a pilot planning a flight outside of United
States controlled airspace, unless the pilot states “I
have the international cautionary advisory”:
PHRASEOLOGY-
CHECK DATA AS SOON AS PRACTICAL AFTER
ENTERING FOREIGN AIRSPACE, AS OUR
INTERNATIONAL DATA MAY BE INACCURATE OR
INCOMPLETE.
Conduct abbreviated briefings as follows:
a. When a pilot desires specific information only,
provide the requested information. If adverse
conditions are reported or forecast, advise the pilot of
this fact. Provide details on these conditions in
accordance with subpara 3-2-1b1, at the pilot's
request.
b. When a pilot requests an update to a previous
briefing, obtain from the pilot the time the briefing
was received and necessary background information.
To the extent possible, limit the briefing to
appreciable changes in meteorological and aeronauti-
cal conditions since the previous briefing.
c. When a pilot requests information to supple-
ment data obtained through AFSS/FSS mass
dissemination media, obtain pertinent background
information, the specific items required by the pilot,
and provide the information in the sequence listed in
subpara 3-2-1b.
d. Solicit PIREPs in accordance with subpara
3-2-1b10.
e. When a pilot requests to file a flight plan only,
ask if he/she requires the latest information on
adverse conditions along the route of flight. If he/she
responds ``yes”:
1. Provide information on adverse conditions
pertinent to the intended route of flight.
2. Provide details on these conditions in
accordance with subpara 3-2-1b1.
3-2-3. CONDUCT OF OUTLOOK BRIEFING
a. Provide an outlook briefing when the proposed
departure is 6 hours or more from the time of the
briefing. Conduct the briefing in accordance with
subpara 3-2-1b, but limit the briefing to forecast data
applicable to the proposed flight. Omit items 2, 4, and
7 through 11 unless specifically requested by the pilot
or deemed pertinent by the briefer.
b. When the proposed flight is scheduled to be
conducted beyond the valid time of the available
forecast material, provide a general outlook and then
advise the pilot when complete forecast data will be
available for the proposed flight. Upon request
transfer the call to, or furnish the telephone number
of the appropriate NWS office.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
4-1-1 General
Chapter 4. Inflight Services
Section 1. General
4-1-1. INFLIGHT SERVICES
Inflight services are those provided to or affecting
aircraft inflight or otherwise operating on the airport
surface. This includes services to airborne aircraft,
such as NAVAID monitoring and restoration, LAA,
delivery of ATC clearances, advisories or requests,
issuance of military flight advisory messages, EFAS,
NOTAM, SAR communications searches, flight plan
handling, transcribed or live broadcast, weather
observations, PIREPs, and pilot briefings.
NOTE-
Provide inflight services in accordance with the
procedures in this chapter to aircraft on a “first come, first
served” basis, as circumstances permit.
4-1-2. EN ROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY
SERVICE (EFAS/FLIGHT WATCH)
A service specifically designed to provide, upon pilot
request, timely weather information pertinent to the
type of flight, intended route of flight, and altitude.
NOTE-
The facilities providing this service are listed in the
Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD).
4-1-3. OPERATIONAL PRIORITY
a. Emergency situations are those where life or
property are in immediate danger. Aircraft in distress
have priority over all other aircraft.
b. Provide priority service to civilian air ambu-
lance (LIFEGUARD), or military air evacuation
(AIR EVAC, MED EVAC) flights. When requested
by the pilot, provide notifications to expedite ground
handling of patients, vital organs, or urgently needed
medical materials. Assist the pilots of air ambulance/
evacuation aircraft to avoid areas of significant
weather and turbulent conditions.
NOTE-
Air carrier/Air taxi usage of “Lifeguard” call sign
indicates that operational priority is requested.
c. Provide maximum assistance to search and
rescue (SAR) aircraft performing a SAR mission.
d. Provide special handling as required to expedite
Flight Check and SAFI aircraft.
4-1-4. INFLIGHT WEATHER BRIEFING
Upon request, provide the pilot with an inflight
weather briefing, in accordance with the procedure
outlined in Chapter 3, Section 2. The following
cautionary advisory shall be issued to a pilot planning
a flight outside of United States controlled airspace,
unless the pilot states “I have the international
cautionary advisory.”
PHRASEOLOGY-
CHECK DATA AS SOON AS PRACTICAL AFTER
ENTERING FOREIGN AIRSPACE, AS OUR
INTERNATIONAL DATA MAY BE INACCURATE OR
INCOMPLETE.
4-1-5. INFLIGHT EQUIPMENT
MALFUNCTIONS
a. Inflight equipment malfunctions include partial
or complete failure of equipment which may affect
either safety and/or the ability of the flight to proceed.
Specialists may expect reports from pilots regarding
VOR, ADF, Low Frequency Navigation Receivers,
impairment of air-ground communications capabili-
ty, or other equipment deemed appropriate by the
pilot.
b. When a pilot reports a flight equipment
malfunction, determine the nature and extent of any
assistance desired.
c. Provide maximum assistance possible consis-
tent with equipment, workload, and any special
handling requested.
d. Relay to other specialists or facilities who will
subsequently handle the aircraft all pertinent details
concerning the aircraft and any special handling
requested or being provided.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
4-2-1 Data Recording
Section 2. Data Recording
4-2-1. TYPES OF DATA RECORDED
a. M1FC/OASIS entry for:
1. Flight plans and related messages.
2. Logging pilot briefings and aircraft contacts.
3. Service A/B messages.
b. AISR/manual functions strip marking.
4-2-2. METHODS OF RECORDING DATA
a. In M1FC and OASIS facilities, entries are made
directly into the computer.
NOTE-
Inflight positions may use locally approved written
procedures to record data during heavy traffic periods,
however, aircraft contact information should be logged in
the computer system as soon as practical.
b. AISR facilities use FAA Form 7230-21 or FAA
Form 7233-5 to record flight progress data or inflight
pilot briefs. Flight notification messages may be used
as substitutes for strips.
c. Use control/clearance symbols, abbreviations,
location identifiers, and contractions for recording
position reports, traffic clearances, and other data,
where appropriate, in M1FC or OASIS entries and on
flight progress strips. When recording data, you may
use:
1. Plain language markings to supplement data
when it will aid in understanding the recorded
information.
2. Locally approved contractions and identifiers
for frequently used terms and local fixes not listed in
either FAAO JO 7340.2, Contractions or FAAO
JO_7350.8, Location Identifiers. Use only within
your facility, not on data or interphone circuits. All
locally approved contractions and identifiers shall be
placed in facility files for record and reference
purposes.
3. Plain sheets of paper to record information
when the use of flight progress strips is not feasible.
4. Blank paper to record lengthy ATC clear-
ances or in the case of numerous contacts with the
same aircraft; e.g., orientation or emergencies.
d. To prevent misinterpretation of data hand
printed on flight progress strips, use the standard
hand-printed characters shown in FIG 4-2-1.
FIG 4-2-1
Hand-Printed_Characters_Chart
7/31/08 JO 7110.10T CHG 1
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
4-2-2 Data Recording
NOTE-
A slant line crossing through the numeral zero and an
underline of the letter “S” on handwritten portions of
flight progress strips are required only when there is
reason to believe the lack of these markings could lead to
a misunderstanding. A slant line through the numeral zero
is required on all weather data.
e. To correct or update data, draw a horizontal line
through it and write the correct information adjacent
to it.
f. Do not erase any item.
4-2-3. IFR/VFR/DVFR FLIGHT PLAN
RECORDING
a. Use FAA Form 7233-1 to record flight plans in
an AISR facility, and forward information on flight
plan modifications, cancellations, activations, and
closures to the appropriate position for handling.
b. M1FC VFR/DVFR Flight Plan. The following
commands are normally used in the performance of
VFR/DVFR flight plan functions.
1. Flight Plan Filing. (See TBL 4-2-1.)
TBL 4-2-1
Flight Plan Filing
Command Result
FP Displays blank domestic flight plan
mask.
(Fill in mask) Enter flight plan elements as
required.
GI Transmits flight plan.
2. Flight Plan Modification. (See TBL 4-2-2.)
TBL 4-2-2
Flight Plan Modification
Command Result
FP ACID Displays flight plan by ACID.
(Modify data) Flight plan elements as required
using TAB key.
STPM Existing flight plan replaced by
modified flight plan on proposed
list.
STIM Existing flight plan replaced by
modified flight plan on inbound list.
3. Cancel Flight Plan. (See TBL 4-2-3.)
TBL 4-2-3
Cancel Flight Plan
Command Result
FP ACID Displays flight plan by ACID.
CX Flight plan cancelled.
CX (remarks) Flight plan cancelled with remarks.
NOTE-
A cancelled flight plan is one that has not been activated.
4. Flight Plan Activation. (See TBL 4-2-4.)
TBL 4-2-4
Flight Plan Activation
Command Result
FP ACID Displays flight plan by ACID.
(Change P
Time to D
Time)
Prepares Flight plan for
transmission.
GI Flight notification is transmitted.
5. Flight Plan Closure. When closing a VFR
flight plan, obtain departure point and destination, if
not already known. (See TBL 4-2-5.)
NOTE-
OASIS VFR/DVFR Flight Plan. Use the flight plan
functions to record domestic VFR/DVFR flight plan filing,
modification, cancellation, activation and closure data.
Detailed instructions are contained in the WINGS online
help and the WINGS System Users Guide.
TBL 4-2-5
Flight Plan Closure
Command Result
CL ACID Flight plan closed.
CL ACID,
(remarks)
Flight plan closed with remarks.
c. M1FC IFR Flight Plans. The following com-
mands are normally used in the performance of IFR
flight plan functions.
1. Flight Plan Filing. (See TBL 4-2-6.)
TBL 4-2-6
Flight Plan Filing
Command Result
FP Displays blank domestic flight plan
mask.
(Fill in mask) Enter flight plan elements as
required.
GI Transmits flight plan with route
validation.
GI RO Transmits flight plan by-passing
route validation.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
4-2-3 Data Recording
2. Flight Plan Modification. (See TBL 4-2-7.)
TBL 4-2-7
Flight Plan Modification
Command Result
FP ACID Displays flight plan by ACID.
(Modify data) Modify flight plan elements as
required using TAB key.
STPM Existing flight plan replaced by
modified flight plan on proposed
list.
3. Cancel Flight Plan. (See TBL 4-2-8.)
NOTE-
OASIS IFR Flight Plan. Use the flight plan functions to
record IFR flight plan filing, modification and
cancellation data. Detailed instructions are contained in
the WINGS online help and the WINGS System Users
Guide.
TBL 4-2-8
Cancel Flight Plan
Command Result
FP ACID Displays flight plan by ACID.
CX Flight plan cancelled.
CX (remarks) Flight plan cancelled with remarks.
4-2-4. PILOT WEATHER REPORTS
a. PIREPs are formatted for input into M1FC by
the use of “Display PIREP entry format (WY)”
keyword. The following commands are required to
transmit PIR EPs via the PIR EP mask. (See
TBL 4-2-9.)
TBL 4-2-9
PIREP Entry
Command Result
WY Displays the PIREP entry format
mask.
Formulate PIREP using either the free form area of
the mask, or the mask, but not both.
GI(s) (1) Transmits to the AWPs.
(2) Generates P alert flag at all
terminals enabled for P alerts within
FSDPS family.
b. In an AISR facility, use FAA Form 7110-2 or
material deemed appropriate.
c. PIREPs are formatted for input into OASIS by
using a Transmit PIREP dialog box. A properly
formatted pilot report will generate an Auto Update
alarm at designated workstations.
4-2-5. LOGGING AIRCRAFT CONTACTS
a. M1FC. Aircraft contacts and inflight briefings
are logged and stored on the DD file for
accountability. The required elements are:
1. Inflight Briefing (IB).
2. Type of Flight (TOF).
3. Type of Service (TOS).
4. ACID.
5. Remarks.
EXAMPLE-
IB (TOF),(TOS),(ACID), REMARKS.
NOTE-
If current partial exists, ACID is optional.
(See TBL 4-2-10.)
TBL 4-2-10
Type of Flight
TOF (TYPE OF FLIGHT)
IC IFR AIR CARRIER
IG IFR GENERAL
IM IFR MILITARY
IT IFR AIR TAXI
VC VFR AIR CARRIER
VG VFR GENERAL
VM VFR MILITARY
VT VFR AIR TAXI
Example: “IGI” = IFR General ICAO.
For DVFR, replace “V” with “D.”
For ICAO, add “I” to TOF.
TOS (TYPE OF SERVICE)
A ACFT contact & airport advisory
AB ACFT contact, airport advisory &
briefing
B ACFT contact & briefing
BLANK ACFT contact
(See TBL 4-2-11.)
JO 7110.10T 2/14/4-2-4 Data Recording
TBL 4-2-11
Contacts & Inflight Briefings
CB This is used to log
general information
in the DD file
without adding to
the traffic count.
Current partial is
by-passed.
IB DG,,N1234, “Remarks” ACFT contact,
DVFR General,
ACID in current
partial by-passed.
IB IG,,,ALSTG ACFT contact, IFR
General, Remarks.
IB IGI,B,N1,VNR ACFT contact, IFR
General ICAO,
Briefing, ACID in
current partial
by-passed,
Remarks.
IB VM,B,, “Remarks” ACFT contact,
VFR Military,
Briefing.
IB VG,A,, “Remarks” ACFT contact,
VFR General,
Airport Advisory.
IB ,,N1,Remarks This is used to log
additional radio
contacts.
b. OASIS. Aircraft contacts and inflight briefings
are logged and stored in the history files for
accountability.
NOTE-
ACID and Flight Rules are required to log an inflight
briefing or aircraft contact.
c. In the REMARKS block, locally approved
contractions and identifiers may be used for
frequently used terms not listed in either FAAO
JO_7340.2, Contractions or FAAO JO 7350.8,
Location Identifiers.
d. If the inflight position is recorded, you may
limit entries in the REMARKS to those necessary for
your use.
4-2-6. FLIGHT PROGRESS STRIPS (FAA
FORMS 7230-21 AND 7233-5)
a. When officially used to record inflight data, use
flight progress strips to record:
1. Aircraft contacts.
2. ATC clearances.
3. Pilot briefings on airborne aircraft.
4. Other operationally significant items.
b. Use one flight progress strip for each flight, and
record all contacts with that flight on the same strip.
If supplemental strips are needed for additional
writing space, keep the original and supplemental
strips together and consider them as one strip.
4-2-7. FLIGHT PROGRESS STRIPS AND
ENTRY DATA
a. Flight progress strip. (See FIG 4-2-2.)
FIG 4-2-2
Flight Progress Strip
b. Flight progress strip entry. (See FIG 4-2-3.)
3/15/07 7110.65R CHG 2 JO 7110.10T CHG 1 7/31/08
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
4-2-5 Data Recording
FIG 4-2-3
Strip Entry 1
FIG 4-2-4
Strip Entry 2
FIG 4-2-5
Flight Progress Strip
Flight progress strip Item and Information.
(See TBL 4-2-12.)
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
4-2-6 Data Recording
TBL 4-2-12
Item and Information
Item Information
1 ACID (To identify IFR aircraft
piloted by solo USAF
under-graduate pilot, the letter Z
will be added to aircraft ID on the
flight progress strip. Do not use the
suffix in ground-to-air
communications.)
2 Type of aircraft/special equipment.
3 TAS and altitude (IFR). Altitude
(VFR/DVFR, if known).
4 Departure point.
5 Route of flight.
6 Destination.
7 Actual departure time, or Time VFR
flight plan activated.
8 ETA at destination.
9 Estimated time of fuel exhaustion.
10 Type of flight.
11 Action time; e.g., overdue time, fuel
exhaustion time, LR contact time.
12 Time of contact with pilot.
13 Information received from
pilot/another facility.
14 Data issued to the aircraft.
Flight progress strip abbreviation. (See TBL 4-2-13)
TBL 4-2-13
Abbreviation
Abbreviation Meaning
_ Over Flight.
↓Inbound Flight.
_ Outbound Flight.
I IFR.
IR Island Reporting.
D DVFR.
LR Lake Reporting.
S SVFR.
V VFR.
MR Mountain Reporting.
SR Swamp Reporting.
Flight progress strip abbreviation. (See TBL 4-2-14)
TBL 4-2-14
Abbreviation
Abbreviation Meaning
A AIRMET (WA).
AA Airport Advisory.
CWT Caution Wake Turbulence.
DA Decided Against Flight.
DD Decided to Delay Flight.
DW Downwind.
FP Filed Flight Plan.
IC Incomplete Briefing.
PB Pilot Brief.
RY Runway.
S SIGMET (WS) and/or Convective
SIGMET (WST).
VNR VFR Flight not recommended (Pilot
Brief).
c. Record ATC instructions and clearances
completely and exactly.
d. Summarize other data using approved symbols
and contractions.
e. Do not record issuance of altimeter setting
unless that is the only information provided during
the contact.
f. When flight notification messages are used to
record flight progress data, cut or tear the paper to fit
the strip holder. Enter items 10 through 14 in the
corresponding numbered location illustrated in
FIG 4-2-4.
4-2-8. AIRCRAFT CONTACTS
a. Use a flight progress strip, the aircraft proposal,
or flight notification message to record information
on aircraft contacts. Inflight and flight watch contacts
may be logged in either M1FC or OASIS equipment,
on flight progress strips, or on facility approved
alternate forms.
b. If the station has the aircraft's flight plan, enter
FP in space 14 to show FAA Form 7233-1 is filed in
the facility.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
4-2-7 Data Recording
c. If there is no flight plan on file for the aircraft
contacting the station, obtain and post the following:
1. ACID.
2. Type of flight.
3. Time of contact.
4. Aircraft contact record.
5. Other items which are operationally signifi-
cant.
d. If the inflight position is recorded, you may
limit entries in the aircraft contact portion of the strip
to those necessary for your use.
TBL 4-2-15
Clearance Abbreviation
Abbreviation Meaning
A Cleared to airport (point of intended
landing).
B Center clearance delivered.
C ATC clears (when clearance relayed
through non-ATC facility).
CAF Cleared as filed.
D Cleared to depart from the fix.
F Cleared to the fix.
H Cleared to hold and instructions
issued.
L Cleared to land.
N Clearance not delivered.
O Cleared to the outer marker.
PD Cleared to climb/descend at pilot's
discretion.
Q Cleared to fly specified sectors of a
NAVAID defined in terms of
courses, bearings, radials, or
quadrants within a designated
radius.
T Cleared through (for landing and
takeoff through intermediate point).
V Cleared over the fix.
X Cleared to cross (airway, route,
radial) at (point).
Z Tower jurisdiction.
4-2-9. CONTROL SYMBOLOGY
a. Use authorized control and clearance symbols
or abbreviations for recording clearances, reports,
and instructions.
b. The following tables contain abbreviation and
control information symbols. (See TBL 4-2-15 and
TBL 4-2-16.)
TBL 4-2-16
Miscellaneous Abbreviation
Abbreviation Meaning
BC Back course approach.
CT Contact approach.
FA Final approach.
GPS GPS approach.
I Initial approach.
ILS ILS approach.
MA Missed approach.
MLS MLS approach.
NDB Nondirectional radio beacon
approach.
OTP VFR conditions-on-top.
PA Precision approach.
PT Procedure turn.
RH Runway heading.
RP Report immediately upon passing
(fix/altitude).
RX Report crossing.
SA Surveillance approach.
SI Straight-in approach.
TA TACAN approach.
TL Turn left.
TR Turn right.
VA Visual approach.
VR VOR approach.
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
4-2-8 Data Recording
FIG 4-2-6
Control Information Symbols Chart 1
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
4-2-9 Data Recording
FIG 4-2-7
Control Information Symbols Chart 2
JO 7110.10T 2/14/08
4-3-1 Radio Communications
