飞行中和地面火山灰影响和建议Volcanic ash, effects and recommendations
<P>飞行中和地面火山灰影响和建议Volcanic ash, effects and recommendations inflight and on ground</P><P>**** Hidden Message *****</P> SEEE - 946.0005/09<BR>16 March 2009<BR>Volcanic ash, effects and recommendations<BR>in flight and on ground<BR>Prepared by<BR>Jeremy Marion<BR>Engineering Support - Propulsion Systems – SEEE1<BR>Airbus Customer Services<BR>© NASA<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 2<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Contents<BR>• Introduction<BR>• Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft<BR>􀀗Components abrasion<BR>􀀗Engine Performance Deterioration<BR>􀀗Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination<BR>• Volcanic ash cloud detection<BR>• Operational recommendations<BR>􀀗Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports<BR>contaminated<BR>􀀗Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is<BR>unavoidable)<BR>• Maintenance recommendations<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 3<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Introduction<BR>• Experience has shown that damage can occur to aircraft<BR>surfaces, windshields and powerplants after a flight<BR>through an ash cloud.<BR>• Over 80 aircraft have reported to have flown into volcanic<BR>ash cloud between 1980 and 2000.<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 4<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Contents<BR>• Introduction<BR>• Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft<BR>􀀗Components abrasion<BR>􀀗Engine Performance Deterioration<BR>􀀗Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination<BR>• Volcanic ash cloud detection<BR>• Operational recommendations<BR>􀀗Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports<BR>contaminated<BR>􀀗Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is<BR>unavoidable)<BR>• Maintenance recommendations<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 5<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft<BR>• Components abrasion<BR>􀀗Windshields<BR>􀀗Forward cabin windows<BR>􀀗Navigation and landing lights cover<BR>􀀗Wing, stabilizer and fin leading edges<BR>􀀗Engine nose cowls and thrust reversers<BR>􀀗All Pitot and Static probes<BR>May be removed and replaced after volcanic ash encounter.<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 6<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft<BR>• Engine Performance Deterioration<BR>􀀗The flow disorder due to volcanic particles may stall the<BR>engine.<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 7<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft<BR>• Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination<BR>􀀗Very fine particles can penetrate easily into the systems<BR>􀀗Difficulties to remove high static charge particles from<BR>electronic components<BR>􀀗Water present in particles can cause arcing, short court<BR>circuits and intermittent failures of electronic components<BR>􀀗Dense ash deposit can clog bleed system filters and may<BR>lead to total bleed loss<BR>􀀗Obstruction of Pitot and Static systems<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 8<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Contents<BR>• Introduction<BR>• Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft<BR>􀀗Components abrasion<BR>􀀗Engine Performance Deterioration<BR>􀀗Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination<BR>• Volcanic ash cloud detection<BR>• Operational recommendations<BR>􀀗Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports<BR>contaminated<BR>􀀗Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is<BR>unavoidable)<BR>• Maintenance recommendations<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 9<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Volcanic ash cloud detection<BR>• Dust clouds cannot be detected by airborne weather<BR>radars<BR>• Presence of the following elements can help recognize a<BR>volcanic ash cloud encounter:<BR>􀀗Acrid odour similar to electrical smoke<BR>􀀗Rapid onset of engine problems<BR>􀀗St. Elmo’s fire<BR>􀀗Bright white/orange glow appearing in the engine inlets<BR>􀀗Dust and smell in the cockpit<BR>􀀗Outside darkness<BR>􀀗Airspeed fluctuation<BR>􀀗Landing lights casting sharp, distinct, shadows.<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 10<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Contents<BR>• Introduction<BR>• Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft<BR>􀀗Components abrasion<BR>􀀗Engine Performance Deterioration<BR>􀀗Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination<BR>• Volcanic ash cloud detection<BR>• Operational recommendations<BR>􀀗Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports<BR>contaminated<BR>􀀗Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is<BR>unavoidable)<BR>• Maintenance recommendations<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 11<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Operational recommendations<BR>• Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports<BR>contaminated<BR>􀀗Engine inlet covers as well as other protective covers and<BR>plugs should be installed.<BR>􀀗Have the aircraft cleaned before departure<BR>􀀗Dry crank the engines<BR>􀀗Restrict ground use of APU to engine starts<BR>􀀗Keep bleed valves closed for taxiing<BR>􀀗Taxi with minimum thrust<BR>􀀗Allow ash and dust (if present) to settle on runway before<BR>starting the takeoff roll<BR>􀀗Use the rolling takeoff technique if possible<BR>􀀗Consider the runway as wet (for dry ash) or contaminated with<BR>slush (wet ash) for takeoff/landing performance calculation<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 12<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Operational recommendations<BR>• Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is<BR>unavoidable)<BR>􀀗Make a 180o turn<BR>􀀗Decrease the thrust<BR>􀀗Don the crew oxygen masks<BR>􀀗Report to the ATC<BR>􀀗Increase bleed demand (wing and engine anti-ice ON)<BR>􀀗Start the APU (to supply the electrical network in case of<BR>engine flameout)<BR>􀀗Monitor engine parameters and airspeed indications<BR>• Refer to FCOM 03.04.91, Operations in Volcanic ash, sand<BR>or dust<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 13<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Contents<BR>• Introduction<BR>• Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft<BR>􀀗Components abrasion<BR>􀀗Engine Performance Deterioration<BR>􀀗Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination<BR>• Volcanic ash cloud detection<BR>• Operational recommendations<BR>􀀗Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports<BR>contaminated<BR>􀀗Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is<BR>unavoidable)<BR>• Maintenance recommendations<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 14<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Maintenance recommendations<BR>• Inspection recommendations after Flight or contamination<BR>on Ground by volcanic ash.<BR>􀀗Full inspection of the aircraft<BR>– Inspection of the Cabin Area<BR>– Inspection of the Fuselage, the Wings and the Stabilizers<BR>– Inspection of the Probes and Sensors<BR>– Inspection of the Landing Gears<BR>– Inspection of the Nacelles and the Engines<BR>– Inspection of the APU<BR>– Inspection of the Fuel System<BR>– Inspection of the Anti-Ice System<BR>– Inspection of the Air Conditioning System<BR>– Inspection of the Hydraulic System<BR>– Inspection of the Potable Water System<BR>􀀗Do maintenance procedures from technical manuals<BR>• Refer to Task AMM 05-51-25-200-03<BR>SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 15<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.<BR>© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and<BR>proprietary document.<BR>This document and all information contained herein is the sole<BR>property of AIRBUS S.A.S.. No intellectual property rights are<BR>granted by the delivery of this document or the disclosure of<BR>its content. This document shall not be reproduced or<BR>disclosed to a third party without the express written consent<BR>of AIRBUS S.A.S. This document and its content shall not be<BR>used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied.<BR>The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. They<BR>are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed<BR>in good faith. Where the supporting grounds for these<BR>statements are not shown, AIRBUS S.A.S. will be pleased to<BR>explain the basis thereof.<BR>AIRBUS, its logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321,<BR>A330, A340, A350, A380, A400M are registered trademarks. <P>向各位老师学习</P>
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