RMIT滄俴捄褶諺璃ㄜNavigation Mass Brief 絳瑤蔡賤

瑤諾楷桶衾 2010-9-29 08:57:26

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瑤諾楷桶衾 2010-9-29 08:57:39

Navigation Mass Brief Aim • To understand the principles and considerations of navigation, in order to navigate from one point to another with sole reference to visual cues. Application • To fly cross-country from one airport to another • PPL and CPL flights require cross-country flying Overview • Revision • Definitions • Principles • Considerations • Air Exercise • Airmanship Revision • Compasses 每 What kind of heading do compasses show? 每 What kind of heading do maps show? 每 How is a true bearing converted to a magnetic bearing? 每 Where can the amount of variation required be found? Definitions • Visual Fix 每 Determining the aircraft＊s position with respect to ground features using three identifiable features (Must be able to positively fix the aircraft＊s position every 30 minutes by visual fix) • Dead reckoning (Deduced Reckoning) 每 Navigation by applying a wind velocity to a track in order to calculate a heading and ground speed from a previously known position. Then given an elapsed time, the position of the aircraft can be determined. • Map reading 每 Map interpretation 每 Methodology: orientate the map to the direction the aircraft is travelling. Then Watch 每 Map 每 Ground. Definitions • Various Types of charts Available 每 WAC • World Aeronautical Chart, is a chart showing a large area in relatively little detail. Only shows geographic information, no airspace information. Definitions 每 VNC • Visual Navigational Chart, shows a relatively big area in high detail, including geographical information, airspace boundary, frequency, nav-aid and other important information Definitions 每 VTC • Visual Terminal Chart, shows the same information as VNC, for only a small area, but in higher detail. Definitions 每 PCA • Planning Chart Australia, for use in weather planning and weather forecast decode. Definitions 每 ERC LOW • En Route Chart (Low Level), has only airspace, navaid, frequency, track and waypoint information for Instrument Flight. Doesn＊t have geographical information. Shows a very big area in small detail. • If you superimpose ERC onto WAC you will get VNC information. Definitions • Flight plan 每 A standardised ICAO form used to lodge flight details to air traffic services. The flight plan details all the particulars of a flight. • CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency) 每 A frequcency pilots can communicate information on whilst operating in an aerodrome without an operating tower • CTAF aerodrome 每 Common Traffic Advisory Frequency Aerodrome, the dimensions of which are 5nm radius and 3000ft AGL • MBZ (Mandatory Broadcast Zone) Frequency 每 A frequency for a zone where radios must be carried and be serviceable. • MBZ aerodrome 每 Mandatory Broadcast Zone Aerodrome, the dimensions of which are 15nm radius and 5000ft AGL Definitions • CTA 每 Controlled Airspace 每 A portion of airspace which is controlled, extending upwards from one specified height (the lower limit) to another specified height (the upper limit) • OCTA 每 Outside Controlled Airspace 每 An Airspace classification, airspace is classified into various classes that have their corresponding procedural requirements. • UTC 每 Universal Coordinated Time 每 A standardised time (irrespective of position on earth or time zone) • ETA 每 Estimated Time of Arrival 每 The time the aircraft is due to arrive at a designated point, expressed in UTC • ETD 每 Estimated Time of Departure 每 The time the aircraft is expected to depart an aerodrome (usually overhead, expressed in UTC. Definitions • Trip Sheet 每 A sheet a pilot uses in flight, which has various headings, distances, en-route points, times, fuel logs, radio frequencies and other important information a pilot deems necessary to conduct a navigational flight. • SARTIME 每 The time nominated by the pilot for the intention of Search and Rescue to start looking for the aircraft. A cancellation of SARTIME is usually made upon safe arrival to stop this action from occurring. • VMC 每 Visual Meteorological Conditions 每 Specified conditions (of visibility and distance away from cloud) that visual pilots must adhere to when flying visually, different airspace classifications have different requirements. Pre-Flight Principles • Planning A Flight 每 Start with a Navigation Route: Point Cook 每 Melton South 每 Ballarat (overfly) 每 Swan Marsh 每 Avalon 每 Point Cook 每 Check the latest weather to make sure you are capable of maintaining VMC during the flight. 每 Draw the desired route on all navigational charts, taking into consideration: CTA steps (Airspace), Lanes of Entry, Danger and Restricted areas, Aerodromes, radio navigational aids and approach points. Also look at the terrain along the route to see if a possible emergency landing area could be found. 每 Mark in points where 1:60 checks can be made (place these on WAC and VNC). Ideally these points should be half way along a particular leg. Pre-Flight Principles 每 Mark on the WAC and other maps the location at which radio frequency changes should be made, use a symbol. 每 Write the route onto a trip sheet 每 Measure distances (Nm) and bearings (magnetic bearings) for each leg of the journey and write this information onto the trip sheet 每 Give consideration to cloud, terrain clearance, cruising levels and wind velocity at different heights 每 then pick the most appropriate cruising level for each leg of the route 每 Determine the wind velocity for each leg of the route, write this information down on the trip sheet. Pre-Flight Principles 每 Using the TAS and the wind velocity, determine the heading required to be flown due to drift. Also calculate the ground speed, and estimated time interval for each leg. Use a navigation computer to help do these calculations. 每 Determine the total estimated time interval (ETI) from landing to landing. From this time interval calculate the fuel required for the flight, using the aircraft＊s specified fuel burn-off rate, allowing for fuel reserves, holding any other requirements. 每 Fill in the flight plan 每 Submit the flight plan, using NAIPS. 每 Conduct a pre-flight inspection of the aircraft In-Flight Principles • Taking the time 每 Pilot will need to take the time at various points in order to calculate the aircrafts performance: • Take the time on start-up for the fuel log • Take the time overhead the aerodrome on departure, then add the estimated time interval expected for the leg • Check the time during flight, to see if you are slow or fast • Check the SARTIME, making sure you can get to the destination before your nominated SARTIME In-Flight Principles • 1:60 每 If an aircraft travels 60nm and is 1nm off track then the Track Error (TE) is 1º degree 每 This principle can be applied to any distance if the ratio is kept the same: 1Nm 60 Nm 1º 2 Nm 60 Nm 2º 1 Nm 20 Nm 3º In-Flight Principles • Getting back on track with a 1:60 每 The track error tells us how much we have to turn to parallel track but doesn＊t tell us how to get back on track 每 A Closing Angle (CA) must be calculated using the 1:60 principle to get the aircraft back on track 每 Example: 每 To get back on track you will need to change your heading by: TE + CA = 6º + 4º = 10º 2 Nm 20 Nm 6º 30 Nm 4º TE CA In-Flight Principles • Estimating Top of Descent (TOD) 每 Allows a pilot to conduct a shallow descent into an aerodrome, to be at the aerodrome boundary at 1500ft AGL (overfly height) 每 Conducted at 500ft per minute for passenger comfort 每 Calculated using the following steps: • Determine the aircrafts ETA for the destination • Calculate the height required to descend to be 1500ft AGL at the airports boundary • Divide the height loss required by 500ft, this will give you the number of minutes required to conduct the descent. Add 2 minutes onto this figure to account for approach and manoeuvring • Subtract the above number from the ETA, and you will have a time to start the descent In-Flight Principles • Arrival 每 All requirements etc, detailed in AIP 每 When approaching a CTAF or MBZ, the pilot must before crossing any area boundary, broadcast: • Aerodrome • Call-sign and aircraft type • Position • Altitude • Intentions 每 Ascertain wind direction 每 Join the circuit In-Flight Principles • Departure 每 When taxiing for departure the pilot must broadcast: • Aerodrome • Call-sign and aircraft type • Runway to be used • Destination or departure quadrant or intention 每 Do not conduct intersection departure 每 Broadcast a departure call 每 An aircraft must not execute a turn opposite to the circuit direction unless: • It has climbed straight ahead 1500＊ AGL; or • It is at least 3 Nm from the aerodrome 每 Can depart overhead at 1500＊ AGL 每 Remember to calculate performance chart for take-off In-Flight Principles • Aviate 每 Navigate 每 Communicate (Cockpit Cycle) 每 Aviate • Correctly handle the aircraft, operate within limits, keep obstacle clearance, traffic separation and cloud separation 每 Navigate 每 use the mnemonic: Watch 每 Map 每 Ground • Watch: Determine ETI elapsed, from ETI estimate ground speed and determine distance travelled • Map: Along the marked track, locate the distance travelled allowing for being off-track. Identify large features, then smaller ones in the area • Ground: Look for the identified features, need three for a positive fix of the aircraft＊s position 每 Communicate • Correctly use the radio, broadcast intentions using appropriate phraseology and broadcast requirements. In-Flight Principles • The CLEAR check 每 Used at every turning point and at half way points on long legs, and any other time the pilot feels appropriate. 每 C: Compass to DG realignment, Check Course flown 每 L: Log Time, Check fuel Log and SARTIME 每 E: Engine Indications, Check fuel quantity, temperatures and pressures, lean the aircraft. 每 A: Altitude and Airspace, Check you are at an appropriate altitude and won＊t fly into controlled airspace without a clearance 每 R: Radio＊s and Radio Nav Aids, Check and set appropriate radio frequencies and Nav Aids, Make appropriate radio broadcasts Considerations • Weather 每 Know how to decode and analyse the weather forecast 每 Know VMC requirements for VFR flight 每 Have a valid weather forecast 每 When is End Of Daylight (EOD) and will you arrive before EOD? Considerations • Cruising levels 每 An appropriate cruising height should be selected. 每 Must be strictly used above 5000 feet • QNH 每 Area QNH or Local QNH should be set on altimeter subscale 每 Can obtain QNH from TAF, or request QNH on FLIGHTWATCH frequency Considerations • SARTIME 每 Not all flights need to have a SARTIME, however it is good airmanship to utilise this facility 每 SARTIME must be nominated in UTC • Flight Plans 每 All flight into Controlled airspace must lodge a flight plan 每 Flight plans should be lodged 30 minutes prior to departure Airmanship • Thorough pre-flight inspection • Must take current maps, ERSA, trip sheet, pencils and any other aids to conduct the flight • CLEAR checks will ensure you don＊t forget anything, so remember to use them • Maintain good situational awareness and look well ahead of the aircraft＊s current position to try and anticipate any required actions • Us the cockpit cycle (Aviate 每 Navigate 每 Communicate) • Don＊t be afraid to ask for assistance if in trouble, Air traffic services are there to help pilots!

紿珩夔滄 楷桶衾 2013-10-28 19:12:38

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xy8701 楷桶衾 2015-4-7 22:53:57

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RMIT滄俴捄褶諺璃ㄜNavigation Mass Brief 絳瑤蔡賤