RMIT滄俴捄褶諺璃ㄜNight Circuits Mass Brief 珗瑤お邈瑤盄蔡賤

瑤諾楷桶衾 2010-9-30 08:54:06

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瑤諾楷桶衾 2010-9-30 08:54:21

Night Circuits Mass Brief Aim • To take-off safely, complete a circuit and land correctly at night. Application • To be able to safely takeoff and land at night Overview • Revision • Definitions • Principles 每 Lighting 每 Regulations/requirements • Considerations 每 Illusions at night • Air Exercise • Airmanship Revision • Instrument scans 每 Selective radial scan 每 Main instrument in our scan is the AH 15 20 25 10 5 RPM 0 1 2 3 4 ALT 6 5 7 8 9 VSI 20 20 5 15 10 10 15 5 40 60 80 120 100 140 160 T&B L R Definitions • Last light 每 Is the end of daylight (EoD) and is found in the AIP GEN 2.7-1 每 Without a night rating, must be on the ground 10 minutes before EoD. • First light 1955 Definitions Definitions • PAL 每 Pilot Activated Lighting 每 Information found in ERSA for a particular airfield 每 Point Cook Airfield has the following lighting details: 3 SEC 3 SEC 3 SEC 1 SEC 1 SEC Principles • Runway Lighting 每 Runway has white edge lighting with green threshold and red end lighting. Principles • Aerodrome lighting 每 Taxiway lighting is either green centreline or blue sideline lights. 每 Holding point is amber lighting. 每 Obstacles have red flashing light at top. Principles • Aerodrome Required lighting (AIP ENR 1.1-87: 70.1b) 每 An aircraft must not take off or land at an aerodrome at night unless the following lighting is operating: 每 For a PVT, AWK or CHTR Aircraft: Runway edge lighting, threshold lighting, illuminated wind direction indicator and obstacle lighting. 每 NOTE if the illuminated wind direction indicator is not available, the aircraft may continue if the wind velocity information can be obtained from an approved observer Principles • Aircraft Instruments required for NVMC (CAO 20.18 每 Appendix IV): 每 Air speed indicator (must have alternate static source) 每 Altimeter (must have alternate static source) 每 Direct reading compass 每 A clock with hours, minutes and seconds 每 Outside air temperature indicator 每 Attitude indicator (Artificial Horizon) (if doing NVFR Freight or Pax charter need duplicated sources of power supply) 每 A heading indicator (Directional Gyroscope) (if doing NVFR Freight or Pax charter need duplicated sources of power supply) 每 A turn and slip indicator (if doing NVFR Freight or Pax charter need duplicated sources of power supply) 每 Means of indicating power to gyros Principles • Electric lighting equipment for NVMC (CAO 20.18 每 Appendix V): 每 Lighting shall be such that: • Illuminated items are easily readable • Its direct or reflected rays are shielded from pilots eyes • There is an alternative power source if normal power is lost • It emanates from fixed installations • Intensity control of the lighting unless it is demonstrated that the non-dimmed instrument lights are satisfactory under all conditions of flight likely to be encountered. 每 1 landing light (unless doing Pax charter need 2 landing lights or single lamp with two separately energised filaments). 每 Lights in all passenger compartments 每 Pilots compartment lights; suitable for reading maps and other flight documents. 每 Emergency lighting as a shockproof torch for each crew member. Principles • Position and Collision lights (CAR 196): 每 The following navigation lights: • An unobstructed red light projected above and below the horizontal plane through an angle from dead ahead to 110 degrees port (left) • An unobstructed green light projected above and below the horizontal plane through and angle from dead ahead to 110 degrees starboard (right) • An unobstructed white light projecting above and below the horizontal plane rearward through an angle of 140 degrees, equally distributed on the left and right sides. 每 The navigation lights shall be steady lights (unless CASA otherwise directs) 每 If aircraft is in flight or operating in aerodrome area, in addition to navigation lights shall have an anti-collision flashing red light visible in all directions within 30 degrees above and below horizontal plane of the aircraft. 每 Where the lights are flashing lights, the aircraft: (a) shall display an additional flashing white light visible in all directions; and (b) may display an additional flashing red rear light; in accordance with such requirements as CASA, having regard to Annex 8 of the Convention, specifies in Civil Aviation Orders. Principles • Aircraft lighting Considerations • Sensory Illusions 每 Vestibular organs • 3 semi-circular organs in the inner ear which detect accelerations by moving tiny hair follicles • Constant velocity or gradual changes in velocity is not detected Considerations • Somatogravic Illusion 每 Acceleration / Deceleration causes sensations of up / down pitch. Worst at night during a goaround or climb. 每 Climb/go-around should be completed with 100% reference to aircraft instruments Considerations • Sensory Illusions 每 Spatial Disorientation • Disagreement of senses • Slow roll to left not detected by senses. Correct with right bank. Senses detect the right bank and instruments show S&L! • Causes vertigo/leans. 每 Partial Panel Failure • Detect failed instruments by cross-checking other instruments. Use inverted V scan • DG fails, supplement with magnetic compass. Remember ONUS and SAND 0 1 2 3 4 ALT 6 5 7 8 9 VSI 20 20 15 5 10 10 15 5 40 60 80 120 100 140 160 T&B L R Considerations • Runway width Illusions 每 All the following runways have the same length, but different widths. 每 Long and thin runways can give the illusion of being too high, and wide runways give the illusion of being too low Considerations • Runway Slope Illusions 每 The following runways are at different slopes 每 Upslope is most dangerous as the pilot would think he is too high and fly a lower/flatter approach, which could result in hitting trees or other obstacles Considerations • Distance judgement at night 每 Lighted objects on a clear night can appear brighter and closer than they really are. 每 Pilot may think his approach is too high 每 Pilot may think he is closer to a town then he really is (Forced landing consideration). • Black hole illusion 每 Without visual cues, the pilot has the misperception of proper orientation, but the runway appears to move or remain incorrectly positioned. 每 Will get a black hole illusion when we use a landing light on a dark day. Considerations • Lighting Failures 每 Landing light failures will be practised 每 Aerodrome lighting failure consideration • Attempt to turn on PAL • Check PAL frequency 每 Carry portable electric torch for cockpit lighting failures. Air Exercise • Pre-Flight 每 Conducted normally, paying particular attention to lighting. • Start Up 每 As per day, except turn on Beacon and navigation lights prior to start. Clear prop with 3 flashes of landing light • Taxiing 每 Harder to judge aircraft speed, need to look out side windows. 每 Taxi with taxi light on • Take-Off 每 Turn on Landing light on take-off (turn off taxi light) 每 Leave Landing light on for circuits 每 Conducted 100% visual, as per day 每 Lift-off, climb out on 100% instruments 每 Check +ve RoC, safe IAS, maintaining RWY HDG 每 Use DG for headings in the circuit Air Exercise • X-Wind 每 Conducted 75% instruments, 25% visual • Downwind 每 50% instruments, 50% visual 每 Pre landing checks, turn on landing light, check windsock • Base 每 75% visual, 25% instruments • Final 每 100% visual 每 Use RWY lighting for approach guidance Air Exercise • Landing 每 RWY lights at shoulder level, power to IDLE 每 watch end lights to judge FLARE and HOLDOFF ON PROFILE BELOW PROFILE ABOVE PROFILE Airmanship • Lookout (extremely important to call your sequence number on the base call) • Remember instrument scans • Trust instruments and be aware of illusions • Correct handover/takeover procedure • Be familiar with aerodrome lighting

紿珩夔滄 楷桶衾 2013-10-28 18:52:45

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RMIT滄俴捄褶諺璃ㄜNight Circuits Mass Brief 珗瑤お邈瑤盄蔡賤