R22直升机1979至1994年事故分析
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>资料来源:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>The Helicopter Aviation Home Page</SPAN></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>原作者:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Paul Cantrell</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>说明:</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.美国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>直升机的数量从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1980</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>年的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>35</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>架稳定地增长到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1994</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>年的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>745</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>架。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.本文应用的所有资料来自</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>NTSB</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>,一部分无伤亡的事故没有报告(如由于恶劣天气导致地面损坏),通常它们当中大多数没有保险。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.这些事故的大多数是由几个相关因素导致的,并且其原因有可能使人误解(例如,翻倒可能由于下因素引起:尾桨失效、陡坡着陆、不合适的地形等)。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.机械故障通常由于不合适的维护程序或超越限制(如超速)引起。大约一半的事故与此有关。在许多情况下,飞行中飞行员对较小问题错误理解和作出错误的反应。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.大多数有生还者的事故由以下因素引起:在高密度高度地区飞行时,飞行员超越功率曲线,顺风进近等。无论何时,低转速都是一个因素。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.大约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>30</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>%的事故看来是由汽化器结冰引起的自转着陆导致的。在许多情况下,飞行员报告在进行自转着陆训练恢复功率时发动机停车,或减小功率准备着陆时发动机功率不足,随后停车。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>7.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>正确看待</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>直升机的事故。由于在价格、运行成本、维护、操纵性方面的优点,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>成为最受欢迎的轻型直升机。数量多了,飞行时间就多,发生的事故当然会相应多,如果不飞,肯定不会有事故。所以不能看到发生这么多事故就认为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>直升机的安全性差,经过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>多年的发展,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>已经成为一个成熟的、安全的机型。仔细阅读事故统计,你会发现,绝大多数事故与人为因素有关,正如原作者所说,所有这些事故都是可以避免的!请记住这句话,它同样适用于其它直升机的运行。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>8.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>面对事故应该去分析它的产生原因,没有“永远不会发生事故的直升机”,轻型直升机发展到今天,其技术已十分成熟,其本身的安全性并不是问题。关键在于人,人为因素是发生事故的最主要原因,如果不在安全管理和人员素质提高上下功夫,飞行安全只能是一句空话。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>9.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>这篇文章总结的很全面,对飞行和机务人员都很有帮助,对其它轻型直升机也有参考价值。国内有很多</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>直升机,我觉得应该让大家都看看,分析他们发生事故的原因,从中吸取经验教训,避免发生同样的事故,提高自己飞行的安全水平。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>所有这些事故都是可以避免的!</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>事故原因</SPAN> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>事故数量</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.机械</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>发动机故障</SPAN> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>24</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>B</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.翻倒………………………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>78</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.重着陆(自转)…………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>58</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>D</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.重着陆(其他)…………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>42</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>E</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.撞线</SPAN> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>………………………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>25</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>F</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.过操纵………………………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>9</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.低转速(不能保持转速)………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>29</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>H</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.汽化器结冰</SPAN> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>………………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>7</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.燃油耗尽……………………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>6</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>J</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.天气</SPAN> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>………………………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>27</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>K</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.不合适的地形(着陆)…………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>L</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.原因不明</SPAN> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>…………………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>M</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.操纵受干扰………………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>N</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.空中相撞…………………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>O</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.物体撞飞机………………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>P</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.与空中物体相撞…………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Q</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.撞地面物体……………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>14</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>R</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.地面人员撞尾桨………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??> </SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>总计………………………………………………………</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>334</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??> </SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>问题原因</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.机械</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>发动机故障</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>由于制造缺陷、不合适的维护程序的等导致的飞机系统故障,不包括由于燃油耗尽、汽化器结冰、飞行中关闭发动机等。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>B</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.翻倒</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>当飞行员进行悬停或过于接近地面时,发生的任何类型的翻倒事故。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.重着陆(自转)</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>由于练习自转发生的训练事故(有或无恢复功率)。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>D</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.重着陆(其他)</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>在着陆时,飞行员错误判断速度/高度,顺风着陆,试图在有地效悬停极限起飞和降落,飞行员超越功率曲线,教员未能对学员保持足够的监督。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>E</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.撞线</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>在巡航、起飞、着陆等状态下与任何物体相撞(高塔、电线等)。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>F</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.过操纵</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>由</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>NTSB</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>确定的任何由于规避动作,过操纵、强烈颠簸、教员未能对学员保持足够的监督等造成的事故。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.低转速(不能保持转速)</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>对飞机不适当的操纵,在无地效悬停极限悬停等。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>H</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.汽化器结冰</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>应使用时未使用汽化器加温,自转时调整不当,低功率设置等。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.燃油耗尽</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>飞行前准备不充分,飞行中混合比调整不当,不包括由于漏油导致的燃油耗尽。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>J</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.天气/高密度高度</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>飞入仪表气象条件,在极端的天气条件下操作等。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>K</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.不合适的地形(着陆)</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>在由较多灰尘的地区、厚积雪、薄冰、火山灰等地区着陆。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>L</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.原因不明</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>NTSB</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>未能确定事故原因(信息不可靠、没有目击者、获得的信息不足以判断事故原因)。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>M</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.操纵受干扰</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>乘客/货物干扰飞行操纵,外来物体进入操纵系统等。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>N</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.空中相撞</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>飞行中与另一飞机相撞(不包括悬停和地面停放)。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>O</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.物体撞飞机</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>尾桨故障等。原因可能是:飞机上的物体(油箱盖、整流罩、记事板,地图等)掉落。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>P</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.与空中物体相撞</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>飞行中与鸟、风筝、气球等相撞。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Q</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.撞地面物体</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>地面开车或悬停时与地面物体相撞(缠住旋翼桨叶、滑行时撞另一飞机、撞树,着陆灯等)。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>R</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.地面人员撞尾桨</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>人员进入或离开飞机时撞尾桨。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>下面将针对如何避免每一类事故的发生进行详细分析</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.机械</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>发动机故障</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>在此类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>24</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>起事故中,大约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>看来与飞机制造厂的失误和质量控制问题有关,将这些事故与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>RHC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>(罗宾逊直升机公司)印刷的维修报告对比发现,在每一情况下,制造厂重新设计或改型来纠正错误,由于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>RHC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>严格控制的结果,“假”部件导致的问题几乎被消除了。其它发动机故障引起的事故有以下原因:未经授权的维修、不合适的维修程序、由于超速引起某一部件损坏等。报告的发动机故障中超过一半看来原因是汽化器结冰或飞行员判断错误。大多数情况下,如果在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>FAA</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>NTSB</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>进行调查时,发现发动机运转正常,发动机故障就无法解决。在至少一次事件中,飞行员看到低转速灯亮但无警告声,进入自转,相同情况发生过多次,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>直升机低转速灯和告警喇叭应同时工作。依据</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>RH</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>C的服务报告,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>50</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>小时的检查和工厂检修将排除大部分故障。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>B</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.翻倒</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>发生最多的一类事故,大多数事故原因是由于部分飞行员和教员过于自信(或仅仅是经验不足)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>对驾驶杆操纵输入反应灵敏,并且需要飞行教员保持极高度警惕。此类事故很少导致死亡(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>次),但飞机通常被毁坏,或大多数部件严重损坏。新的教员应该接受进一步训练以避免动力翻转。许多教员掌握某种技术以避免此类常规事故。在进行教学时,在稍微高的高度上悬停,经常透过座舱左右观察,而不是仅仅向前看,避免处于与翻倒有关情形下(如大风、不平坦的地面等)。将有助于减少此类事故。当教员对学员的驾驶技术比较有信心而放松警惕时,往往发生事故。学员单飞前必须接受完整的飞行前指示,除非已对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>单飞特点十分了解,学员不能在风速大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>海里的情况下单飞。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.重着陆(自转)</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>通常此事故发生在这种情况下,教员没有认识到情况的严重性,让学员进行过多的操纵才接手。教员常常让学员自己意识到并自行改正错误,虽然这是一种十分有效的教学方法,教员必须认识到,他已处于“临界”,不能过于自信而影响教学效果。正象固定翼训练一样,许多飞行员不愿意在不利的天气条件下训练,最后又必须在他们自己处置不了的天气情况下教授学员,这个问题在新一代教员身上又会继续。如果一个人想成为一个技术优秀的教员,他必须熟练掌握高达</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>90</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>°侧风情况下的自转。技术高度熟练的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>教员应该在各种风的情况下进行自转着陆演示和练习,尽管大多数学校在私人/商业课程中只进行恢复功率自转。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>CFI</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>训练应该由飞行经验至少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1000</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>小时的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>飞行教员来承担,这将有效地减少此类事故的发生。私人业主、租机者、单飞学员必须由经验丰富的教员压座才可练习自转,至少半年进行一次包括模拟发动机停车的练习。最后,教员必须知道练习自转时发生汽化器结冰和发动机停车的情况如何处置。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>D</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.重着陆(其他)</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>在此类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>42</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>事故中,大多数看来是由于进近时飞行员错误判断速度、高度(减小功率的快慢)或超越功率曲线,在很多情况下,飞行员是在场外着陆并错误判断风向/风速和密度高度。最严重的事故是超出飞机性能限制操纵的结果。在发动机性能限制范围进行进一步训练、地形勘测训练、严格遵守性能数据限制将有助人于减少此类事故</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>E</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.撞线</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>与人们通常的想法相反,大多数撞线事故发生在晴好的天气状况下。由于撞线时飞机速度通常很高,使这类事故大多数是致命的。有一些事故发生于飞行员实施规避动作躲开电线时。要求飞行员至少保持高度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>500</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>英尺和不低于昼/夜目视飞行规则所需的云底高/能见度将消除这些事故的大多数。在地面进行深入训练有助于避免这类常见致命事故。飞行学校应该要求教员在经过事先检查地区、山顶等进行低空训练。只有有经验的飞行员才能进行诸如电线/管道巡逻、低空拍摄,测量等。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>F</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.过操纵</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>由于地面上没有目击者,此类事故的一部分可能永远是个迷。人们认为大多数事故事故原因是规避机动、受到气流冲击时过操纵,飞入仪表气象条件等。在模拟器上进一步训练和限制在恶劣天气条件下飞行将减少此类事故。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.低转速(不能保持转速)</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>这是直升机最常见的一类事故,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>NTSB</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>经常把其列为直升机事故原因之一。典型的事故发生在训练很少或判断能力较差没有经验的飞行员,也可能是飞行小时较多过于自信的飞行员。大多数情况下,由以下原因引起:超出功率曲线、提总距过快、向错误的方向转动油门环、超出飞机性能限制数据(例如超出许可最大重量,功率不足时试图起飞等)。由于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>调速系统的特点,如果飞行员过快提总距而没有立即增加油门,旋翼转速将很快下降而且可能没有足够的速度和高度来纠正错误,通常在飞行员能够控制转速前,飞机已经坠地,这一现象将发生于顺风着陆、五边下滑时(特别是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>英尺以下)、在高密度高度地点着陆、最大载重等情况下。以下措施将有助于减少此类事故:起飞前检查有地效和无地效性能图表、了解在某一气压高度下有多少功率可以使用、在高密度高度机场飞行时参考高度-速度包线、如果飞机无法立刻进入悬停(至少离开地面几英寸)应立刻中止起飞。在学员应在相对标准的大气状况下学习安全操作程序。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>H</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.汽化器结冰</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>尽管直接由汽化器结冰引起的事故比例很小,很多情况下,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>飞行员报告练习自转时发动机功率下降,而事后开车时</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>NTSB</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>未能发现发动机故障证据。在许多情况下,汽化器结冰易于发生(可见湿气、高湿、低温/低露点)。许多</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>飞行员分不清转速和功率设置的关系(如同一个没有经验的固定翼飞行员对定转速螺旋桨一样)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>在巡航飞行时大约使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>70</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>%~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>80</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>%的功率,如果空气潮湿,则可能有汽化器结冰的问题,特别是当减小功率下降时。当遇到阴天、潮湿环境和阵雨,应保持警惕,此时不论汽化器温度表如何指示都应使用汽化器加温,这对发动机不会有不良影响,并有利于防止飞行中汽化器结冰进一步发展。使用汽化器加温将减少可用的进气道压力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1.5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>英寸,在五边下降到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>75</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>英尺以下时,飞行员应关闭汽化器加温以获得全部可用功率。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.燃油耗尽</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>只发生过几起燃油耗尽事故,尽管我们听到过一些故事说报告发动机停车后发现油箱内还有油。应该告诉学员,燃油系统的检查开关仅仅表明灯是好的,并不能验证浮标工作正常。有几起事故是由于飞行员移动了混合比控制杆或不小心拔出了控制杆。有几起是由于乘客(摄影师等)飞行中撞到了燃油活门。飞行前飞行员应向摄影师告诫这一点,特别是拆掉一个门飞行时,在混合比控制杆附近贴一个标签将有助于提醒飞行员不要错误地改变混合比。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>J</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.天气/高密度高度</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>如果飞行员在某一高度/速度飞行时的有足够的时间避开一次相撞,则直升机允许在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>G</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>等级空域操作,没有云底高和能见度限制。除了起飞和着陆,低空飞行的飞行员应保持至少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>300</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>英尺高度,夜间至少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>英里能见度。这类飞行经常使飞行员进入不好的天气条件下并导致高事故率,特别是在山区和不熟悉的地形条件下。大多数飞行员认为能见度比云底高更重要,但这种逻辑使飞行员处于低空电线的威胁下,即使有经验的飞行员有时也成为这种陷阱的牺牲品,一些有仪表飞行等级的飞行员因此遇难。飞行时间短的飞行员想尽力满足老板、私人拥有者急着赶去赴约会、天黑后所有飞行员都急于回家,我们都听过这类事故。当飞行计划与实际有所改变时,飞行员应有所选择,应作出正确决定。飞行员应根据自己的飞行经验和对该地区的熟悉程度确定自己的最低天气标准。学员应根据当地天气情况受到这方面的相应训练。从航空天气手册上学不到这些,教员必须了解当地一年四季天气变化特点,并告诉在这一地区飞行的学员。一些</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>事故是由于接近强对流天气引起的,如雪暴、暴风雪等。飞行员信息指南和航空天气手册都对在雷暴附近飞行的飞行员给出建议。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>由于高密度高度可能在较低的气压高度发生,它们被分类为与天气有关的事故原因。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>2000</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>英尺的压力高度在高温高湿度条件下很容易达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>5000</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>6000</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>英尺的密度高度。热天在海上高高度工作的飞行员容易变得自满,许多</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>从南加利福尼亚的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>RHC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>飞往德克萨斯州、亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州时发生事故,这些飞行员的大多数学过在海平面条件下飞行。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>RHC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>对夏季转场飞行的飞行员设置了严格的条件限制,但飞行员离开工厂后情况就难以或不能控制。飞行员在高密度高度按飞机性能数据训练并遵守这些限制看来是一个较好的选择。大多数穿越大陆转场发生的严重事故原因是超重和高温。第一次到高密度高度地区飞行的人员必须进行挑选,并保证他们由另一个有此经历的飞行员进行过指导。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>K</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.不合适的地形(着陆)</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>在不合适的条件下和场地着陆通常是此类事故的一个重要因素。十分常见的情况是当飞行员意识到继续着陆不太明智之后试图终止着陆进近时,失去控制飞机坠地。另一些是飞行员着陆在陡坡、厚积雪、高的草丛、或松软的地面上,飞机翻倒或后来拉起。必须告诉教员和学员滑橇式起落架不适合着陆的地区类型介绍。教员在教新学员时必须自我控制,在极端危险的地区进行判断能力训练没有什么训练价值。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>L</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.原因不明</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>起事故原因不明。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>M</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.操纵受干扰</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>由于飞行控制受到干扰导致失去控制发生了几起事故,如果飞行员进行好的飞行前检查并正确告诫乘客,可能避免大多数事故。一名有较高飞行小时</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>飞行员在座舱内载有一大物体进行运送时,发生死亡事故,显然在进近着陆时,物体移动导致失去控制。几起事故发生的原因是乘客一边的尾桨踏板没有锁到位,当尾桨踏板挤住时飞行员失去控制,旋翼俯仰控制失去。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>N</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.空中相撞</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>只发生过一起空中相撞事故,一架</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>在练习</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>ILS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>进近复飞时与一架轻型飞机相撞,当飞行员听到另一架飞机的塔台报告时两名飞行员可能仍全神贯注于复飞(学员可能戴了头盔)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>很小,不容易被其他飞行员发现,幸运的是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>飞行员具极好的视野以对此作出补偿。在无人管制的机场应时刻让其他飞机知道你的位置,始终假定其他飞机并未看到你,特别是同一地区有几架</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>时。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>O</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.物体撞飞机</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>有几起事故是由于物体被吹出机舱造成的,地图、贴图板、记事板等。大多数是热天从左侧门飞出。某些飞行员多次发生油箱口盖脱落打尾桨的事件,这类事故往往是因为飞行前检查不仔细或检查因为某事被中断引起。拆掉左侧门在野外飞行非常危险,彻底的飞行前检查和良好的座舱管理练习将有助于避免此类灾难。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>P</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.与空中物体相撞</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>尽管不可能避开所有鸟群、气球、风筝等,在模拟器和实际飞行中进行适当训练可以使飞行员知道当将要发生撞击时,如何作出反应以避免事故。美国海军演示了当遇到大的鸟群时,仅仅简单地打开着陆灯就能极有效地减小鸟撞的机会。还有许多此类的方法应该教给新飞行员们。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Q</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.撞地面物体</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>有几起</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>事故发生原因是在离地面物体很近的地方操作或离另一旋翼转动的直升机太近。大多数事故发生于飞行员匆忙加油或飞行数小时已经疲劳时,有的是进行热加油或由卡车加油时。其他一些事故是由于悬停时离地面太近,撞跑道灯、地面电缆、树丛等。以前军方训练飞行员使用最小功率进行低高度悬停,以便在一台发动机停车时能安全进行悬停自转。经过多年的直升机飞行之后,我发现撞击地面物体的机率比发动机停车造成重着陆的机率要大得多。至少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>英尺的高度将避开地面上大多数物体。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>R</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>.地面人员撞尾桨</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>这样的事故</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>R22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>发生过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>次。有两次,在没有地面管理员和旋翼正转动的情况下,乘客离开飞机。在许多情况下,即使驾驶员并不满意,人们总是向他们面对的方向而不是飞行员指定的方向走去。建议在乘客离开飞机时使用地面指挥,地面指挥应该站在直升机后部和乘客之间,并指导乘客远离飞机。除非到达旋翼下面前与飞行员取得目视联系,乘客不得走近直升机。这将提醒飞行员进行操纵。</SPAN></P>
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