航空 发表于 2011-6-19 09:14:39

航空知识-飞机仪表

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航空 发表于 2011-6-19 09:14:48

<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">航空知识-飞机仪表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞机上所装设的仪表,是依飞机种类、大小、用途而选择合适者装设,因而略有差异。驾驶舱内所配备的仪表,约略分类如下:</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基本飞行仪表</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">:空速表、高度表、磁罗仪。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基本发动机仪表:发动机转速表、燃油流量表、滑油油量表、滑油油温表、滑油压力表。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞行仪表</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">:升降指示器(垂直速度表)、转弯倾斜指示器、人工水平仪、大气温度表、偏流指示表。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发动机仪表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Engine Instrument</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">):</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进气压力表(喷射发动机为发动机压力比指示表)、汽化器温度表、汽缸温度表(喷射发动机为排气温度表、喷射管温度表)、发动机振动表、发动机旋转同步计或螺旋桨位相同步计。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">导航仪表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Navigational Instrument</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">):</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">无线电罗盘仪、航道偏移指示器或十字指针(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Cross Pointer</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)指示器、进场信标通过指示灯、精密低高度电波高度表、实际真空速表。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这些仪表需要与否装设,详述于设计规范内(适航性审查要领或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">FAR</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。另者上述仪表中,在空速表加上马赫表,人工水平仪也含有飞航指示器之意。又航道偏移指示器现称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">HSI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,无线电罗盘仪称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">RMI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就飞机仪表的特征而言,由于是装设在飞机上,在安全上要求特别严格,与其它交通工具相比,信赖度也较高,受到空间及重量的限制较大,有温度与压力之变化,而且要能耐震与耐加速度,指示值的范围要广,又要正确易读。因高速飞行,要容易读取或下正常与不良状况的判断,要使用颜色标示(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Color Marking</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)或指示标示(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Bug</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),或显示仪表自己本身机能状况的标示旗(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Flag</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞机机型越大,装设的仪表越多。有时同一系统就有两个以上仪表,或一个仪表统合指示多项资料。为防止操纵飞机时视线分散,无法阅读细小数字,以及没时间去检视数据,这时就必需以图表表示。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">像这些飞机仪表,都依照设计标准来决定配置,所以不管操纵何种飞机,都不会招致混乱。也就是说飞行、导航用的仪表配置在正、副机长前方,发动机相关仪表则摆在两位之间。另有部份仪表配置在飞行机械员座位附近。飞行、导航用仪表配置又另有规定,显示飞机姿势的仪表,排在飞行员前面的中央上方,空速表在其左侧,速度表在其右侧,显示飞机方向的仪表在中央下方,这些仪表在仪表板上形成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">T</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型配置。英国制造的飞机也有将这些仪表周围以白线围起。此外,这些仪表用厚的铝合金制造,为防止光线反射,装配在灰色而使用无光泽涂料的仪表板上,同时也考虑避免受磁场影响,更有甚者,为防止仪表板受机身振动影响,与机身结构之间,还垫着会吸收振动的橡胶组件。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">航空仪表依动作原理分为五类,即膜盒式仪表、陀螺仪式仪表、磁气式仪表、电气式仪表、利用双金属或热电偶或电桥的仪表。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">壹、膜盒式仪表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">利用膜盒(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Diaphragm</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)的内外压差产生的变形,转换成机械方式传达到指针者,高度表、空速表即是利用此种原理。另外不用膜盒而利用布尔登管</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(Bourdon Tube)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的伸缩位移原理的有压力表(油压、高压空气等)。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">贰、陀螺式仪表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">陀螺式(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Gyroscope</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)仪表是利用陀螺轴对空间经常能继续指示一定方向的原理。飞机在运动中,如偏离先前给予的基准,就能显示出其偏移的量,如人工水平仪、陀螺罗盘(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Gyro Compass</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)以及惯性导航系统(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">INS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)等。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参、磁气式仪表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">显示地球的磁方位与机首方向偏差的仪表,如磁气罗盘。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">肆、电气式仪表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与地面交通工具或固定设备所使用者并无特别不同,用来指示电流、电压、频率、电力、功率等。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">伍、利用双金属或热电偶或电桥的仪表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主要用来测温及显示温度者(如大气温度、发动机排气、吸入空气温度、各种装备的温度)。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接下来我们来谈一下主要的仪表:</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">壹、速度表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞机的速度有对大气速度与对地面速度,此外还有马赫数(大气速度与音速之比),这些都用来表示速度。指示对大气速度之仪表有空速表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">IAS Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、真空速度表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">TAS Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),指示马赫数的仪表称为马赫表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">mach Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。对地速度以前可用都卜勒雷达(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Doppler Rader</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)来得知,现在则经由惯性导航系统(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">INS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)可得到非常精确的对地面速度。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、指示空速表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般谈到速度表皆指对地速度表。假定飞行中,机舱外的空气密度一定,因气流所受到的动压与空气流速(即飞机对大气速度)平方成正比,所以只要使用皮托管(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Pitot Tube</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)测知动压,即可由此得知对大气速度,此乃指示空速表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">IAS Indicator, Indicator Air Speed Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、实际真空速表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">指示空速表依动静压管装置的位置,伴随飞机速度而产生大气压缩性,大气的密度等而会发生误差,因而在导航上要求较精确的对大气速度,就有必要作误差修正,实际真空速为马赫数与音速(由机舱外温度计算)之乘积,将经计算机计算就可在实际真空速表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">TAS Indicator, True Air Speed Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)上指示出来。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">贰、马赫表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">马赫数可用动压与静压的函数来表示,由动压管所测知的动压与静压,机械式的算出马赫数并指示出来。如今使用航空信息计算机来计算马赫数,将计算机来的电气信号驱动马赫表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Mach Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),比起机械式更可得正确的马赫数。此外相当多马赫表组装在空速表内。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参、加速度表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">加速度表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Accelermoeter</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是检测加速度的装置。加速度数据是使用在自动驾驶、惯性导航、飞行记录器上。一般检测出直线运动的加速度较多。但是像自动驾驶就不只需要直线运动的加速度,而且还要回转运动的加速度,也就是需要角加速度的数据。像是砝码左右上下皆被弹簧支撑着,一遭到加速度时,按照其方向与大小,砝码会上下左右位移,加速度检测就是利用这原理。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">肆、高度表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">高度表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Altimeter</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是指示飞机现在高度的仪表。大致分类的话,有指示气压高度的气压高度表,以及指示绝对高度的电波高度表。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、气压高度表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">气压高度表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Barometric Altimeter</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是利用高度越高,气压就越低的原理来测知高度。将飞机的外气压(静压)导入高度表中薄金属膜盒内,依金属膜的伸缩转换成指针移动,在仪表刻度盘上指示出来。刻度盘显示的是在标准大气状态时的高度,实际上依测定场所和测定时间,气压或温度一有变化,指示高度就会产生误差。因此,高度表在这时候经由地面连络告知海面上之气压,将标准大气与海面上之差压,在高度上之误差作修正,经此修正所得到之高度也有称为实际高度(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">True Altitude</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。飞机在高高度巡航中,通常设定为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">气压(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1,013hPa, <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="in" SourceValue="29392" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0">29392 in</st1:chmetcnv> Hg</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)这时的高度称为飞行水平(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Flight Level</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。晚近的大型飞机,系经由飞航数据计算机来作修正,指示高度更为精确。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、电波高度表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电波高度表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Radio Altimeter</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是由机上向地表面发射电波,测定反射波回报的时间来测知高度。与气压高度不同,所测得之高度为地形与飞机间的垂直距离,也就是所谓的绝对高度,因之电波高度表也称为绝对高度表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Absolute Altimeter</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。类型可分成高高度用(脉波型)与低高度用(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">FM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型),通常低高度用是采用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">FM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">调频方式,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2,500</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">呎范围内,可显示出正确的绝对高度。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">伍、转速表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转速表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Tachometer</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)为指示发动机回转速度的仪表。例如在活塞式发动机是依曲轴每分钟回转数(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">N1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)和高压压缩机回转数(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">N2, N3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)来表示。喷射发动机转速表的面盘上,并不用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">RPM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(每分钟回转速),而是用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">%RPM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(通常把起飞时回转数定为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,其它转速用其相较之百分比来表示)。转速表有机械式和电气式,前者是利用离心力和转速平方成正比的原理,后者利用作用在圆盘之力量与磁铁之转速成正比的原理。电气式者在回转测定部上装有回转发电机(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">tacho generator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),其所发出的电力传到转速表内的电动机,再转动磁铁由与圆盘连动的指针来指示回转数。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">陆、温度计</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">温度计(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Temperature Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是将感受到的信号转换成温度显示的仪器。显示的方法有的是指针在刻盘上指示,有些是直接以数字显示。此外,相对应的感应部份有电阻式和热电耦式,其动作原理分成两类。前者本质上为电阻计,比较低温者属之,像大气温度计、发动机空气压缩机进气口温度计、油温计、气温计等。后者为电流计、大都为测量高温使用,像发动机排气温度计等。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">柒、飞航指示器</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞航指示器(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Flight Director</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是对事先已选定的飞行方式,以视觉方式显示适当操纵量的装置。操纵量的指示,在姿态指示仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)上,由纵、横两根指针来表示。纵指针称为(左右)侧滚(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Roll</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)指令针,横指针称为(前后)俯仰(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Pitch</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)指令针。侧滚指令针发出「要倾斜</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Bank</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」的指令,俯仰指令针发出「机首要拉上(压下)」的指令。飞机在适当的姿势飞行时,两根指令针位于仪表的中央位置。如不在适当的飞行姿势,则指针会由中央偏移,显示需进行必要之操纵,以便将飞机回归到适当的飞行姿势。因此,飞行员需经常操纵飞机,使指针保持在仪表中央的位置,也就是可以对自己选择的飞行方式,保持适当的飞行状态。依机型、装备操作方式略有差异,但可依照目的操作开关,使飞机姿势、高度、机首方位、上升(或下降)率保持一定,或者进行仪降操控等飞行方式。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">姿势指示仪</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">姿势指示仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADI, Attitude Director Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)主要是指示飞机姿势的仪表,因是综合性仪表,就包含有种种指示器在内。中央的圆球是姿势的指示,纵、横两根指针是飞行指示器(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Flight Director</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)的指示。其它像仪降地面信号台(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Glideslope</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、将定位台之偏位以高感度显示之进展式左右定位台(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Expanded Localizer</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、指示与希望飞行速度间之偏差的航速指示器(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Fast Slow Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、回旋倾斜指示表,以及电波高度表在达到决定高度时,其橙色指示灯会亮起的决定高度指示灯(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Decision Height Light</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)也包含在姿势指示仪内。最近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">767</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">A310</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以后所研发的机型,多用阴极射线管(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">CRT</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)来显示。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">捌、水平位置指示仪</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">水平位置指示仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">HIS, Horizontal Situation Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)与姿势指示仪相同,有好几种指示器组合在一个仪表内。仪表的中央有方位板(罗盘卡),表示机首的方位。方位板上有航道指针(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Course Pointer</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)和偏离指针(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Deviation Bar</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),指示希望飞行航道方位与希望航道,和使用仪降水平定位仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Localizer</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)之偏位情形。另外有接近或远离多向导航台(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)之</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">To-from<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">指示,导航信号消失时会出现的导航警告旗标(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Navigation Warning Flag</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),由方位选择器选定,表示所希望机首的方位的航向指示(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">HEADING BUG</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。此外,滑降台指示器、惯性导航系统(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">INS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)中指示到航线参考点(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Way Point</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)距离的惯性导航里程指示器,也包含在内。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">水平位置指示仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">HIS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)可经由选择器开关,来选择作无线导航仪表或惯性导航仪表用。依照设计基准,水平位置指示仪装设于驾驶舱仪表板姿势指示仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)之正下方。与姿势指示仪相同,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">767</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">A310</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以后所研发的机型,皆采用阴极射线管(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">CRT</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)来显示。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玖、无线罗盘仪</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">无线罗盘仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">RMI, Radio Magnetic Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)为导航用仪表之一,是由表示磁方位的方位板(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Compass Card</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)和对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADF</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">台或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">导航台之相对方位指针所组成的仪表。方位板上指针的数字是由飞机来看</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ADF</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">台或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">导航台之磁方位,指针的读数与机首方位之差即为相对方位。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拾、陀螺仪</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">陀螺仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Gyro Instrument</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是将高速旋转的陀螺,用摩擦少的转轴支撑两个交叉的平衡环(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Gimbals</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),利用陀螺的转轴保持一定方向特性的仪表。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、陀螺方向仪</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">陀螺方向仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DG, Directional Gyro</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是装设于飞机内,且转轴经常保持水平的装置。这是利用陀螺旋转轴的方向,就是机首方位有变化时,也能经常保持一定方向的特性。特别是在磁罗盘误差发生较大的飞机转弯时或高纬度地区,陀螺方向仪就非常有用。另外陀螺方向仪也使用来安定测定磁方位的磁阀(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">flux valve</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),所送出的磁方位信号。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、垂直陀螺仪</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">垂直陀螺仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Vertical Gyro</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是装设于飞机内,且转轴经常保持垂直的装置。依靠检测出转轴前后左右的倾斜程度,可以知道机身的姿势。所测出的姿势信号(俯仰或滚转)除送到水平仪或姿势指示仪之外,也传送到飞行指示器或自动驾驶系统。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、水平陀螺仪</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">水平陀螺仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Gyro Horizon</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)显示陀螺的转轴和机身之间的相对动作,机身对地面的姿势即显示机身的俯仰或滚转状态,让飞行员了解。小型飞机的仪表中即包含水平陀螺仪,在大型飞机上则作为备用仪表用。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、转弯倾斜仪</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转弯倾斜仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">TSI, Tum and Slip Indicator</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是显示飞机转弯率(旋转角速度)和倾斜度的仪表,转弯率由陀螺仪测出。飞机内以转轴为水平的某个自由角度设置陀螺,在飞机转弯时,与转弯率成正比的力距或加压到平衡环上,利用力距的大小用指针来表示其转弯率。倾斜指示器为圆弧透明管中放入液体或圆球,飞机在转弯时,可由此获知球的位置匀称的旋转亦或伴随着左右侧滑。近年的倾斜仪用自动驾驶系统内的计算机发出的信号驱动,而且很多与倾斜仪一同组装在姿势指示仪内。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五、机首磁方位参考系统</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">机首磁方位参考系统(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">MHRS, Magnetic Heading Reference System</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是由装置在飞机内的磁阀,感受到地磁力,进而检测出机首磁方位。磁阀是能感测磁力线方向,且将之转变为电气信号的装置,为减少飞机自身所带磁力的影响,大多装设于机翼翼端或机身尾段之处。然而磁阀出来的信号会有所变动,另外在转弯大的时候会产生误差,因此利用陀螺方向仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DG</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)一方面安定磁阀出来的信号,另外也可减少转弯时产生的误差。机首磁方位的信号在水平位置指示仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">HIS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、无线罗盘仪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">RMI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)等仪表上的方位板表示出来。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">集合式仪器表示系统</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所谓集合式仪器表示系统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(IIS, Integrated Instrument System)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是指一具仪表内有多个仪表的功能在内,也就是说一具仪表上可看到多种信息。在高速又长程飞行的飞机上,对飞行员而言,由于飞行仪表及导航装置的仪表数量很多,监看仪表负担增加,另外在飞行员有限的视野范围内,要配置多种仪表也有困难,使得这种集合式仪表表示系统渐渐广被采用。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">位置误差</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">皮托静压系统的仪表(速度表、高度表、马赫表)之压力感测装置(全压及静压)由于装设于在机身蒙皮上,易受边界层气流干扰影响,其所显示者与自由气流(远离机身边界层气流)之值,略有所差异,此项差异称为位置误差(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Position Error</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)或装置位置误差。对飞机而言,最大速度与最小速度差异极大,此外机身姿势的变化或气流变化的比例也很大,在全部速度范围内几乎无法将位置误差归零。因此飞机需装有测知误差的数据。近年的飞机都有气流信息计算机(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Air Data Computer</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)来作修正。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">静压配管系统</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">静压配管系统(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Static Air Pressure System</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是飞行中,将外层气流的静压传到气压高度表、升降表、速度表、气流信息计算机的系统。外层气流的静压,为避免受到机身的速度与运动的影响,将装设于机身两侧左右对称位置的静压孔相结合,再经由配管传到各装置。高度表、升降表、速度表等重要仪表,如其中一种静压讯号来源故障,可经由静压选择阀切换到预备静压讯号源,以获得正常讯号来源。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">皮托管</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">皮托管(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Pitot Tube</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)为检测出飞行中气流的全压(动压和静压之和),装设于机首或主翼前缘的管状物。经由皮托管将全压讯号送到速度表或气流信息计算机系统。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">防眩板</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">防眩板(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Glare Shield</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是为防止进入驾驶舱的光线在仪表板上造成反射的遮光板,由于近年来飞机驾驶舱仪表板上的开关颇多,故将一些开关或灯具移设在防眩板上。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>

lazycat 发表于 2011-9-4 18:05:49

ok!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

曦福寜 发表于 2011-10-24 11:42:46

迫不及待哩!ganxie!

天若有情 发表于 2011-11-9 18:51:05

太好了,:kiss::hug:

jetboatpool 发表于 2013-10-29 21:22:19

正是我需要的東西

Vivian0218 发表于 2014-4-3 15:51:22

谢谢楼主分享呀

Chocolate 发表于 2014-5-25 21:30:16

谢谢,,,,,,,

anthonyweb 发表于 2014-12-2 12:33:37

111111111111111111111111111111111111
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