COMPLETE FLIGHT RULES AND REGULATIONS (FR&R) GOUGE

航空论坛 发表于 2011-8-13 13:58:05

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航空论坛 发表于 2011-8-13 13:58:43

COMPLETE FLIGHT RULES AND REGULATIONS (FR&R) GOUGE ”The only one you need”
CHAPTER 1 - FEDERAL AVIATION ORGANIZATION FAA - Federal Aviation Administration: Responsible to establish, review & enforce regulations regarding aviation in the US.
AVIATION PUBLICATIONS 1. (Aircraft) NATOPS Flight Manual - Aircraft specific - May be more restrictive than those delineated by 3710.7 or the FAR. 2. OPNAVINST 3710.7 - NATOPS General Flight and Operating Instructions. Naval Air Training and Operating Procedures Standardization - “Naval aircraft shall be operated in accordance with applicable provisions of FAR Part 91 except where this manual prescribes more stringent requirements.” Unless a requirement is waived, compliance with NATOPS is mandatory. 3. Flight Information Publications (FLIPs) - DOD publishes these for use by all branches of the military - en route charts and supplements, general and area planning guides, and instrument approach plates. 4. Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) - Operation Rules and guidelines for domestic aviation, also the standardized policy publication that governs aviation regulations. FAR Part 91 (Naval Aviators): “General Operating & Flight Rules” - waivers for high-performance aircraft, military missions. Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) - Official Guide to basic flight information and Air Traffic Control procedures.  Easier to Read.
AVIATION TERMINOLOGY • Air Traffic Clearance “Clearance” - ATC authorization to proceed in an attempt to prevent collision between known aircraft. • Notice to Airman (NOTAM) – Time critical information, temporary or not known in advance to publicize by other means. • Transponder - Receiver/Transmitter that receives radio from the ground and transmits a specific reply.
WORDING FOR PROCEDURES • Shall – Mandatory (Death / destruction possible) • Should – Recommended (Injury / $ Damage possible) • May / Need Not – Optional (Minor damage possible)  • Will – Futurity, never indicates any degree of requirement.
 
 
 
 
 
 
  POLICY • Pilot in Command (PIC) o FAR - The pilot responsible for the operation and safety, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft. o OPNAVINST 3710.7 - Assigned by the unit commander or delegated authority and is responsible for the safe, orderly flight of the aircraft and well being of the crew. • Deviations - Allows pilots to deviate during emergencies requiring immediate action.
FLIGHT AUTHORIZATION, PLANNING, AND APPROVAL • Preflight Planning - Before a flight, PIC shall be familiar with all the information for the flight.  This includes: 1. Weather Report and Forecasts 2. Airport Data 3. NOTAMs 4. Fuel requirements 5. Available alternatives (airports) 6. Anticipated traffic delays. • Flight Plans: Establishes a baseline for lost communication and missing aircraft procedures. Filed at BaseOps. • Flight Plan Forms 1. DD Form 175 -“Dash 1” Military Flight Plan in accordance with FLIP General Planning. FAA Form 7233-1 - in lieu of a DD-1175 at airfield without a military operations department 2. Weather Brief - Responsible for knowing the weather conditions for the area of the flight to avoid icing & Thunderstroms. VOID TIME: good for +/- 30min. ETE and 2½ hours after brief is given.
LIGHTING AND VISUAL AIDS • Airport Marking Aids and Signs • Runway Numbers (Orientation) - Determined from the direction an aircraft approaches.  Numbered in relation to the magnetic direction of their centerline rounded off to the nearest ten degrees. • High-Intensity Red Flashing Light: NOT ALDIS, but means the same thing (Airport Unsafe, DO NOT LAND) • ALDIS Lamp Signals - In the event of lost communication, the Control Tower may communicate with the pilot using the Aldis lamp.  It is a DIRECTIONAL Colored green, red, or white light, and will be steady or flashing.
Color and Type  Aircraft on Ground  Aircraft in Flight Steady Green  Cleared to takeoff  Cleared to land Flashing Green  Cleared to taxi   Return for landing- NOT A CLEARANCE TO LAND  Steady Red  Stop    Give way to other aircraft and continue circling Flashing Red  Taxi clear of runway in use Airport unsafe Do Not Land Flashing White  Return to starting point on airport Not Used by FAA Alternating Red/Green Exercise extreme caution  Exercise extreme caution
VISUAL WIND/LANDING INDICATORS
• Wind Sock - The large end / open end of the wind sock points into the wind. DOES NOT indicate windspeed.
• Tetrahedron - Near the operational runway to indicate the direction of landing and takeoffs. Points to direction of landing (180° of windsock) 
  CHAPTER 2 - VISUAL / INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES WEATHER CONDITION 1. Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) Flight Weather Conditions. NIGHT is NOT ALWAYS VMC. 2. Instrument Meteorological Condition (IMC) 3710.7: IMC exists any time a visible horizon is not distinguishable 3. Visual Flight Rules (VFR) - Equal to or greater than 1000’/3 (1,000’ ceiling per 3 STATUTE miles) 4. Instrument Fight Rules (IFR) - Less than 1000/3 (1,000’ ceiling per 3 STATUTE miles)
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES 1) See and Avoid - Multi-seat aircraft: Electronic equipment such as airborne radar should be used when feasible. All aircraft shall request radar advisory services when available. SCANNING of other aircraft required at all times. 2) VFR Weather Minimums a) Takeoff - Ceiling at the point of departure: 1000/3+ b) En route - maintain VMC c) Destination - weather minimums must also be 1000/3+ (Estimate is good for ETA +/- 1 HOUR) 3) Weather Conditions Precluding VFR Flight: When encountering weather conditions… a) Alter route of flight to continue VMC, OR b) Maintain VMC until a change of flight plan is filed and IFR clearance is obtained, OR c) Maintain VMC and land at a suitable alternate
INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES: During IMC, pilot is unable to provide visual separation; so it is now the responsibility of ATC to provide it (visual separation is obtained through external sources). Requirements: • Increased use of IFR Filing and Positive Control - To decrease the probability of midair collisions, all flights in naval aircraft shall be conducted in accordance with instrument flight rules tot he maximum extent practicable. • ATC Clearance Requirement - Flights shall not be made in IFR conditions within controlled airspace until an ATC clearance has been obtained.
VFR/IFR CRUISING ALTITUDES / SEMICIRCULAR RULES IFR Semicircular rules are primarily used for planning purposes and in uncontrolled airspace.
• FL180 ASSIGNED BY ATC.
AEROBATIC FLIGHT Intentional Maneuver involving: • Abrupt bank angles greater than 60° • Pitch angles greater than +/-45° • Accelerations greater than 2.0g. • A “break” maneuver which conforms to the model NATOPS Flight Manual is NOT considered to be aerobatic flight.
AEROBATIC FLIGHT PRECAUTIONS 1) FAR Part 91 states than no person may operate an aircraft in aerobatic flight: a) Over congested area such as a city, town, or settlement b) Over an open air assembly of persons c) Within Class B, C, D, or E airspace designated for an airport, or within the limits of Federal airways d) Below an altitude of 1,500 ft AGL e) Visibility <3sm 2) OPNAVINST 3710.7: a) If prohibited by a particular aircraft’s NATOPS Manual b) Unless: aircraft remains in VFR conditions & 1,500’ above the highest obstruction / cloud tops within 5sm 3) Unusual Maneuvers (B, C, & D Airspace) a) OPNAVINST 3710.7: Pilots shall not perform or request clearance if such maneuvers are not essential. b) ATC personnel are not permitted to approve a pilot’s request or ask a pilot to perform these maneuvers. c) Examples: Low passes, unscheduled fly-by’s, climbs at very steep angles, or “flat hatting” / “buzzing”.   CHAPTER 3 - AIRSPACE AND GENERAL FLIGHT RULES
AIRSPACE • Controlled - Airspace that has air traffic control service provided in accordance with the airspace classification. • Uncontrolled - Airspace that is under FAA jurisdiction & NOT Class A, B, C, D, or E, no air traffic control services provided.
AIRSPACE CLASSIFICATION - DIMENSIONS AND REQUIREMENTS   Class E Airspace: “Everything Else” Except for 18,000 feet MSL, no defined vertical limit.  Unless designated at a “lower altitude,” Class E begins at 14,500 feet MSL, excluding airspace less than 1500 feet AGL. 1) Lower Altitude a) The surface in the case of a surface area designated for an airport without an operating control tower. b) 700 feet AGL or higher when designated in conjunction with an airport for which an approved instrument approach procedure has been prescribed. c) 1200 feet AGL or higher when designated in conjunction with segments of airways or routes. 2) Class E is controlled airspace but you must volunteer for control. a) Extensions to Class B, C, and D, surface areas providing controlled airspace to contain standard instrument approach procedures, without imposing a communications requirement on pilots operating VFR. b) Transition airspace used for transition to/from the terminal or en route environment. c) Federal Airways - Colored airways based on L/MF NAVAIDs and the “Victor” Airways based on VOR Navaids.
Class G Airspace: Uncontrolled Airspace - Found where radar coverage is incomplete or where air traffic is minimal   VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS: To remain VMC, pilot must maintain the cloud clearances & flight visibilities required by the FAR
     _____cloud clearance_______ airspace   visibility below above horizontal Class A NO VFR Class B   3sm       Clear of clouds  B=Clear Class C   3sm 500’ 1,000’ 2,000’  BCDE=3  $512 bah Class D   3sm 500’ 1,000’ 2,000’ Class E <10,000’MSL 3sm 500’ 1,000’ 2,000’ Class E ≥10,000’MSL 5sm 1,000’ 1,000’ 1sm  E above 10=5 F-111
 
 
 
 SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE 1) Prohibited Area - Prohibited for security or national interest or welfare 2) Restricted Area – Unusual/invisible hazards: artillery firing, aerial gunnery, guided missiles.  Granted by controlling authority. 3) Warning Area - Hazards to nonparticipating aircraft in international airspace.  Beyond the 3 mile limit over international waters.  FAA has no jurisdiction; aircraft does not need to receive permission prior to entering. 4) Military Operations Area (MOA) – Vert & Lat limits separate military training & IFR traffic.  Nonparticipating IFR traffic cleared through the MOA if IFR separation can be provided by ATC.  Do not need permission to fly VFR through an MOA. 5) Alert Area - High volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity.  Do not need permission.
 
 
 
 
 
 RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES • In distress has right of way over all other air traffic • Landing aircraft or aircraft on final approach to land have the right of way over other aircraft in flight or operating on the surface.  2 or more aircraft are landing, the aircraft at the lower altitude has the right of way. • Aircraft being overtaken has the right of way, overtaking aircraft shall alter course to the right to pass well clear. • Approach Head-On: Each aircraft shall alter course to the right to pass well clear. • Converging: Aircraft to the other’s right has the right of way. • Aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has the right of way over all other engine-driven aircraft
ALTITUDE RESTRICTIONS     FAR-91: • Over Congested Areas - Shall maintain an altitude of 1,000’ above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000’ of the aircraft. • Min. 500’ AGL over non-congested areas (except over open water or sparsely populated areas). • Anywhere - Should maintain an altitude such that if the engine fails, an emergency landing may be executed w/o undue hazard to persons or property on the surface   OPNAVINST 3710.7:
• During VFR Operations - Fixed-wing aircraft shall not be conducted below an altitude of 500’ above the terrain or surface of the water • During IFR Operations - Out of controlled airspace, aircraft shall not be flown less than 1,000’ above the highest terrain, surface of the water, or obstacle within 22 miles of the intended flight.  Mountain Terrain minimum altitude is 2,000’  
REDUCING FLIGHT-RELATED DISTURBANCES • Careless or Reckless Flying (endanger life/property) • Noise Sensitive and Wilderness Areas @ <3,000’AGL (farms, beaches, resorts, National parks, monuments & recreational areas • Wildlife preserves (CO shall take steps to prevent frightening wild fowl or driving them from feeding grounds, >3,000’ AGL+ req. • Temporary Flight Restrictions (Public Interest Areas) designated by NOTAM with dimensions included in the NOTAM. • Flat Hatting, Zooming Of Vessels • Too close to another aircraft/vessel (collision possibility)

淡紫色的风 发表于 2011-8-28 01:27:07

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COMPLETE FLIGHT RULES AND REGULATIONS (FR&R) GOUGE