Terminal Separation Methods and Procedures 航站间隔方法和程序

航空论坛 发表于 2011-8-28 15:17:25

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航空论坛 发表于 2011-8-28 15:17:34

Terminal Separation Methods and Procedures 1 Lecture Objectives Explain basic minimum requirements for •Vertical Separation •Radar Separation •Visual Separation •Runway Separation Non-Radar Separation –Lateral (Miles, Airways, Routes) –Longitudinal (mile or minutes Explain basic holding procedures 2 ATC –Primary Duty –Separate Aircraft ATC System No ATC System Prevent Mid-air Collisions 3Applied Separation –Positive Control SEPARATION BETWEEN AIRCRAFT SEPARATION BETWEEN AIRCRAFT AND PROTECTED AIRSPACE 4 Separation Minima LONGITUDINAL - miles/minutes miles, airways or routes feet VERTICAL LATERAL 5 Radar Separation “AMERICAN TWO TEN, TURN LEFT HEADING TREE TREEZERO, VECTOR FOR TRAFFIC.” AAL210230C123 450 DAL326230C121 430 6 Radar Separation “DELTA TREE TWENTY SIX TRAFFIC TWO O’CLOCK TEN MILES, BOEING SEVEN THIRTY-SEVEN TURNING TO NORTHWEST AAL210230C123 450 DAL326230C121 430 7Terminal Radar Separation APPROACH RADARANTENNA 3 MI 10 MI 20 MI 30 MI 40 MI 50 MI 5 MI 8 Course Definition Crossing Crossing Same Opposite Reference Course 9 Vertical Separation VERTICAL 10 Vertical Separation 10,000 1,000 FT 1,000 FT FL180 11 Block Altitudes 1,000 FEET BELOW BLOCK BLOCK ALTITUDE 10,000 14,000 - 9,000 12Fuel Dumping BELOW FL290 1000 FT above 2000 FT below 13Special Use Airspace 500 FEET ABOVE 500 FEET BELOW UP TO AND INCLUDING FL 290 SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE 14Departure Separation (Lateral Separation) 45° Intersecting Runways 15 10 R 28 L Same Runway Separation #1 #3 #2 16 10 R 28 LDeparture vs. Arrival 17 Intersecting Runway Separation 10 28 Runway is safe for aircraft to land Aircraft clears intersection Aircraft clears runway Runway is safe for aircraft to depart Aircraft clears intersection Runway is safe for aircraft to depart Federal Aviation Administration 18 Nonintersecting Runway Separation 27 19 Visual Separation In Conjunction With Visual Approach Procedures 20Holding Uses 1.Traffic En Route Why hold? 2.Arrival Delays 3.Weather at Destination 4.Flow Control 5.Spacing 21 Basic Principles Using Time •Depart at a specified time •Arrive at a fix at a specified time •Hold at a fix until a specified time •Change altitude at a specified time or fix 22 Holding 23Hold At A Fix Until A Specified Time "DEPART PUEBLO VOR AT OR AFTER ONE THREE ONE EIGHT.” 24 Typical Holding Pattern OUTBOUND LEG INBOUND LEG ABEAM POSITION HOLDING FIX LEG LENGTH 25 Lateral Separations In Holding Patterns •BOLEY JONES COYLE OKC V6 090 Holding pattern airspace must NOT overlap. Left-hand pattern airspace does NOT overlap. BOLEY 26 HOLDING FIX CLEARANCE LIMIT 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000Holding Procedures Using Vertical Separation 27Question •The minimum terminal radar separation required for two aircraft 30 NM from the antenna is ______ miles. A.1 B.3 C.5 28Response Item •For a tower facility to provide visual separation between two arriving IFR aircraft, the following condition must exist: A.One of the aircraft must be visually observed by the tower. B.Local Controller in the Tower must be able to see (visually observe) Both aircraft C.The pilots of both aircraft must see each other. 29 The End of Terminal Separation for Radar Operations and Holding 30 26 Aircraft w/3 Miles of Radar Separation = 75 Miles of Airspace 16 Aircraft w/5 Milesof Radar Separation = 75 Miles of Airspace Radar vs. Non-Radar Separation 80 miles 5 Aircraft w/20 Milesof Separation = 80 Miles of Airspace 2 Aircraft w/10 Minutesof Separation at 450 KTS Ground Speed = 75 Miles Airspace 75 miles 31Lateral Separation LATERAL 32 80 miles 5 Aircraft w/20 Milesof Separation = 80 Miles of Airspace Non-Radar Separation 10 Minutes vs. 20 Miles 2 Aircraft w/10 Minutesof Separation at 450 KTS Ground Speed = 75 Miles Airspace 75 miles 33 Non-Radar Lateral Separation Example Minima on diverging radials for DME application (compensates for DME slant range) 4 NM 45° 4 NM NAVIGATION AID Below FL180 Protected Airspace 34 Longitudinal Separation LONGITUDINAL 35Non-Radar Longitudinal Separation 10 Minutes 20 Miles Same altitude/flight level Same/converging or crossing courses 36 Depart At A Specified Time Departing aircraft must depart at or after one three two zero Departing aircraft will climb to 5,000 LAA First aircraft crossed LAA at 1310 @ 5,000 TIME 1310 37Arrive At A Fix At A Specified Time November Two must cross LAMAR at or after one three three zero N1 crossed LAA at 1320 @ 5,000 N2 @ 5,000 V244 LAA V244 38 Change Altitude At A Specified Time Or Fix “CROSS MIAMI VORTAC AT OR AFTER ZERO FOUR TWO ZERO. MAINTAIN SEVEN THOUSAND UNTIL THE MIAMI VORTAC, CLIMB AND MAINTAIN NINER THOUSAND” 7,000 230 KTS 9,000 250 KTS AIRCRAFT PASSED MIO AT 0410Z MIAMI VORTAC (MIO) AIRCRAFT ESTIMATING MIO AT 0418Z REQUESTING 9,000 39 Basic Principles Using DME N1 LAA “NOVEMBER ONE, ROGER.” “NOVEMBER ONE, REPORT PASSING FIVE MILES EAST OF LAMAR.” 40 DME Departing aircraft will climb to 5,000 LAA First aircraft is 5 DME from LAA at 5,000 Distance to LAA 15 DME 41 Using DME N1 is 3 DME east LAA @ 5,000 N2 is 17 DME west LAA @ 5,000 V244 LAA V244 42 Understanding Separation (Cont’d) Same altitude/ flight level Same/converging or crossing courses 43 Understanding Separation (Cont’d) LONGITUDINAL SEPARATION 44 MIAMI VORTAC (MIO) Understanding Separation (Cont’d) “CROSS MIAMI VORTAC AT OR AFTER TWO TWO FOUR FIVE. MAINTAIN ONE FIVE THOUSAND UNTIL THE MIAMI VORTAC, CLIMB AND MAINTAIN ONE SEVEN THOUSAND” 15,000 400 KTS 17,000 445 KTS AIRCRAFT PASSED MIO AT 2235Z Longitudinal AIRCRAFT ESTIMATING MIO AT 2240Z REQUESTING 17,000 45 Understanding Separation (Cont’d) SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE 500 FEET BELOW 1,000 FEET ABOVE FL310 FL200 46 Understanding Separation (Cont’d) a b d e f c g h 2,000 FEET 1,000 FEET 1,000 FEET (RVSM) or 2,000 FEET (Non-RVSM) 5,000 FEET 2,000 FEET Above FL600 Up to FL600 Above FL290 Up to FL290 Surface Above FL410 Up to FL410 47 En Route Radar Separation FL 600 10 NM 5 NM 48Separation 49 Visual Separation 50 Tower Visual Separation 51 Runway Separation 52The End 53Non-Radar Departure Divergence Headings must diverge by at least 45 degrees. 45°

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Terminal Separation Methods and Procedures 航站间隔方法和程序