Chapter 4 DC Generators
**** Hidden Message ***** <P>Chapter 4 DC Generators<BR>Common terms<BR>Terminal Voltage<BR>Terminal voltage, as applied to DC<BR>generators, is defined as the voltage that<BR>can be measured at the output of the<BR>generator.<BR>Counter-Electromotive Force<BR>(CEMF)<BR>In a generator using a rotating armature, the<BR>conductors cut the magnetic lines of force in<BR>the magnetic field. Voltage is induced in the<BR>armature conductors. This induced voltage<BR>acts counter to applied voltage; therefore, it<BR>is called counter-electromotive force (CEMF).<BR>Applied Voltage<BR>Applied voltage is defined as the voltage<BR>that is delivered across the load. This<BR>voltage should be the same as terminal<BR>voltage; however, various circuit faults and<BR>losses may reduce the terminal voltage.<BR>Commutation<BR>commutation is the<BR>mechanical conversion<BR>from AC to DC at the<BR>brushes of a DC machine<BR>Armature<BR>• The purpose of the<BR>armature is to provide<BR>the energy conversion<BR>in a DC machine<BR>• the armature converts<BR>mechanical energy to<BR>electrical energy.<BR>Armature<BR>• The purpose of the field in a DC<BR>machine is to provide a<BR>magnetic field for producing<BR>either a voltage (generator) or a<BR>torque (motor).<BR>• The field in a DC machine is<BR>produced by either a permanent<BR>magnet or an electromagnet.</P><P><BR>Summary<BR>• The purpose of the armature is to provide the energy<BR>conversion in a DC machine.<BR>• The purpose of the rotor is to provide the rotating<BR>element in a DC machine.<BR>• In DC machines, the purpose of the stator is to<BR>provide the field.<BR>• The purpose of the field in a DC machine is to<BR>provide a magnetic field for producing either a<BR>voltage or a torque.<BR>A basic DC generator has four<BR>basic parts:<BR>• A magnetic field;<BR>• A single conductor, or loop;<BR>• A commutator; and<BR>• Brushes<BR>The magnitude of the voltage produced i<BR>s dependent on a number of factors:<BR>• The strength of the magnetic field<BR>• The speed at which the conductor cuts the<BR>magnetic field<BR>• The length of the conductor within the<BR>magnetic field<BR>• The angle at which the conductor cuts the<BR>magnetic field</P>
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<P><BR>DC from Four Armature Loops<BR>Eg = KN (4-1)<BR>Where<BR>Eg = generated voltage;<BR>K = fixed constant;<BR>= magnetic flux strength;<BR>N = speed in RPM<BR>The magnitude of the EMF induced in a<BR>conductor by electro-magnetic induction<BR>is dependent upon the following factors:<BR>• The rate at which the conductor is cut by the lines<BR>of magnetic flux (in this case speed of armature<BR>rotation).<BR>• The length of the conductor (determined by the<BR>number of turns in the armature winding).<BR>• The flux density (the strength of the magnetic field).<BR>• The aircraft generator, whether AC or DC, is<BR>driven by the aircraft engine and therefore its<BR>speed of rotation is variable, especially in the<BR>case of the piston engine aircraft.<BR>• The EMF induced in the armature windings<BR>of a generator will vary directly with the<BR>speed of rotation of the armature<BR>By this means the EMF induced in the<BR>generator armature, and therefore the<BR>generator output voltage, can be controlled<BR>regardless of generator speed or electrical<BR>load by varying the current supplied to the<BR>core winding of the electro-magnet.<BR>When the generator field current is supplied from an<BR>external source of direct current, as in this case, this<BR>is known as external, or separate excitation.<BR>Figure 4-9. Self-excitation Generator<BR>Residual magnetism<BR>• The soft iron of the electro-magnets retains<BR>a small amount of magnetism, known as<BR>residual magnetism, even when there is no<BR>field current.<BR>• This residual magnetism is sufficient to<BR>induce an EMF in the armature of the<BR>generator when it first starts to rotate, which<BR>initiates a current flow from the generator.<BR>Residual magnetism<BR>• Residual magnetism may be lost, or its<BR>polarization reversed, due to excess heat,<BR>shock or reversal of field current flow.<BR>• The residual magnetism can be restored by<BR>briefly passing a current through the field.<BR>This is known as field flashing, or flashing<BR>the field.<BR>Parameter of DC<BR>Generator<BR>Terminal Voltage<BR>DC generator output voltage is<BR>dependent on three factors<BR>• The number of conductor loops in series in<BR>the armature<BR>• Armature speed, and<BR>• Magnetic field strength.<BR>A DC generator contains four ratings.<BR>• Voltage<BR>• Current<BR>• Power<BR>• Speed<BR>DC Generator Construction<BR>• The Yoke is a cylinder of cast iron, which supports the pole<BR>pieces of the electromagnetic field.<BR>• The Armature is driven by the aircraft engine, and holds the<BR>windings (in which the output voltage of the machine is<BR>induced) and the commutator.<BR>• The Commutator changes the AC voltage induced in the<BR>armature into DC voltage.<BR>• The Quill Drive is a weak point, which is designed to shear and<BR>protect the engine if the generator seizes.<BR>• The Suppressor reduces radio interference, which may result<BR>from sparking between the brushes and commutator.<BR>DC Generator Construction<BR>TYPES OF DC GENERATORS<BR>• Shunt-Wound DC Generators<BR>• Series-Wound DC Generators<BR>• Compound Generators<BR>Shunt-Wound DC Generators<BR>Shunt-Wound DC Generators<BR>The shunt-wound generator, running at a<BR>constant speed under varying load<BR>conditions, has a much more stable voltage<BR>output than does a series-wound generator.<BR>Series-Wound DC Generators<BR>Series Generator<BR>A series generator has poor voltage<BR>regulation, and, as a result, series<BR>generators are not use for fluctuating loads.<BR>Compound Generators<BR>The change in output voltage from no-load<BR>to full-load is less than 5 percent. A<BR>generator with this characteristic is said to<BR>be flat-compounded .<BR>For some applications, the series winding is<BR>wound so that it overcompensates for a change<BR>in the shunt field. The output gradually rises<BR>with increasing load current over the normal<BR>operating range of the machine. This type of<BR>generator is called an over-compounded<BR>generator.<BR>The series winding can also be wound so<BR>that it undercompensates for the change in<BR>shunt field strength. The output voltage<BR>decreases gradually with an increase in load<BR>current. This type of generator is called an<BR>under-compounded generator.<BR>ALTERNATORS<BR>Alternators<BR>• Alternators used in many light single and<BR>twin-engined aircraft<BR>• Alternators are lighter than DC generators<BR>• Alternators do not suffer from the problems of<BR>arcing produced by commutation<BR>• The armature winding is in the stationary<BR>casing of the machine and the generator<BR>field windings and their electro-magnets are<BR>on the rotor.<BR>• Only the relatively small field current need<BR>be passed through brushes and slip rings to<BR>the rotating field windings.<BR>In aircraft alternators, the rotating magnetic field<BR>cuts through the stationary conductors of the<BR>armature winding, inducing EMF. The armature<BR>winding is connected to the output terminals of<BR>the alternator, from which the load current is<BR>supplied to the distribution bus bars through a<BR>rectification system that converts the AC output<BR>to DC.<BR>Simple Alternator<BR>Rectifier<BR>A rectifier is a static semiconductor device<BR>that permits current flow in one direction<BR>only and thereby converts bi-directional AC<BR>into unidirectional DC.<BR>Alternator Circuit<BR>END OF CHAPTER 4</P> 这个东东真好
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