Chapter 4 Departure Charts

航空发表于 2011-9-29 11:38:55

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航空发表于 2011-9-29 11:39:53

Chapter 4 Departure Charts Chapter 4 Departure Charts §4.1 Introduction §4.2 Arrangement and Information of Departure Charts §4.3 Examples of Chart §4.1 Introduction The purpose of using departure charts are • Provide a transition between the airport and the enroute structure after take off • Reduce frequency congestion, ensure obstacle clearance • Control the flow of traffic around an airport • Reduce fuel consumption, and may include noise abatement procedures Departure charts are normally filed in the Jeppesen Airway Manual preceding the approach charts for the corresponding airport. On the upper right corner of the chart identifies the chart as a SID or DEPARTURE (DP). To find a departure chart for a particular airport, look up at the city in which the airport is located. The index number at the top of the chart ends in “0-3”for departure charts. When more than one departure chart exists for an airport, their index numbers are listed in alphabetic sequence. If there are more than one departure procedures at one chart, the names of the departure procedures are listed on the top of the plan view. Before taking off from an airport, a particular procedure should be chosen. Because of this, the departure charts must be read carefully before the flight. §4.2 Composition and Information of Departure Charts • Heading • Plan View Heading Plan View §4.2.1 Heading The heading of departure includes information about date, communications, transition level and transition altitude, departure procedures naming and numbering. Pilots could find the proper airports and departure procedures by checking the heading of departure charts. §4.2.1.1 Heading Border Data The heading border data includes: • Chart procedure identifier • Location name • ICAO Airport Identifier/ICAO Location Indicator • Chart index number • Revision dates ICAO Airport Identifier/ICAO Location Indicator Location Name Departure Frequency Revision Date Chart Procedure Chart Index Identifier Number Effective Date Airport Elevation Primary Airport Name Chart Procedure Identifier Chart procedure identifier helps pilots quickly identify the correct type of chart（departure, arrival, approach, and so on） Some charts provide additional information about the type of departure. For example, displays “SID(R)” in the heading ,which tells the pilot that operative ATC radar is required for the departure. Some charts use the designation “RNAV SID” to alert pilots that only aircraft with area navigation equipment can use this departure. Location Name For civilian airports, the geographic location is usually the same as the major city it serves. Charts for military airports list the installation name first, with the city displayed below it. Primary Airport Name At the Plainview of departure charts, the positions where the main airports locate are denoted by circular shadow. If there is a “-” before the name of an airport, that means the location name should be a part of the main airport’s name If one departure chart can be used at many airports, the secondary airports are listed under the main airport. Another kind of departure chart is area departure chart. This kind of chars can serve many different airports and there is no primary and secondary. Chart Index Number The chart index number helps pilots to sequence and locate charts within Airway Manual. Revision dates If the effective date is not indicated, the chart will become effective at once. chart date effective date §4.2.1.2 Communications Information about communications is displayed within a box in the heading on the left. The departure frequency may display one or more of the following frequencies: • Approach • Center • Clearance • Control • Radar An asterisk (*) in front of the name of a frequency indicates that the service is not available at all times ; An (R) that follows the frequency type means that radar is available for that service. §4.2.1.3 Transition Level and Transition Altitude The transition level and transition altitude are shown following the communication frame. §4.2.1.4 Chart Naming and Numbering Generally, departure procedures are named after the last fix on the SID, which transitions the pilot to the enroute structure. Sometimes, a plan view displays more than one departure procedure. When several departures end at the same fix, they are distinguished numerically. The code name in navigation database. It couldn't be used to fill flight plan, or communicate with ATC. ATTOL 2A and ATTOL 2C all end at ATTOL Typically in the United States, there are transition routes that guide pilots from the departure route to a fix in the enroute structure. In these cases, the SID is usually named after the last fix on the departure and beginning of the transition. When a significant portion of a departure procedure is revised, such as an altitude, a route, or data concerning the navaid, the number of the departure changes. For Example, the Maric Three Departure is the third version of the modifications made to this procedure. A few departure charts, as those for Mexico, are simply named “Departures.” In front of it is the designations of applicable runways for the route charted. These charts represent preferred departure routes for the airport listed. Finally, a few airports provide initial climb-out procedures when their departure procedures are particularly complicated or detailed. These procedures provide pilots with guidance for a route from a particular airport runway to a fix that begins a published departure procedure. With the departure name, a number of other important data may be listed: • High enroute designator • Departure code • Departure type • Runway designations • Departure direction High Enroute Designator A “(Hi)” designation displayed with the route name means that the departure procedure or transition route ends at a fix within the high altitude enroute structure. Departure Code For charts that depict airports that have computerized their route identification for flight planning/filing purposes, the computer code for a particular departure procedure displays in circinal brackets following the route name. Departure Type When listed, the type of departure follows the name of the route. Departure types could be PILOT NAV, RNAV, VECTOR, DME, or GPS. Runway Designations If a departure applies to specific runways, they are listed below the title. Otherwise, they are specified in the plan view of the chart. Departure Direction Many large airports have different routes designated for aircraft headed for specific airways or cardinal headings. §4.2.1.5 Chart Restrictions The chart title may include any number of restrictions, such as: • Kind of airplane • Speed • Kind of equipment • Noise abatement Kind of Airplane Some routes are designated specifically for jet, turboprop, or non-turbojet airplanes. Speed Restrictions on speed are often noted in a reverse-type box with several criteria for the pilot to follow. Kind of Equipment Since departures can be simplified with the use of navigation systems, RNAV SIDs often specify the kind of equipment required to fly that departure. Noise Abatement When special procedures exist for noise abatement purposes, they are often referenced with a note below the title of the departure. §4.2.2 Plan View A pilot checks for certain instructions, such as headings, climb gradients, and altitudes, as well as speed, airspace, and noise abatement restrictions. The direction of this symbol represents the north direction. It always point to the up side of a departure chart. “NOT TO SCALE” means that the chart is not plotted to scale. But the geography positions and direction information are precise. §4.2.2.1 Airports The primary airport is displayed in the plan view by a shaded circular area. Within the Primary airport symbol is a depiction of the airport’s runways. The chart shows the runway orientation and relative runway lengths. Sometimes, the departure chart for a particular airport includes other airports in the vicinity. The symbol used for the secondary airport depends on whether the airport is civilian or military. 军用卫星机场 民用卫星机场 Military airport Civilian airport If there are second airports at a departure chart, and relative explain can be found at the plan view, the procedures released can also be used by these airports. Reverse, the procedures are forbidden to use by these airports. AREA DEPARTURE can be used by several airports and there is no primary and secondary. Because of this, there is no shaded circular area and runway symbols.
§4.2.2.2 Navaid and Fixes Departure routes are defined by various navigation facilities in the area. Typically, the departure chart shows all the navaids that define the route within the plan view section of the chart. Along the route, there may be designated locations that provide a means for checking the progress of the flight. These fixes may be defined by their relative position to various navaid, as well as latitude and longitude positioning. Departure charts use a variety of symbols to depict the different navigation facilities and fixes. §4.2.2.3 Flight Tracks Departure plan view includes graphic symbols that portray the various tracks and transitions served by the procedure. • A bold-lined arrow indicates the SID track • A bold dashed line represents transition tracks If there are more than one transition procedures in a departure chart, the names of transition procedures should be denoted near the transition tracks. Meanwhile, corresponding textual explanation should be contained in the departure chart. • A thin, real line with arrows represents VOR Radials or NDB bearing • A thin, curved line represents a DME arc. The DME arc is not the real track. It can be used to indicate the change of heading and altitude, or the restriction line when turning. The unit “NM” is labeled on the DME arc. • If there is a route identification code near the departure track, it means that the departure track is a part of this route. • A series of small arrows represents radar vectoring .That means pilots could obtain radar vectoring . • Some textual description about SID track and altitude information. • When there are several departure procedures in a chart, the SID names are used near by the track to denote which departure procedure the track belongs to. Information about flight track and altitude of the corresponding procedure can be found in the table at the bottom or the plan view of chart. Radar DME Arc Vectoring SID Track Route identification code VOR Radial Transition Procedures Name Transition Track SID Name SID textual description §4.2.2.4 Departure Elements Textual descriptions about route and altitude of departure often accompany the graphics on the plan view of a chart. Initial climb Routing Take-off minimums Take-off You may find “Take off” information in text in the plan view, or in a table at the bottom of the chart, labeled by “TAKE-OFF” In some cases, instructions about take-off is labeled with runway number of SID to which they apply or aircraft types. Some SIDs are so complex that there must be a individual diagram to illustrate climb procedures (infrequent). When using such kind of SID, pilots should follow the corresponding climb procedure. When the aircraft get to the last fix, pilots should fly following the SID procedures. Climb Unless specified otherwise, SIDs provide obstacle clearance protection as long as the aircraft: • is 35 feet high as it crosses the departure end of the runway • dose not turn until reaching 400 feet • climbs at least 200 feet per NM Some SIDs require increased or unusual aircraft performance characteristics to ensure obstacle or terrain clearance during the climb phase. In addition to the climb and altitude instructions, notes in the plan view specify a climb gradient in feet per nautical mile. When take-off, GS 200KT, take off from 24L,. Using the climb gradient 205ˊ per NM to calculate the corresponding climb rate should be 833ft/min. Keep this rate and climb to 3100 feet. Use the following formula to calculate climb rate climb rate=(GS/60) ×climb gradient Before climbing to the requiring altitude of the SID, pilots must obey this climb gradient strictly. Especially when meeting bad weather, such as turbulence、icing, it is very important to maintain this climb gradient. Transition Route A transition route sequences the flight from the SID to a fix within the enroute structure. Not all charts include transitions. The design of the departure determines if a transition route is available and used on a particular SID. Transitions are more common in certain regions, particularly North America. Transition routes are shown as bold, dashed lines, and are accompanied by labels when more than one is displayed on a chart, the transition route labels may include: • Transition name • Identifier code (for computerized flight plan filing) • Altitude • DME See the “AVENAL” transition route in the chart. • Identifier code — GMN4.AVE • segment distance from GORMAN VORTAC to COREZ—55NM,MEA 11000FT,MOCA 10000FT • segment distance from COREZ to AVENAL VORTAC —25NM,MEA 4000FT Transition routes end at a fix on an enroute airway. When the transition end point is within the high altitude enroute structure, it’s usually marked “High Altitude”. §4.2.2.5 Altitudes Departure charts show important altitude information, often crucial to the proper execution of the procedure. A SID chart may display altitude instructions for: • MSAs • Route segments • Fixes MSAs The minimum safe altitude (MSA) is shown as a graphic on departure charts. MSA is provided when specified by the controlling authority. MSA provides 1,000 feet of obstruction clearance within a specified distance (25 miles unless specified otherwise) from a navigation facility. MSA is designed only for use in an emergency or during VFR flight, such as a visual approach at night. Each MSA is applicable only to the departure on which it is displayed, and may not be used for any other procedure. Consider LAX VOR as the center of a circle whose radial is 25NM. This circle is divided into three parts: • 010°-120°, MSA 4400FT • 120°-240°, MSA 7700FT • 240°-010°, MSA 2700FT 2. Route Segments While the MSA affects a 25-mile radius, other altitude figures may apply only to a route segment. Using the departure procedure Per Three Alfa at Glasgow. Fly to north to DUMBA fix. When get to Glasgow VOR radial 300°, the aircraft must climb to no less than 2500FT. The following types of altitude notations may also be seen along route segments: • MEA • MOCA • MAA The MEA for the GORMAN Transition is 9,500feet.The Lake Hughes Transition has an MEA of 7,800 feet. The MEA for the CENTRALIA Transition is 6,000feet, while the MOCA is 2,100feet. The MEA for the HILTS Transition is 3,000feet, while the MOCA is 2,200feet, MAA FL290. 3. Fixes Sometimes a SID chart shows specific altitude instructions for a particular fix. • One limit to a maximum altitude at a specific fix • Another limit to a minimum altitude at a specific fix. On the Gorman transition, the crossing altitude restriction at NINTY is at or above 8,800 feet, but if flying the Lake Hughes transition, you'd cross at or above 6,000feet. There are numerous types of crossing altitude restrictions on SIDs. It requires a crossing altitude restriction no higher than 3,000feet when flying over CARAI intersection §4.2.2.6 Chart Restrictions The plan view may display a variety of restrictions that affect the selection of a particular departure. A locality’s terrain, traffic, man-made structure, available navigation equipment, population centers, or a host of other reasons may necessitate unique restrictions for a particular route. These instructions are displayed in the plan view of the chart. It’s important to thoroughly review the plan view section of the selected or assigned SID to ensure that the aircraft can comply with the restrictions listed. If pilots or the aircraft do not meet the requirements of an assigned SID , pilots should contact ATC as soon as possible. Most restrictions fall into one of the following categories: • Aircraft type and equipment • Airspeed • Inoperative navigation equipment • Lost communications • Noise abatement • Special use areas Aircraft type and Equipment Restrictions having to do with the type of aircraft or equipment onboard are usually prominently displayed with the SID title.
Airspeed Departure charts often show speed limits for aircraft flying along a SID. If the airspeed restriction is denoted in a frame, that means this restriction could be applied to every route covered by the chart. Text without boxes along the affected portion of the route on the plan view. The speed limit is reiterated in the textual routing instructions. If there are several maximum speeds, Pilots must determine the limit that affects pilots according to the position along the route, position relative to the airport, altitude or other parameter listed. Inoperative Navigation Equipment When an airport’s equipment is inoperable, it may affect the usability of the SID. Usually, the chart provides alternate instructions for use when the navaid is inoperable.
Certain departures are usable only when radar is operable within the airport environment depicted on the chart. Lost Communications Standard procedures have been established for use when a pilot loses communications with ATC during an IFR flight. Sometime a particular SID has special procedures associated with it for a pilot who experiences lost communications. When such special lost communications instructions exist, there will be a textual description on the chart.
Noise Abatement In densely populated areas, airport officials have devised routes and procedures that minimize discomfort for citizens living in the vicinity of their airports. Some SIDs listed already take noise abatement measures into account. It also includes alternate instructions for aircraft that do not have to comply with noise abatement procedures. • Some airport noise abatement restrictions are so complex that they cannot be included on the plan view of a chart. In this case, the departure chart refers pilots to a separate chart that contains noise abatement procedures.
Special Use Areas When special use areas (SUAs) — specifically prohibited, restricted, and danger areas-are referenced in a SID, they are charted on the plan view. Any prohibited area within 5 NM of a route centerline or primary airport is charted, even if not referenced . SUA boundaries, like LE(D)-61, are depicted with a hatched line. LE refers to the country within which the SUA belongs; (D) designates a Danger Area, although you may also encounter (P) for Prohibited or (R) for Restricted; 61 refers to the specific area. Every country’s SUAS are listed sequentially for easy reference. §4.3 Flying a Departure This lesson guide you through the procedural steps for flying a standard Instrument Departure （SID). In this lesson, you will learn how to fill a departure plan for departure, how to fly a departure and how to fly with lost communications. §4.3.1 Flight Planning for Departures Pilots offer different scenarios that might occur about flight to the ATC. Pilots may request a particular SID in the flight plan, or one may be assigned by ATC in the clearance. When departing an airport with published SIDs, pilots will make use of a SID route when planning the flight. The flight plan shows that the pilot intends to fly from Arlington (KGKY) to Texarkana （KTXK), using the Dallas Six departure. If pilots has chose a SID to fly, they must have the charted procedure, or at least the textual description of the SID. Otherwise, “NO SID” should be entered in the remarks section of the flight plan. When ATC agrees to accommodate the route as filed with little or no change, the controller responds with an abbreviated IFR departure clearance and the phrase “cleared as filed”. When traffic congestion, weather, or other conditions warrant, the controller may specify a different SID, route, or altitude than the one you requested. In many parts of the world, acceptance of the flight plan by ATC, and the subsequent transfer of flight plan information from one control region to another, is facilitated by a computerized flight plan strip. All the essential flight plan data is condensed, codified, and displayed on a computer monitor. Longitude and latitude of destination Flight number RSP (responder beacon) code Flight route Aircraft type and equipment Computer code Estimate time of take off Designated cruise altitude Longitude and latitude of the first important fix、destination and the first important fix of arrival and approach Code of the first important fix after take off Flight rule: IFR; Not airliner Flight number Number、Type of aircraft; wake turbulence Departure airport Estimated time of take off Equipment Cruising speed and level Destination, total eft, 2nd altn airport §4.3.2 Flying a SID When prepare for taking off, pilots must be familiar with the important information displays in the SIDs. The following is several examples. We will use these examples to teach you how to fly a SID. GORMAN FOUR DEPARTURE PPG 4N Departure Departure climb procedure for PPG 4N Departure §4.3.3 Flying an RNAV Departure RNAV (Area Navigation ）—flight utilizing navigation by GPS, FMS, VOR/DME, LORAN, and INS system. Departures that have been designed specifically for RNAV- equipped aircraft are labeled “RNAV” in the upper right hand corner of the chart, and in the title of the departure procedure. If a departure chart is an RNAV SID. Only aircraft equipped with GPS or FMS navigation equipment can use this departure. ATTOL 2 departure at Hong Kong INTL §4.3.4 Flying with Lost Communications The loss of communications after takeoff is a serious concern for pilots on an IFR flight plan. FAA,、 ICAO and JAA all have separate procedures for dealing with a loss of communications. According to FAA FARs, you should: • Set your transponder to 7600, the standard code for radio failure. • If possible, continue flight in VFR conditions and land as soon as practicable. Then, notify the appropriate air traffic control authority. If you must continue flight under IFR conditions, you should handle lost communications in one of the following ways: • Comply with standard communications failure procedures unless otherwise authorized by ATC. • Follow the lost communication procedures published on some SIDs. Standard Communications Failure Procedures • The route assigned in the last clearance received. • If being radar vectored, the direct route from the point of radio failure to the fix, route, or airway specified in the radar vector clearance. • In the absence of an assigned route, the route you were advised to expect in a further clearance. Lost Communication Procedures When lost communications procedures have been established for an instrument departure, a textual description of the instructions are displayed on the departure chart. • One set of instructions applies to IFR flights in which communications are lost within 10 minutes of takeoff. • Another set of instructions applies to communications failure immediately after takeoff before turning. • A third set of instructions applies to flight in which communications are lost more than ten minutes after takeoff.

coindong 发表于 2011-10-9 16:42:52

Chapter 8
Differences Between
Jeppesen Database & Charts

thunderland 发表于 2013-11-11 23:58:15

Thanks for sharing!

信恒毅 发表于 2013-12-16 13:54:53

下来看看学习一下

tonyblairer 发表于 2014-5-27 19:01:18

很好的资料，谢谢分享

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Chapter 4 Departure Charts