机场数字集群通信的应用与发展 • TETRA数字集群技术及其发展概况 • 数字集群在机场的应用 • 机场对数字集群网络的主要要求 • 机场对用户机的特殊要求 功能特性 – 互操作 – 安全 – 可靠性和可用性 – 未来扩容 控制权 – 频率 – 用户注册 – 终端用户接口 – 服务套餐 覆盖（COVERAGE） – 机场 – 地区 – 全国 – 无缝隙 容量 – 频谱 – 带宽 – 灵活性 成本（COST） – 经济 – 最小运营成本 – 最小投资成本 – 可预计 建设数字集群系统考虑5个方面( 5 C’s) 5 Characteristics of a system that are critical in the development of a SOLUTION ... Control: Ability to Manage and Monitor Who Is Communicating, When They Communicate, and Who They Communicate with. Guaranteed access to the system, reliability and availability is very important. Coverage: Ensuring Ubiquitous, Reliable, Consistent coverage to all users with in the organization's operational boundaries ( ability to guarantee coverage in different environments such as in-building, in subways, rural areas) Capability: Provide for the unique communications needs of the work-team (types of features and applications ) - Instant communications, 1to1 and 1-many, centralized dispatch, security, ruggedized units, high power Capacity: Simultaneous accommodation of all Data and Communications needs between multiple users at any given time. Unpredictable nature of mission critical communications given capacity is acceptable 90% of time but need for system capacity increases exponentially in case of emergency. Its a big problem if the system is not designed to handle it. Costs: Best mix of Technologies and Services to Ensure Cost-Effective Communications. Trade-off between capital vs operating budget (purchase units as capital and use free airtime vs lease units and pay airtime (Op expense). For mission critical usually demand value for dollars but less willing to compromise control, capabilities coverage and capacity in regards to price. 示例：某机场 Main Terminal Bldg Admin Bldg Satellite Bldg A Engrg Bldg Contact Pier 机场航站楼室内覆盖 典型室内覆盖设计 Use example to illustrate integration with existing system. For example, Police National Computer (PNC) in UK is an existing database, where licence plate search application was integrated. This allowed police on the roads/motorways to make checks as and when necessary. Previously, police would have had to call Dispatch Centre to raise search, taking up valuable time and tying up two people – police office & control room - to perform a simple task. 机场航站楼室内覆盖 室内覆盖设计考虑 • 室内覆盖设计考虑的因素: – 设备规范要求 – 系统余量 • 确定设计参数后，在计算: – 功放的增益 – 漏缆类型和型号 • 反复计算Donor Station Pickup Antenna LCX (91.44m) BDA 6.4km 0.6 Fresnel Clearance 12.2m Use example to illustrate integration with existing system. For example, Police National Computer (PNC) in UK is an existing database, where licence plate search application was integrated. This allowed police on the roads/motorways to make checks as and when necessary. Previously, police would have had to call Dispatch Centre to raise search, taking up valuable time and tying up two people – police office & control room - to perform a simple task. 机场航站楼室内覆盖 • 根据建筑结构 – 每层分别设计 – 确定最合适的方案 • 确定用天线还是漏缆 RF Feed RF Feed RF Feed RF Feed RF Feed RF Feed RF Feed Use example to illustrate integration with existing system. For example, Police National Computer (PNC) in UK is an existing database, where licence plate search application was integrated. This allowed police on the roads/motorways to make checks as and when necessary. Previously, police would have had to call Dispatch Centre to raise search, taking up valuable time and tying up two people – police office & control room - to perform a simple task. 虚拟隔离网(VPN) • 口令保护 • 每个用户组织有多级的接 入权限 – 按应用和按职能 • 安全隔离 – 数据库隔离: • 按地理位置或地区 • 按部门或机构 • 按应用 • 按用户或操作者 RADIO MAINTENANCE REGIONS SUBSCRIBER CONFIGURATION ACCESS CONTROL CENTRAL Airlines Airport SECURITY AIRLINES AIRPORT OPS RADIO DISPATCH MANAGER SYSTEM MANAGER DISPATCHER ZONEWATCH REPORTS MANAGER ZONEWATCH MAINTENANCE APPLICATIONS Authority 各个用户组织可以共享基础设施并随虚拟网隔离 800兆模拟系统到TETRA的平稳过渡 对于一个几乎需要全天候实时工作的关键系统，需要精心策划和各方的 紧密配合，以实现模拟到数字的平稳过渡，和100％的通信保障率，化 解风险。 主要问题： • 新系统需要一个优化和稳定的过程 • 用户需要熟悉新终端的操作 • 用户需要熟悉新的呼叫流程 • 新旧系统共存的期间，跨系统呼叫 如何实现 • 应急通信预案和保障措施 主要对策： • 经过市场检验的成熟系统 • 尽量减少操作上的差异 • 培训 • 需要技术解决方案 • 实际工程经验和技术支持 Use example to illustrate integration with existing system. For example, Police National Computer (PNC) in UK is an existing database, where licence plate search application was integrated. This allowed police on the roads/motorways to make checks as and when necessary. Previously, police would have had to call Dispatch Centre to raise search, taking up valuable time and tying up two people – police office & control room - to perform a simple task. 超大容量及超高密度话务量的考虑 • 用户密度高：如某机场，根据需求调研和预测，到2010年系统用户将超 过10000台。 • 话务量大：系统必须能够承受高密度大话务量的冲击 选择系统要求： • 分布式处理设计：专为关键任务而设计的系统，保障“接入时间”始终小 于500ms。 • 辅助集群调度功能：通过“强拆、强插、动态数据信道”等功能保障高优 先级的调度通话，以及通过“通话组合并”、“区域呼叫”等功能降低话务 量。 奥运会、世界杯、世博会、亚运会的实践检验。 Use example to illustrate integration with existing system. For example, Police National Computer (PNC) in UK is an existing database, where licence plate search application was integrated. This allowed police on the roads/motorways to make checks as and when necessary. Previously, police would have had to call Dispatch Centre to raise search, taking up valuable time and tying up two people – police office & control room - to perform a simple task. 全国呼叫建立时间 区域交换中心，全功能、全国覆盖 • 全功能广域覆盖 • 无缝连接:全国快速呼叫 • 无缝漫游: 用户漫游时保持呼叫 连接 × During the introduction we already discussed the need for public safety organisations to coordinate operations across large geographical areas. Dimetra IP allows for this due to the wide area coverage capability of the system. But mere coverage is not enough. Performance and functionality of the network need to be maintained as users roam across the coverage area: Group and emergency calls must be established with minimal delay. Dimetra IP uses a ”flat mesh” architecture, with no need for calls to travel across multiple transit switches with considerable delays as it is seen in traditional circuit switched networks. With Dimetra IP calls are set up in fractions of a second no matter where in the network the call participants may be located. We call this ”Seamless Connection”. In a coordinated drug bust, for example, where multiple Police squads conduct a national raid, there is no time to wait for a call to be set up on the communication system. Again, time is a critical factor. Now, once a call is set up it is critical that communication is maintained, while users on the call roam across the network. ”Seamless roaming” allows officers to conduct calls in hot pursuit of suspects, without having to adjust radio settings or worrying about whether their back up teams are in a different county. Motorola Dimetra IP is the only TETRA system currently available to provide this functionality. 单站集群功能（LST） • 基站用户登记 • 真正集群 • 控制信道备份 • 组呼（编组不变） • 主叫显示 • 紧急呼叫 • 排队回呼 • 迟后加入 • 定时自动提示 • 自动恢复广区集群 机场B 机场A 链路故障概率比设备故障高，且设备有（热）备份。 金羊网-新快报和http://news.tom.com 2003年07月06日报道: 前天（7月4日）10时53分至12时26分，首都机场离港系统因发生设备 故障而瘫痪93分钟，无法为旅客办理登机手续。共有71个出港航班因 此发生延误，至少3000名旅客无法准时登机。有关方面在当天下午召 开的新闻发布会上称，此次事故是通信网络中的光通信接点机发生故 障造成的。首都机场离港系统前端在机场、后台在中航信。离港系统 的所有设备都是双备份的，只有与电信部门的接点机没有备份。据介 绍，这样的情况当天在中国其他机场也有发生。 网易报道：罗马尼亚小偷一夜卷走数百电缆机场瘫痪5小时 http://news.163.com 2005-03-15 08:22:20 英国媒体14日报道，最近 ，罗马尼亚两名小偷来到首都布加勒斯一家机场，盗走300根31米长的 电缆，导致机场停电，而瘫痪了至少5个小时。当时，这两名小偷乘着 夜黑风高，偷偷潜入布加勒斯特一家机场的后勤中心，盗走其内300根 31米长的电缆。其后，原本灯火通明的机场瞬间变得漆黑一片，原本 由电子卡控制的所有大门也失去了功能，整个机场瘫痪了至少5个小时 。 开放IP 接口 第三方应TETRA 主机应智能 IP 交换网 电信网 公司 互联网 应用软件的增值解决方案可以平滑经济地接入 基 移动应 内部计算机网 IP交换和支持IP连接：接入各种应用和业务 Motorola has an open interface policy, that ensures that third party products and applications can easily be integrated onto the TETRA network. Interfaces to the system via our terminals or other system elements are all based on IP Connectivity, which gives the following benefits: •The standard environment provides an ideal basis for 3rd party developers to design applications •Customers gain access to a host of wire-line and wireless applications from the entire software community •Being based on standard interfaces data/voice applications are ”plug & play” •Support of all types of applications … voice, data, mobile office, paging, video Note: IN= Intelligent Network is a telecom network architecture in which processing capabilities for call control and related functions are distributed among specialized nodes rather than concentrated in a switching system 动态静态结合的分组数传信道 不需要每次传送数据均通过主控制信道（MCCH）申请数传信道 60个分组数据用户可同时使用此信道 下行 上行 时隙1 时隙2 时隙3 时隙4 时隙1 时隙2 时隙3 时隙4 话音 voice 数据1 data 1 数据1 SwMI 话音通信中 的移动台 #1数据终端进行数据查询 #2数据终端进行数据查询 主机负责对数据查询 的响应 主机负责对数据查询的响 应 分组数据信道(PDCH): - PDCH被不同的用户共享 - 优化的PDCH应用 - 大大降低了主控制信道(MCCH)的负担 专注的分组数据信道(PDCH) 数据2 数据2 数据2 数据2 数据1 拒绝入网 非法用户 • 频率相同 • 组识别码相同 • 个人识别码相同 错误鉴权码 拒绝服务 包括系统网络鉴权和移动台鉴权 合法用户 假系统网络 错误鉴权码 系统鉴权功能 外围机场本地管理用户，本地接入电话和数据的 一种方法 EBTS TETRA 交换控 制中心 PCM 光端机 链路设备 备份链路 PCM 光端机 调动台 网管终端 PABX 调动台 网管终端 LAN E1 E1 Q-Sig SS1 PABX Q-Sig Or SS1 Q-Sig SS1 E1 2*E1 LAN 主机场外围机场 • 基于标准协议（TETRA）的解决方案 • 系统网络容量大 • 系统兼容能力强 • 通信安全性高（可鉴权、加密） • 通信即时性好（同站300ms，跨站500ms） • 系统可靠性高（系统级和设备级冗余） • 长期可用性保护投资（基于IP交换控制平台） • 系统集成能力强（广泛采用IP技术） • 利用TETRA技术实现单信道双工话音通信 • 一个通信平台上综合了调度、数传、电话业务 • 一个系统满足用户各种无线通信需求 选择TETRA产品应考虑 数字集群系统建设应考虑的问题 • 800兆模拟系统到TETRA的平稳过渡 • 机场航站楼室内覆盖 • 频率规划（频率分配与复用方案） • 重叠覆盖及其优化管理 • 超大容量及超高密度话务量的考虑 • 地区机场区域组网及其相关的VPN管理问题 • 系统可靠性问题 • 增值应用及其集成 • 工程进度与分期实施 • 其它（比如：应急联动与机场反恐等） Use example to illustrate integration with existing system. For example, Police National Computer (PNC) in UK is an existing database, where licence plate search application was integrated. This allowed police on the roads/motorways to make checks as and when necessary. Previously, police would have had to call Dispatch Centre to raise search, taking up valuable time and tying up two people – police office & control room - to perform a simple task.