1W ;5@@WJTWB )WBB&6;F@P>PFJPJT =>RWB
2S
04 S2
Q
2
0X
0
2O
@BNB eN Ha_]GFaHab kJHa]_K Ha_]GFaHab
/$1*#) ." "+%+2 +((!�%'
3.0 COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT, AIRCRAFT OVER 2 250 KG MTOM
18 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
When looking at foreign registered aircraft, passenger transport is the main type
of operation involved in fatal accidents. Most fatal accidents (16) of EASA MS
aircraft involved helicopters operating as emergency medical services (EMS). This
represents 44 % of the total number of fatal accidents involving EMS operations
worldwide. These EMS flights facilitate emergency medical assistance, where immediate
and rapid transportation of medical personnel, medical supplies or injured
persons is essential.
The ¡°other¡± operations category includes operations such as cargo, commercial
training flights or operations the type of which is unknown.
It is worth noting that in the last decade, worldwide 25 helicopters involved in
fatal accidents were performing an offshore flight: flights to or from an offshore
installation. These accidents are included in all four of the categories mentioned
above.
3.2.3 Accident categories
The CICTT accident categories were originally developed for accidents involving
large commercial aeroplanes. For this Annual safety review, those accident categories
have also been assigned to the fatal helicopter accidents. More than one category
can be assigned to an accident.
As shown in Figure 12, the majority of helicopter accidents are assigned under the
category of ¡°unknown¡±. This is because in some cases it is not possible to determine
the accident cause.
3.0 COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT, AIRCRAFT OVER 2 250 KG MTOM
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 19
FIGURE 12 Accident categories of fatal accidents¡ªHelicopters, EASA MS and foreign registered
kJHa]_K Ha_]GFaHab @BNB eN Ha_]GFaHab
4 24 04 X4 V4 U4 S4
'*,
)8;='%
.A.?
.(,
.+(A
C=,8I
A.,
(.A;
',)8;;
',)8?;
C.C%
=%H(
C=,8G
,)G%
$?D
The category with the second highest number of fatal accidents assigned is CFIT
(controlled flight into terrain). In most cases adverse weather circumstances were
prevalent, such as deteriorating visibility due to mist or fog. Also, several flights
had taken place at night.
Loss of control in flight (LOC-I) has the third highest number of accidents assigned.
Helicopter handling difficulties together with the presence of adverse
weather conditions were mentioned in several accidents. The ¡°other¡± (OTHR)
category mainly has been assigned to accidents during take-off and landing phases
where a collision with objects on the ground occurred.
Low altitude (LALT) accidents are collisions with terrain and obstacles that occurred
while intentionally operating near the surface, excluding take-off and landing
phases. It is important to note that a significant number of LALT and OTHR
involved a collision with power lines.
SCF-NP and SCF-PP can be grouped together as the more technical systems related
accidents or TECH category. The accidents in this category mainly involve critical
systems: engine failures, main rotor system failures or tail rotor system failures.
3.0 COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT, AIRCRAFT OVER 2 250 KG MTOM
20 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
Figure 13 presents the trend of the top six categories over the decade (three-year
moving averages). The sharp rise for the ¡°unknown¡± category for the years
2005¨C2007 is probably due to uncompleted accident investigations. When more
investigation results become available the trend for the latest years is expected to
change.
FIGURE 13 Proportion of top four accident categories ¡ª Fatal accidents ¡ª Helicopter commercial transport
operations
4
24
04
X4
V4
U4
S4
Q4
2NNO 2NNN 0444 0442 0440 044X 044V 044U 044S 044Q
%*,H
C=,8G
,)G%
$?D
,#)(#0%- 3
AkhMQ AJKFHJ[[ab `[]_^F
]KFJ JH FJC?Hb FaHH?]K
LdgQ LK\KJCK JH
EKbaFaHZ]Kab
fcA7hQ fJGG J`
=JKFHJ[7]K`[]_^F
M@AiQ N8GFaZJH =JZIJKaKF
`?][EHa JH Z?[`EK=F]JK
3.0 COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT, AIRCRAFT OVER 2 250 KG MTOM
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 21
This chapter provides data on accidents to aircraft involved in general aviation
and aerial work. The information provided in this chapter is based on data obtained
from ICAO.
In ICAO documents, the term ¡°aerial work¡± is defined as an aircraft operation in
which an aircraft is used for specialised services such as agriculture, construction,
photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, or aerial advertisement.
ICAO defines as ¡°general aviation¡± all civil aviation operations other than scheduled
or non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire or aerial
work.
For the decade 1998¨C2007, the distribution of fatal accidents by type of operation
is as shown below.
FIGURE 14 Aeroplanes over 2 250 kg ¡ªFatal accidents¡ªEASA MS
FIGURE 15 Helicopters over 2 250 kg¡ªFatal accidents¡ªEASA MS
4.0 GENERAL AVIATION
AND AERIAL WORK,
AIRCRAFT OVER 2 250 KG MTOM
Other/Unknown: 43 %
Business: 13 %
Pleasure: 19 %
Ferry and Positioning: 19 %
Flight training/
Instruct: 6 %
Other/Unknown: 21 %
Search and Rescue: 11 %
Logging: 25 %
Agricultural: 16 %
Construction and
external load: 16 %
Fire fighting: 11 %
Unknown: 15 %
Agricultural: 5 %
Other: 25 %
Fire fighting: 55 %
Unknown: 6 %
Business: 15 %
Pleasure: 32 %
Flight training/
Instruct.: 15 %
Other: 32 %
Distribution by
Distribution by
type of aerial work
type of aerial work
type of general aviation
type of general aviation
22 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
TABLE 3 Aircraft over 2 250 kg ¡ª Number of accidents, fatal accidents and fatalities by type of
aircraft and type of operation¡ªAircraft registered in EASA MS only
Aircraft
type
Operations
type
Period Number of
accidents
Of which,
fatal
accidents
Fatalities
on board
Ground
fatalities
Aeroplane Aerial
work
1996¨C2005
(average)
5 2 4 0
2006
(total)
2 0 0 0
2007
(total)
4 3 4 0
Aeroplane General
aviation
1996¨C2005
(average)
15 5 17 ‹1
2006
(total)
19 7 16 0
2007
(total)
13 4 5 0
Helicopter Aerial
work
1996¨C2005
(average)
6 2 3 ‹1
2006
(total)
7 1 6 0
2007
(total)
8 1 0 1
Helicopter General
aviation
1996¨C2005
(average)
4 1 2 0
2006
(total)
8 2 7 0
2007
(total)
4 3 10 0
Table 3 provides an overview of the number of accidents and fatal injuries since
1996. The number of accidents in aerial work operations is similar for aeroplanes
and helicopters for the decade 1996¨C2005. In recent years the number of helicopter
accidents in this type of operation is more than double than that for aeroplanes.
In general aviation the small number of accidents involving helicopters in comparison
to aeroplanes is probably a reflection of the relatively lower number of
helicopters used in this type of operation.
4.0 GENERAL AVIATION AND AERIAL WORK, AIRCRAFT OVER 2 250 KG MTOM
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 23
4.1 Accident categories¡ªGeneral aviation¡ªAeroplanes
It was observed that several accidents obtained from ICAO had not been classified
in terms of the accident categories. Consequently, the numbers presented provide
a low estimate of the frequency for all accident categories.
FIGURE 16 General aviation ¡ª Aeroplanes over 2 250 kg ¡ª Fatal accidents, EASA MS and foreign
registered aircraft
kJHa]_K Ha_]GFaHab ?]H=H?`F @BNB eN Ha_]GFaHab ?]H=H?`F
dEZ>aH J` ?==]baKFG
4 04 V4 S4 O4 244 204 2V4 2S4 2O4 044
A., 20 0
=%H( 2X 4
)8;='% 2U U
',)8?; 2S 0
)$*C 2Q 2
G,* 2O 4
',)8;; XN X
$?D SS Q
,)G% QO O
C=,8G 2US 00
For general aviation aircraft worldwide and within the EASA MS, LOC-I (loss of
control in flight) is the leading accident category. The number of CFIT (controlled
flight into or towards terrain) occurrences worldwide is about half of that of loss
of control in flight, while for EASA MS it is about one third. Technical issues appear
to play a much smaller role.
In general, the experience for general aviation is similar to that of commercial air
transport operations in that CFIT and loss of control in flight are the leading categories
for fatal accidents.
4.2 Accident categories¡ªAerial work¡ªAeroplanes
As mentioned above, aerial work involves specialised operations such as fire fighting,
agricultural operations and aerial observation.
4.0 GENERAL AVIATION AND AERIAL WORK, AIRCRAFT OVER 2 250 KG MTOM
24 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
There is a particular problem in obtaining data related to accidents in aerial work.
One of the most hazardous types of operation in this regard is related to fire fighting.
However, in some States, this activity is carried out by State organisations
(e.g. the Air Force) and consequently the related activities are not classified as
aerial work but as ¡°State flights¡± and consequently related accidents were not included
in this review.
FIGURE 17 Aerial work¡ªAeroplanes over 2 250 kg ¡ªFatal accident categories
kJHa]_K Ha_]GFaHab ?]H=H?`F @BNB eN Ha_]GFaHab ?]H=H?`F
4 U 24 2U 04 0U X4 XU
I,=C 2 4
(G8#.; X 4
)8;='% X 4
',)8;; V 0
=%H( V 0
A., U 4
,)G% N V
$?D 24 4
C=,8G 2Q U
C.C% 0O U
dEZ>aH J` ?==]baKFG
The high number fatal accidents related to low altitude operations (LALT) is no
surprise as the nature of aerial work frequently involves operations close to the
ground, e.g. agricultural operations. Operating at low altitudes makes recovery
from a loss of control or an unforeseen event more difficult. The high number of
accidents assigned the category ¡°unknown¡± is testimony that the investigation and
reporting of such accidents can be improved.
4.0 GENERAL AVIATION AND AERIAL WORK, AIRCRAFT OVER 2 250 KG MTOM
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 25
4.3 Business aviation¡ªAeroplanes
Under the ICAO definitions, business aviation is a subset of general aviation.
Data on business aviation are presented separately in light of the importance of
this sector.
FIGURE 18 Business aviation fatal accidents, EASA MS and foreign registered
4
U
24
2U
04
2NNO 2NNN 0444 0442 0440 044X 044V 044U 044S 044Q
2
N
2
2S 2X
4
0
2Q
2
22
4
22
4
O N
2
2S
2
2U
2
@BNB eN
X78a?H ?DaH?_a
k?F?[ ?==]baKFG `JHa]_K
Ha_]GFaHab
k?F?[ ?==]baKFG @BNB eN
Ha_]GFaHab
kJHa]_K Ha_]GFaHab
X78a?H ?DaH?_a
/$1*#) ." "+%+2 +((!�%'
The number of fatal accidents in business aviation for aircraft registered in EASA
MS is low. Nevertheless, it would appear that worldwide the number of fatal accidents
has been increasing in recent years.
4.0 GENERAL AVIATION AND AERIAL WORK, AIRCRAFT OVER 2 250 KG MTOM
26 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
Data on light aircraft accidents was requested from EASA MS in January 2008.
By the middle of April 2008, most States had supplied the information. Data were
missing from the Czech Republic, Ireland, Austria and Romania.
Reporting by States is uneven. Some provided data for accidents to parachutists,
para-motors and hang-gliders, others did not. Some used a mass limit of 454 kg
(1 000 pounds) to delineate ¡°microlight¡± aircraft from ¡°normal¡± aeroplanes, others
did not. Data from some States showed that for the same aircraft manufacturer
and model, two different classifications for the aircraft category were used. It would
appear that more work is required to harmonise these definitions.
Table 4 provides the number of accidents and their related fatalities for the years
2006 and 2007 based on the data reported.
TABLE 4 Accidents, fatal accidents and related fatalities¡ªAircraft with a mass below 2 250 kg, by year
and aircraft category
Year Number of
accidents
Number of
fatal
accidents
Number of
on board
fatalities
Ground
fatalities
Aeroplane 2006 571 75 124 2
Aeroplane 2007 489 59 108 0
Balloon 2006 29 0 0 0
Balloon 2007 15 0 0 0
Glider 2006 195 22 24 0
Glider 2007 173 17 19 1
Gyroplane 2006 5 1 1 0
Gyroplane 2007 5 3 4 0
Helicopter 2006 90 8 16 0
Helicopter 2007 80 11 21 4
Microlight 2006 200 36 45 0
Microlight 2007 187 20 26 0
Motorglider 2006 60 11 18 0
Motorglider 2007 48 11 16 0
Other 2006 46 10 10 2
Other 2007 55 12 14 0
Total 2006 1196 163 238 4
Total 2007 1052 133 208 5
5.0 LIGHT AIRCRAFT,
AIRCRAFT BELOW 2 250 KG MTOM
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 27
5.0 LIGHT AIRCRAFT, AIRCRAFT BELOW 2 250 KG MTOM
Commercial Air Transport: 6 %
Aerial Work: 7 %
Unknown: 1 %
General Aviation: 86 %
5.1 Fatal accidents
FIGURE 19 Aircraft below 2 250 kg, EASA MS ¡ªFatal accidents, type of operation, 2006¨C2007
The vast majority of the light aircraft in EASA MS are involved in general aviation.
Some, in particular light helicopters, are also involved in aerial work, e.g.
aerial observation activities.
FIGURE 20 Aircraft below 2 250 kg, EASA MS ¡ªFatal accidents, category of aircraft, 2006¨C2007
Aeroplane: 47 %
Gyroplane: 1 %
Balloon: 0 %
Other: 6 %
Motorglider: 7 %
Microlight: 15 %
Helicopter: 13 %
Glider: 11 %
28 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
5.2 Accident categories
An attempt was made to apply the CICTT accident categories to the set of light
aircraft data accidents for the year 2006. Their application to small, general aviation
aircraft proved difficult.
FIGURE 21 Accidents¡ªAeroplanes below 2 250 kg, EASA MS¡ªDistribution of accident categories, 2006
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
F-NI 10
UNK 14
LALT 15
USOS 19
CFIT 18
MAC 21
FUEL 33
OTHR 40
GCOL 48
SCF-NP 67
LOC-G 67
LOC-I 81
SCF-PP 105
RE 103
ARC 137
Number of accidents
FIGURE 22 Fatal accidents¡ªAeroplanes below 2 250 kg, EASA MS¡ªDistribution of accident categories, 2006
4 U 24 2U 04 0U X4
%$(- 0
',)8?; 0
(G8#.; 0
)8?G 0
A., 0
,)G% 0
.%A 0
$?D X
I,=C V
)$*C O
C=,8I 22
C.C%
.(,
2V
2S
=%H( 02
',)8;; 2Q
C=,8G 0N
dEZ>aH J` `?F?[ ?==]baKFG
5.0 LIGHT AIRCRAFT, AIRCRAFT BELOW 2 250 KG MTOM
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 29
Analysis was based on the limited data available for the year 2006. The Agency
will continue to attempt obtaining light aircraft accident data from EASA MS in
order to provide more in-depth analysis. Based on the limited data at hand, it
would appear that there is a major difference between the light aircraft accidents
and those related to larger aircraft. A high number of light aircraft accidents involved
powerplant related failures or malfunctions.
With only two years of data available, no trend could be developed. Further,
analysis of causes was limited by the lack of complete data from EASA MS.
5.0 LIGHT AIRCRAFT, AIRCRAFT BELOW 2 250 KG MTOM
30 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
In order to achieve its main objectives, EASA engages into several activities among
which are certification, rulemaking and standardisation. These activities are reflected
into its organisational structure through relevant directorates. The Certification
Directorate engages, among others, in the certification of new or existing
aircraft, engines and systems. Among the activities of the Rulemaking Directorate
is the drafting of new or amendments to existing regulations pertaining to aviation
safety. The Standardisation Directorate aims at standardising and maintaining
safety levels in all EASA MS. To this end, this directorate engages in several
activities among which are inspections of civil aviation authorities, aircraft operators
and other stakeholders in the aviation industry.
6.1 Standardisation
The year 2007 has been a period of stabilisation for the standardisation activity of
the Agency with respect to initial and continuing airworthiness. This came after a
transition from a voluntary process derived from the previous Joint Aviation Authorities
(JAA) system to a mandatory system supported by a proper legislation
and structured implementation procedures highlighted in May 2006 through the
issuance of Commission Regulation (EC) No 736/2006 on the working methods
of the European Aviation Safety Agency for conducting standardisation inspections.
Although the continued surveillance was still based on a two-year periodicity, the
scope of the visits for larger countries has been split up in order to allow more intensive
inspections. In a few critical cases, visits on the same scope were repeated
after one year.
As planned, the Agency performed a total of 28 visits in continuing airworthiness (2)
and 12 in initial airworthiness (3).
Pending the extension of the remit of the Agency to operations and pilot licensing,
these inspections were run as a JAA standardisation programme, fully staffed by
the NAAs including the team leaders whenever possible. Standardisation visits
carried out on behalf of the JAA are briefly described in Table 5.
6.0 AGENCY¡¯S SAFETY ACTIONS
2 Greece, Belgium, Cyprus, Germany (NRW), United Kingdom, Hungary, Portugal, Norway, Estonia,
Iceland, France, Poland, Netherlands, Monaco*, Turkey*, Italy, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Latvia, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Croatia*, Serbia* (* = carried out
on behalf of the JAA).
3 Slovakia, Germany, Switzerland, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Spain, Czech Republic, Finland, Sweden,
Portugal, Denmark.
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 31
TABLE 5 Standardisation visits
Air operations Bulgaria, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Iceland, Greece,
Slovenia, Czech Republic, Poland, Austria, Slovakia,
Germany
Synthetic training
devices (simulators)
Finland, Belgium, Italy, France, United Kingdom,
Netherlands
Flight crew licensing
andmedical
United Kingdom, Norway, Serbia, Spain, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Luxembourg, Czech Republic
6.2 Certification
Certification directly contributes to aviation safety by conducting certification activities
leading to the EU-wide approval of aeronautical products, parts and appliances
on the highest possible safety level. In this respect, an aeronautical product
can only receive its certificate when it complies with all applicable safety requirements.
In total, the Agency issued 7 000 design-related certificates in 2007.
In addition to the certification activities, another main task for the Certification
Directorate is to actively ensure the continuing airworthiness of aeronautical products,
parts and appliances during their entire lifecycle. The Certification Directorate
has therefore established a thorough continuing airworthiness process, aiming
at preventing accidents. This process is based on data provided through mandatory
occurrence reporting, accident or incident investigations, type design reviews, etc.
On the basis of the investigation and analysis of the certificate holder, or of any
other information, EASA defines appropriate actions that may lead, in case of determination
of an unsafe condition, to issuance of airworthiness directives (ADs)
to mandate appropriate corrective actions.
In 2007, the Agency mandated 305 ADs and 75 emergency ADs. With the creation
of an ¡°Airworthiness Directives, Safety Management and Research¡± Section
in 2007, the Certification Directorate provides for consistency of the continuing
airworthiness process.
In addition, long-term actions are performed, such as the creation of an Airworthiness
Information Network with the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS)
following the first delivery of A380 by Airbus to Singapore Airlines. As a follow-up
to the release of ADs due to several landing gear incidents with the Bombardier
Q400 (Dash 8) of Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) in September and
October 2007, airworthiness review meetings with officials from Scandinavian
and Canadian authorities as well as representatives of the aircraft manufacturer
6.0 AGENCY¡¯S SAFETY ACTIONS
32 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
Bombardier and the component manufacturer Goodrich were organised. All this is
part of the Agency¡¯s and the Certification Directorate¡¯s approach to, among others,
closely cooperate with European and non-European stakeholders through bilateral
arrangements and to develop an innovative safety network with various States.
Regular audits by independent parties (such as ICAO) confirmed that the Agency/
Certification Directorate is on the right track towards fulfilling its obligations and
contributes to a high level of aviation safety.
FIGURE 23 Number of ADs and emergency ADs mandated in 2007
0
100
120
80
60
40
20
140
160
180
200
Large aircraft General aviation Rotorcraft Propulsion Parts and appliances
178
18
34
17
37 26
52
14 4
0
AD Emergency AD
6.3. Rulemaking
After consultation with stakeholders the Agency adopts an annual rulemaking
programme which is published on its website. It is developed taking into account
several criteria including existing in-service experience, the emergence of new technologies
and concepts for operations or organisations as well as the compliance
with international obligations. The rulemaking programme also takes into account
the need to have rules proportionate to the risks. The main actions of 2007 included
those listed below.
• Work related to the extension of the EASA system with regard to the interoperability
and safety regulation of aerodromes.
• Work related to the continued operation of aircraft designed in the former Soviet
Union that are currently registered in EASA MS.
• Amendments to the document entitled ¡°Certification specifications for large
aeroplanes¡± were adopted. These amendments aimed at improving required
specifications for doors, flight and guidance systems as well as addressing issues
related to flight in icing conditions and human factor considerations.
6.0 AGENCY¡¯S SAFETY ACTIONS
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 33
• Amendments were adopted regarding certification specifications for small and
large rotorcraft (helicopters), improving specifications on flight and handling
qualities.
• Amendments to the document entitled ¡°Certification specifications for engines¡±
were adopted, improving specifications in relation to electronic control systems.
• The standards for terrain awareness and warning systems were amended and a
new standard for light aviation secondary surveillance transponders was introduced.
• Several other documents related to acceptable means of compliance were amended.
These documents concerned various topics, among which are ageing aircraft
structures, permit to fly and aircraft maintenance licences.
This Annual safety review highlights the high accident rates into certain regions of
the world. The Rulemaking Directorate aims to address concerns about aircraft
flying from lesser regulated regions with the following two actions, presently under
development:
• approval of third countries¡¯ operators;
• technical assistance programmes.
Concerning commercial air transport by aeroplanes, the following actions have
been taken.
• The development of an ¡°Operational suitability certificate¡± that will define among
other things a minimum syllabus for a flight crew type rating programme. This
safety action is likely to reduce the risk of CFIT and LOC-I.
• The risk of accidents related to the propulsion system should be reduced by improvements
in ¡°Certification specifications for large aeroplanes¡± relative to lowlevel
fuel alerts. Similar work on emergency exits and thermal insulation blankets
may reduce the consequences of post-impact fires.
• Finally, system reliability should be improved through better specifications on
electrical wiring systems.
Concerning commercial air transport by helicopters, existing helicopter specifications
are being amended and regulatory material is being developed. This
material will define among other things a minimum syllabus for a flight crew
type rating programme. These activities are likely to reduce the risk of CFIT and
loss of control for helicopters.
6.0 AGENCY¡¯S SAFETY ACTIONS
34 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
6.4 SAFA
Initially the SAFA programme was launched by the European Civil Aviation Conference
(ECAC) in 1996, and was not based upon a European legal binding basis
but upon a commitment of the directors-general of the participating ECAC Member
States.
On 30 April 2004, Directive 2004/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council on the safety of third-country aircraft using Community airports (the socalled
¡°SAFA directive¡±) was published, creating a legal obligation upon EU Member
States to perform ramp inspections upon ¡°third-country aircraft¡± landing at
their airports.
In each SAFA participating State, aircraft (third-country for EU States or foreign
for non-EU ECAC States) can be subject to a ramp inspection, chiefly concerned
with the aircraft documents and manuals, flight crew licences, the apparent condition
of the aircraft and the presence and condition of mandatory cabin safety
equipment. These inspections are based on ICAO relevant standards.
As of 1 January 2007, responsibility for the management and further development
of the SAFA programme fell upon the European Commission assisted by EASA.
The SAFA coordination activities have therefore been transferred from the Joint
Aviation Authorities (JAA) to the Agency.
In addition, the SAFA database was also successfully transferred from the JAA to
the EASA premises in Cologne, and is currently undergoing a major update with
new enhancements and features (e.g. web-based features).
Regular analyses on a three-month basis have been performed as well as ad hoc
analysis requested by the Commission to support ¡°black list¡± decisions. The analysis
of SAFA data has been delivering important indicators concerning the overall
safety level of airlines operating in Europe, which helped identify potential risk
factors and direct qualitative targeting.
Finally, in support of the Commission policy on international cooperation on exchange
of safety data, exploratory technical discussions have been initiated with
the FAA for mutually sharing data between the SAFA programme and the FAA¡¯s
IASDEX programme.
6.0 AGENCY¡¯S SAFETY ACTIONS
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 35
6.5 The European Strategic Safety Initiative (ESSI)
The European Strategic Safety Initiative (ESSI) is a voluntary aviation safety partnership
between EASA, other regulators and the industry, aiming at further enhancing
aviation safety in Europe and for citizens worldwide. Launched on 27
April 2006, ESSI is the successor to the Joint Safety Strategy Initiative (JSSI) of the
Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA).
For the complete list of the participating organisations, please visit the EASA website
(www.easa.europa.eu/essi).
In line with its JSSI heritage, ESSI maintains and further develops cooperation
with the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST), the US Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) and the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF). ESSI, as one of the
major safety team initiatives worldwide fits well within the global aviation safety
roadmap (GASR). It provides a mechanism for coordinating safety initiatives
within Europe and with the rest of the world.
6.5.1 ESSI safety teams
ESSI has three components: the European Commercial Aviation Safety Team
(ECAST), the European Helicopter Safety Team (EHEST) and the European General
Aviation Safety Team (EGAST).
European Commercial Aviation Safety Team (ECAST)
Launched on 12 October 2006, ECAST addresses large aircraft operations. With
more than 50 participating organisations, it is Europe¡¯s equivalent of CAST.
ECAST monitors implementation in Europe of the action plans inherited from the
JSSI. These plans address the reduction of the risks of controlled flight into terrain
(CFIT), approach and landing, and loss of control accidents.
In parallel, ECAST developed in 2007 a new three-phase process:
• Phase 1: Identification and selection of safety issues;
• Phase 2: Safety issues analysis; and
• Phase 3: Development, implementation and monitoring of action plans.
6.0 AGENCY¡¯S SAFETY ACTIONS
36 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
Phase 1 started in April 2007. The objective was to identify priorities for further
ECAST work based on three criteria: safety importance, coverage (the extent to
which the subjects are already covered in other safety work) and high-level costs
benefits or impact assessment considerations.
In 2008 ECAST launched two working groups on safety management systems and
ground safety, as part of Phase 2.
European Helicopter Safety Team (EHEST)
EHEST was launched on 14 November 2006. It brings together major helicopter
airframe, engine and systems manufacturers, operators, regulators, helicopter and
pilots associations, research organisations, accident investigators from across Europe
and some military operators.
EHEST is also the European component of the International Helicopter Safety Team
(IHST).
EHEST is committed to the IHST goal of reducing the helicopter accident rate by
80 % by 2016 worldwide.
The European Helicopter Safety Analysis Team (EHSAT) was formed by EHEST
with the purpose of analysing European helicopter accidents, using a process
adapted from IHST.
More than 50 organisations participate in EHEST to date, of which around 30 are
involved in EHSAT. To tackle the variety of languages used in accident reports
and optimise the use of resources, EHSAT has established regional analysis teams.
The results of the regional teams will be presented in the IHST Europe 2008 conference
at Helitech, Estoril, Portugal, on 13 October 2008.
European General Aviation Safety Team (EGAST)
The foundation meeting of the European General Aviation Safety Team (EGAST)
took place at EASA on 17 October 2007 and was attended by over 60 representatives
of the general aviation community from across Europe.
¡°General aviation has a high priority for the European Aviation Safety Agency.
EGAST is a new venture in Europe and a challenge. The Agency welcomes the
wide participation of the aviation community, as part of its overall efforts to revitalise
general aviation,¡± said Patrick Goudou, Executive Director of EASA at the
opening session.
6.0 AGENCY¡¯S SAFETY ACTIONS
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 37
General aviation is a community made of very diverse components such as business
aviation, aerial work, air sports and recreational activities. Recreational aviation
itself features a wide spectrum of airborne activities ranging from powered
flying, ballooning and gliding to microlight flying, paragliding and hang-gliding.
EGAST responds to the need for a coordinated European effort.
Building on the general aviation initiatives in Europe, EGAST creates a forum for
promoting safety, improving data collection and analysis, and sharing best practices,
including on safety management.
For further information, refer to the ESSI website (www.easa.europa.eu/essi).
6.0 AGENCY¡¯S SAFETY ACTIONS
38 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
Appendix 1: General remarks on data collection and quality
The data presented is not complete. For light aircraft, information from some
Member States is missing. Without prompt availability of investigation results and
without complete or timely provision of data by States, the Agency cannot present
a complete picture of all aspects of the safety of aviation in Europe.
The Agency will continue to make efforts to obtain light aircraft accident data for
future annual safety reviews and expects better data coverage as the reporting systems
and awareness of lack of data matures in EASA MS.
Work with the data shows that the CICTT occurrence category taxonomy has
limited usefulness when applied to helicopters, light aircraft and other aviation
activities such as hang-gliding or parachuting. New approaches will need to be
developed to better trace the safety concerns in this segment of the aviation system.
Consideration must be given to develop specific categories for such operations.
The Agency will engage its partners with a view to address this issue.
For larger aircraft, the data is as complete as States have reported accident data
to ICAO in accordance with Annex 13. Checks have revealed that not all States
report in full and in time to ICAO.
APPENDIXES
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 39
Appendix 2: Definitions and acronyms
A2-1: General
AD Airworthiness directive: a notification to aircraft owners and
operators of a known safety issues with a particular model of
aircraft, engine, avionics or other system.
Aerial work
(AW)
An aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialised
services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying,
observation and patrol, search and rescue, or aerial advertisement.
ATM Air Traffic Management
Commercial air
transport (CAT)
An aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo
or mail for remuneration or hire.
CAST Commercial Aviation Safety Team. ECAST is the European initiative.
CICTT CAST-ICAO Common Taxonomy Team
CNS Communications,
Navigations and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management
EASA European Aviation Safety Agency
EASA MS European Aviation Safety Agency Member States. These States are
the 27 European Union Member States plus Iceland, Liechtenstein,
Norway and Switzerland.
Fatal accident An accident that resulted in at least one fatality, flight crew and/or
passenger or on the ground, within 30 days of the accident.
(Source: ICAO Annex 13)
Foreign
registered
aircraft
All aircraft not registered in one of the EASA MS.
General aviation
(GA)
An aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport
operation or an aerial work operation.
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
Light aircraft Aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off mass below 2 250 kg.
MTOM Maximum certificated take-off mass
SAFA Safety assessment of foreign aircraft
Scheduled air
service
An air service open to use by the general public and operated
according to a published timetable or with such a regular frequency
that it constitutes an easily recognisable systematic series of
flights which are open to direct booking by members of the public.
SISG ICAO Safety Indicator Study Group
Third-country
aircraft
An aircraft which is not used or operated under control of a
competent authority of an EUMember State.
APPENDIXES
40 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
A2-2: Accident categories acronyms
ARC Abnormal runway contact
AMAN Abrupt manoeuvre
ADRM Aerodrome
ATM ATM/CNS
CABIN Cabin safety events
CFIT Controlled flight into or toward terrain
EVAC Evacuation
F-NI Fire/smoke (non-impact)
F-POST Fire/smoke (post-impact)
FUEL Fuel related
GCOL Ground collision
RAMP Ground handling
ICE Icing
LOC-G Loss of control ¡ª Ground
LOC-I Loss of control ¡ª In-flight
LALT Low altitude operations
MAC Airprox/TCAS alert/loss of separation/near midair collisions/
midair collision
OTHR Other
RE Runway excursion
RI-A Runway incursion ¡ª Animal
RI-VAP Runway incursion ¡ª Vehicle, aircraft or person
SEC Security related
SCF-NP System/component failure or malfunction (non-powerplant)
SCF-PP System/component failure or malfunction (powerplant)
TURB Turbulence encounter
USOS Undershoot/overshoot
UNK Unknown or undetermined
WSTRW Windshear or thunderstorm
Accident categories can be used to classify occurrence at a high level to permit
analysis of the data. The CICTT has developed the accident categories used in this
Annual safety review. For further details on this team and the accident categories
see the website (http://intlaviationstandards.org/index.html).
APPENDIXES
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 41
Appendix 3: List of figures and tables
A3-1: List of figures
Figure 1 Global passenger fatalities per 100 million passenger miles,
scheduled commercial transport operations, excluding acts
of unlawful interference
07
Figure 2 Global rate of accidents involving passenger fatalities per 10
million flights, scheduled commercial transport operations,
excluding acts of unlawful interference
08
Figure 3 Rate of fatal accidents per 10 million flights per world region
(2000¨C2007, scheduled passenger and cargo operations)
09
Figure 4 Fatal accidents¡ªEASA MS and foreign registered 11
Figure 5 Rate of fatal accidents in scheduled passenger operations ¡ª
EASA MS and foreign registered
11
Figure 6 Fatal accidents by type of operation ¡ª Foreign aeroplanes 13
Figure 7 Fatal accidents by type of operation ¡ª EASA MS 13
Figure 8 Accident categories ¡ª EASA MS 14
Figure 9 Percentage of accidents assigned the top four categories and
CFIT category
15
Figure 10 Number of fatal accidents¡ªEASA MS and foreign registered
helicopters
17
Figure 11 Fatal accidents per type of operation ¡ª EASA MS and foreign
registered helicopters
17
Figure 12 Accident categories of fatal accidents¡ªHelicopters, EASA
MS and foreign registered
19
Figure 13 Proportion of top four accident categories ¡ª Fatal accidents
¡ªHelicopter commercial transport operations.
20
Figure 14 Aeroplanes over 2 250 kg¡ªFatal accidents¡ªEASA MS 21
Figure 15 Helicopters over 2 250 kg ¡ªFatal accidents¡ªEASA MS 21
Figure 16 General aviation ¡ª Aeroplanes over 2 250 kg ¡ª
Fatal accidents, EASA MS and foreign registered aircraft
23
Figure 17 Aerial work¡ªAeroplanes over 2 250 kg¡ªFatal accident
categories
24
Figure 18 Business aviation fatal accidents, EASA MS and foreign
registered
25
Figure 19 Aircraft below 2 250 kg, EASA MS ¡ª Fatal accidents, type of
operation, 2006¨C2007
27
Figure 20 Aircraft below 2 250 kg, EASA MS ¡ª Fatal accidents, category
of aircraft, 2006¨C2007
27
Figure 21 Accidents ¡ª Aeroplanes below 2 250 kg, EASA MS¡ª
Distribution of accident categories, 2006
28
Figure 22 Fatal accidents¡ªAeroplanes below 2 250 kg, EASA MS¡ª
Distribution of accident categories, 2006
28
Figure 23 Number of ADs and emergency ADs mandated in 2007 32
APPENDIXES
42 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
A3-2 List of tables
Table 1 Overview of total number of accidents and fatal accidents for
EASA MS registered aircraft
10
Table 2 Overview of total number of accidents and fatal accidents for
EASA MS registered helicopters only
16
Table 3 Aircraft over 2 250 kg¡ªNumber of accidents, fatal accidents
and fatalities by type of aircraft and type of operation ¡ª
Aircraft registered in EASA MS only
22
Table 4 Accidents, fatal accidents and related fatalities¡ªAircraft
with a mass below 2 250 kg, by year and aircraft category
26
Table 5 Standardisation visits 31
Appendix 4: Listing of fatal accidents (2007)
The following tables contain a listing of fatal accident in 2007 with commercial
air transport operations with aeroplanes over 2 250 kg maximum certificated takeoff
mass only.
EASA MS
Date State of
occurrence
Aircraft
type
Type of
operation
Fatalities
on board
Ground
fatalities
25.1.2007 France Fokker 100 Passenger 0 1
9.8.2007 French
Polynesia
De Havilland
DHC6-300
Passenger 20 0
9.12.2007 Ukraine Beech 90
King Air
Passenger 5 0
Aircraft registered in rest of the world (foreign registered)
Date State of
occurrence
Aircraft
type
Type of
operation
Fatalities
on board
Ground
fatalities
1.1.2007 Indonesia Boeing 737-400 Passenger 102 0
5.1.2007 Tanzania Piper PA-31-350 Passenger 1 0
5.1.2007 Sudan Antonov An-26B Passenger 0 1
7.1.2007 Canada Beech 100 King Air Air taxi 1 0
9.1.2007 Iraq Antonov An-26B Passenger 34 0
9.1.2007 Mexico Learjet 24 Cargo 2 0
APPENDIXES
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 43
APPENDIXES
Date State of
occurrence
Aircraft
type
Type of
operation
Fatalities
on board
Ground
fatalities
12.1.2007 United States Cessna 525
Citationjet
Ferry/
positioning
2 0
18.1.2007 Brazil Beech 55/95-55
Baron
Air taxi 2 0
6.2.2007 United States Beech 200 King Air Ferry/
positioning
3 0
9.2.2007 United States Beech 18 Cargo 1 0
12.2.2007 Congo McDonnell-
Douglas DC-9
Unknown 0 1
7.3.2007 Indonesia Boeing 737-400 Passenger 21 0
14.3.2007 Brazil North American
Commander 500
Air taxi 4 0
17.3.2007 Russian
Federation
Tupolev TU-134 Passenger 6 0
23.3.2007 Somalia Ilyushin IL-76 Cargo 11 0
30.3.2007 Papua New
Guinea
Embraer 110
Bandeirante
Cargo 2 0
1.4.2007 Canada Piper PA-31 Ferry/
positioning
1 0
25.4.2007 Guyana Britten-Norman
BN-2A Islander
Passenger 3 0
5.5.2007 Cameroon Boeing 737-800 Passenger 114 0
17.5.2007 Congo Let L410UVP Cargo 3 0
2.6.2007 Canada De Havilland DHC3
Turbo-Otter
Air taxi 1 0
4.6.2007 United States Cessna 550
Citation II
Passenger 6 0
15.6.2007 Iran Embraer 110
Bandeirante
Cargo 0 1
21.6.2007 Congo Let L410UVP Passenger 1 0
23.6.2007 Yemen De Havilland DHC6
Twin Otter
Passenger 1 0
25.6.2007 Cambodia Antonov An-24 Passenger 22 0
28.6.2007 Angola Boeing 737-200 Passenger 5 1
5.7.2007 Mexico North American
Sabreliner
Cargo 3 6
8.7.2007 Canada De Havilland DHC6
Twin Otter
Passenger 1 0
10.7.2007 United States Boeing 737-200 Passenger 1 0
44 ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007
APPENDIXES
Date State of
occurrence
Aircraft
type
Type of
operation
Fatalities
on board
Ground
fatalities
17.7.2007 Brazil Airbus A320 Passenger 187 12
18.7.2007 Congo Antonov An-24 Passenger 10 0
23.7.2007 Ethiopia Antonov An-26 Cargo 1 0
24.7.2007 United States De Havilland DHC2
Beaver
Sightseeing 5 0
29.7.2007 Russian
Federation
Antonov An-12 Cargo 7 0
5.8.2007 United States Beech 90 King Air Passenger 5 0
16.8.2007 United States De Havilland DHC2
Beaver
Sightseeing 5 0
22.8.2007 Brazil Embraer 110
Bandeirante
Air taxi 2 0
26.8.2007 Congo Antonov An-32 Cargo 10 0
7.9.2007 Congo Antonov An-12 Cargo 8 0
16.9.2007 Thailand McDonnell-
Douglas MD 82
Passenger 90 0
20.9.2007 United States Short SC.7 Skyvan Ferry/
positioning
1 0
24.9.2007 Congo Let L410UVP Passenger 1 0
4.10.2007 United States Raytheon 90
King Air
Ferry/
positioning
3 0
4.10.2007 Congo Antonov AN-26 Passenger 17 28
8.10.2007 Colombia Let L410UVP Passenger 18 0
14.10.2007 Colombia Beech 200 King Air Ferry/
positioning
5 2
25.10.2007 Canada Beech 100 King Air Air taxi 2 0
4.11.2007 Brazil Learjet 35A Ferry/
positioning
2 6
8.11.2007 Sudan Antonov An-12 Cargo 0 2
26.11.2007 United States Cessna 310R Ferry/
positioning
1 0
30.11.2007 Turkey McDonnell-
Douglas MD 83
Passenger 57 0
5.12.2007 United States Cessna 208
Caravan
Cargo 2 0
ANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW 2007 45
DISCLAIMER
The accident data presented is strictly for information purposes only. It is obtained
from Agency databases comprised of data from ICAO and the aviation industry.
It reflects knowledge at the time the report was generated.
Whilst every care has been taken in preparing the content of the report to avoid
errors, the Agency makes no warranty as to the accuracy, completeness or currency
of the content. The Agency shall not be liable for any kind of damages or other
claims or demands incurred as a result of incorrect, insufficient or invalid data, or
arising out of or in connection with the use, copying, or display of the content, to
the extent permitted by European and national laws. The information contained
in the report should not be construed as legal advice.
For any further information or clarifications on this document please do not hesitate to
contact the EASA Communications Department (communications@easa.europa.eu).
Information on the European Aviation Safety Agency is also available on the Internet
(www.easa.europa.eu).
IMPRINT
European Aviation Safety Agency
Safety Analysis and Research Department
Ottoplatz 1
D-50679 Cologne
Tel. (49-221) 89 99 00 00
Fax (49-221) 89 99 09 99
www.easa.europa.eu
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
E A S A
Ottoplatz 1, 50679 Cologne, Germany
www.easa.europa.eu
TO-AA-08-001-EN-C×÷Õß: leedainel ʱ¼ä: 2010-10-1 12:46:02
Ãñº½ÂÛ̳ Ãñº½ÉçÇø » Ãñº½°²È« Civil Aviation Safety » Annual Safety Review 2007_E
| »¶Ó¹âÁÙ º½¿ÕÂÛ̳_º½¿Õ·Òë_Ãñº½Ó¢Óï·Òë_·ÉÐзÒë (http://bbs.aero.cn/) | Powered by Discuz! X2 |