标题: RMIT飞行训练课件－Navigation Mass Brief 导航讲解 [打印本页] 作者: 航空 时间: 2010-9-29 08:57:26 标题: RMIT飞行训练课件－Navigation Mass Brief 导航讲解
作者: 航空 时间: 2010-9-29 08:57:39
Navigation Mass Brief Aim • To understand the principles and considerations of navigation, in order to navigate from one point to another with sole reference to visual cues. Application • To fly cross-country from one airport to another • PPL and CPL flights require cross-country flying Overview • Revision • Definitions • Principles • Considerations • Air Exercise • Airmanship Revision • Compasses – What kind of heading do compasses show? – What kind of heading do maps show? – How is a true bearing converted to a magnetic bearing? – Where can the amount of variation required be found? Definitions • Visual Fix – Determining the aircraft’s position with respect to ground features using three identifiable features (Must be able to positively fix the aircraft’s position every 30 minutes by visual fix) • Dead reckoning (Deduced Reckoning) – Navigation by applying a wind velocity to a track in order to calculate a heading and ground speed from a previously known position. Then given an elapsed time, the position of the aircraft can be determined. • Map reading – Map interpretation – Methodology: orientate the map to the direction the aircraft is travelling. Then Watch – Map – Ground. Definitions • Various Types of charts Available – WAC • World Aeronautical Chart, is a chart showing a large area in relatively little detail. Only shows geographic information, no airspace information. Definitions – VNC • Visual Navigational Chart, shows a relatively big area in high detail, including geographical information, airspace boundary, frequency, nav-aid and other important information Definitions – VTC • Visual Terminal Chart, shows the same information as VNC, for only a small area, but in higher detail. Definitions – PCA • Planning Chart Australia, for use in weather planning and weather forecast decode. Definitions – ERC LOW • En Route Chart (Low Level), has only airspace, navaid, frequency, track and waypoint information for Instrument Flight. Doesn’t have geographical information. Shows a very big area in small detail. • If you superimpose ERC onto WAC you will get VNC information. Definitions • Flight plan – A standardised ICAO form used to lodge flight details to air traffic services. The flight plan details all the particulars of a flight. • CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency) – A frequcency pilots can communicate information on whilst operating in an aerodrome without an operating tower • CTAF aerodrome – Common Traffic Advisory Frequency Aerodrome, the dimensions of which are 5nm radius and 3000ft AGL • MBZ (Mandatory Broadcast Zone) Frequency – A frequency for a zone where radios must be carried and be serviceable. • MBZ aerodrome – Mandatory Broadcast Zone Aerodrome, the dimensions of which are 15nm radius and 5000ft AGL Definitions • CTA – Controlled Airspace – A portion of airspace which is controlled, extending upwards from one specified height (the lower limit) to another specified height (the upper limit) • OCTA – Outside Controlled Airspace – An Airspace classification, airspace is classified into various classes that have their corresponding procedural requirements. • UTC – Universal Coordinated Time – A standardised time (irrespective of position on earth or time zone) • ETA – Estimated Time of Arrival – The time the aircraft is due to arrive at a designated point, expressed in UTC • ETD – Estimated Time of Departure – The time the aircraft is expected to depart an aerodrome (usually overhead, expressed in UTC. Definitions • Trip Sheet – A sheet a pilot uses in flight, which has various headings, distances, en-route points, times, fuel logs, radio frequencies and other important information a pilot deems necessary to conduct a navigational flight. • SARTIME – The time nominated by the pilot for the intention of Search and Rescue to start looking for the aircraft. A cancellation of SARTIME is usually made upon safe arrival to stop this action from occurring. • VMC – Visual Meteorological Conditions – Specified conditions (of visibility and distance away from cloud) that visual pilots must adhere to when flying visually, different airspace classifications have different requirements. Pre-Flight Principles • Planning A Flight – Start with a Navigation Route: Point Cook – Melton South – Ballarat (overfly) – Swan Marsh – Avalon – Point Cook – Check the latest weather to make sure you are capable of maintaining VMC during the flight. – Draw the desired route on all navigational charts, taking into consideration: CTA steps (Airspace), Lanes of Entry, Danger and Restricted areas, Aerodromes, radio navigational aids and approach points. Also look at the terrain along the route to see if a possible emergency landing area could be found. – Mark in points where 1:60 checks can be made (place these on WAC and VNC). Ideally these points should be half way along a particular leg. Pre-Flight Principles – Mark on the WAC and other maps the location at which radio frequency changes should be made, use a symbol. – Write the route onto a trip sheet – Measure distances (Nm) and bearings (magnetic bearings) for each leg of the journey and write this information onto the trip sheet – Give consideration to cloud, terrain clearance, cruising levels and wind velocity at different heights – then pick the most appropriate cruising level for each leg of the route – Determine the wind velocity for each leg of the route, write this information down on the trip sheet. Pre-Flight Principles – Using the TAS and the wind velocity, determine the heading required to be flown due to drift. Also calculate the ground speed, and estimated time interval for each leg. Use a navigation computer to help do these calculations. – Determine the total estimated time interval (ETI) from landing to landing. From this time interval calculate the fuel required for the flight, using the aircraft’s specified fuel burn-off rate, allowing for fuel reserves, holding any other requirements. – Fill in the flight plan – Submit the flight plan, using NAIPS. – Conduct a pre-flight inspection of the aircraft In-Flight Principles • Taking the time – Pilot will need to take the time at various points in order to calculate the aircrafts performance: • Take the time on start-up for the fuel log • Take the time overhead the aerodrome on departure, then add the estimated time interval expected for the leg • Check the time during flight, to see if you are slow or fast • Check the SARTIME, making sure you can get to the destination before your nominated SARTIME In-Flight Principles • 1:60 – If an aircraft travels 60nm and is 1nm off track then the Track Error (TE) is 1º degree – This principle can be applied to any distance if the ratio is kept the same: 1Nm 60 Nm 1º 2 Nm 60 Nm 2º 1 Nm 20 Nm 3º In-Flight Principles • Getting back on track with a 1:60 – The track error tells us how much we have to turn to parallel track but doesn’t tell us how to get back on track – A Closing Angle (CA) must be calculated using the 1:60 principle to get the aircraft back on track – Example: – To get back on track you will need to change your heading by: TE + CA = 6º + 4º = 10º 2 Nm 20 Nm 6º 30 Nm 4º TE CA In-Flight Principles • Estimating Top of Descent (TOD) – Allows a pilot to conduct a shallow descent into an aerodrome, to be at the aerodrome boundary at 1500ft AGL (overfly height) – Conducted at 500ft per minute for passenger comfort – Calculated using the following steps: • Determine the aircrafts ETA for the destination • Calculate the height required to descend to be 1500ft AGL at the airports boundary • Divide the height loss required by 500ft, this will give you the number of minutes required to conduct the descent. Add 2 minutes onto this figure to account for approach and manoeuvring • Subtract the above number from the ETA, and you will have a time to start the descent In-Flight Principles • Arrival – All requirements etc, detailed in AIP – When approaching a CTAF or MBZ, the pilot must before crossing any area boundary, broadcast: • Aerodrome • Call-sign and aircraft type • Position • Altitude • Intentions – Ascertain wind direction – Join the circuit In-Flight Principles • Departure – When taxiing for departure the pilot must broadcast: • Aerodrome • Call-sign and aircraft type • Runway to be used • Destination or departure quadrant or intention – Do not conduct intersection departure – Broadcast a departure call – An aircraft must not execute a turn opposite to the circuit direction unless: • It has climbed straight ahead 1500’ AGL; or • It is at least 3 Nm from the aerodrome – Can depart overhead at 1500’ AGL – Remember to calculate performance chart for take-off In-Flight Principles • Aviate – Navigate – Communicate (Cockpit Cycle) – Aviate • Correctly handle the aircraft, operate within limits, keep obstacle clearance, traffic separation and cloud separation – Navigate – use the mnemonic: Watch – Map – Ground • Watch: Determine ETI elapsed, from ETI estimate ground speed and determine distance travelled • Map: Along the marked track, locate the distance travelled allowing for being off-track. Identify large features, then smaller ones in the area • Ground: Look for the identified features, need three for a positive fix of the aircraft’s position – Communicate • Correctly use the radio, broadcast intentions using appropriate phraseology and broadcast requirements. In-Flight Principles • The CLEAR check – Used at every turning point and at half way points on long legs, and any other time the pilot feels appropriate. – C: Compass to DG realignment, Check Course flown – L: Log Time, Check fuel Log and SARTIME – E: Engine Indications, Check fuel quantity, temperatures and pressures, lean the aircraft. – A: Altitude and Airspace, Check you are at an appropriate altitude and won’t fly into controlled airspace without a clearance – R: Radio’s and Radio Nav Aids, Check and set appropriate radio frequencies and Nav Aids, Make appropriate radio broadcasts Considerations • Weather – Know how to decode and analyse the weather forecast – Know VMC requirements for VFR flight – Have a valid weather forecast – When is End Of Daylight (EOD) and will you arrive before EOD? Considerations • Cruising levels – An appropriate cruising height should be selected. – Must be strictly used above 5000 feet • QNH – Area QNH or Local QNH should be set on altimeter subscale – Can obtain QNH from TAF, or request QNH on FLIGHTWATCH frequency Considerations • SARTIME – Not all flights need to have a SARTIME, however it is good airmanship to utilise this facility – SARTIME must be nominated in UTC • Flight Plans – All flight into Controlled airspace must lodge a flight plan – Flight plans should be lodged 30 minutes prior to departure Airmanship • Thorough pre-flight inspection • Must take current maps, ERSA, trip sheet, pencils and any other aids to conduct the flight • CLEAR checks will ensure you don’t forget anything, so remember to use them • Maintain good situational awareness and look well ahead of the aircraft’s current position to try and anticipate any required actions • Us the cockpit cycle (Aviate – Navigate – Communicate) • Don’t be afraid to ask for assistance if in trouble, Air traffic services are there to help pilots!作者: 猪也能飞 时间: 2013-10-28 19:12:38