NORTH ATLANTIC MNPS AIRSPACE OPERATIONS MANUAL Edition 2008 NEW YORK GANDER SHANWICK REYKJAVIK 60ºW 50ºW 40ºW 30ºW 60ºN 70ºN 80ºN 50ºN 40ºN 30ºN 20ºN 60ºN 50ºN 40ºN 30ºN 20ºN SANTA MARIA Published on behalf of the North Atlantic Systems Planning Group (NAT SPG) by the European and North Atlantic Office of ICAO NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY A printed or electronic copy of this Manual, plus any associated documentation, is provided to the recipient as is and without any warranties as to its description, condition, quality, fitness for purpose or functionality and for use by the recipient solely for guidance only. Any implied conditions terms or warranties as to the description, condition, quality, fitness for purpose or functionality of the software and associated documentation are hereby excluded. The information published by ICAO on this document is made available without warranty of any kind; the Organization accepts no responsibility or liability whether direct or indirect, as to the currency, accuracy or quality of the information, nor for any consequence of its use. The designations and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICAO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. First published December 1979 Second edition September 1980 Third edition December 1981 Fourth edition October 1984 Fifth edition June 1988 Sixth edition December 1993 Seventh edition December 1997 Eighth edition April 1999 Ninth edition September 2000 Edition 2005 September 2005 Edition 2008 August 2008 There is no objection to the reproduction of extracts of information contained in this Document if the source is acknowledged. NAT MNPS i Edition 2008 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL FOREWORD This Document is for guidance only. Regulatory material relating to North Atlantic aircraft operations is contained in relevant ICAO Annexes, PANS/ATM (Doc.4444), Regional Supplementary Procedures (Doc.7030), State AIPs and current NOTAMs, which should be read in conjunction with the material contained in this Document. The NAT MNPS – Edition 2008 is an updated version of Guidance Material first published in 1979 and is primarily for the information of pilots and dispatchers planning and conducting operations in North Atlantic (NAT) Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications (MNPS) Airspace. The Manual has been produced with the approval and on behalf of the North Atlantic Systems Planning Group (NAT SPG); a North Atlantic regional planning body established under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). This Group is responsible for developing the required operational procedures; specifying the necessary services and facilities and; defining the aircraft and operator approval standards employed in the NAT Region. Edited by European and North Atlantic Office of ICAO 3 bis, Villa Emile Bergerat 92522 Neuilly-sur-Seine Cedex – France Tel: +33 1 4641 8585 Fax : +33 1 4641 8500 Email: icaoeurnat@paris.icao.int http://www.paris.icao.int/ This Document will be made available to users from a number of web sites including the NAT Programme Co-ordination Office (PCO) web site: http://www.nat-pco.org/ . The PCO web site will also include, any errata (changes) or addenda (additions) to the current edition of the Manual. The Manual will be reissued on a yearly basis in August. Details of additional Internet access will be promulgated through the Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) of NAT ATS Provider States. Further material, for the information of States of Registry and Aircraft Operating Agencies, dealing primarily with planning and management aspects of NAT MNPS operations, is contained in ICAO ‘Consolidated Guidance and Information Material concerning Air Navigation in the North Atlantic Region’ (NAT Doc 001), published by the European and North Atlantic Office of ICAO and available at http://www.nat-pco.org/. To assist with the editing of this Manual and to ensure the currency and accuracy of future editions it would be appreciated if readers would submit their comments/suggestions for possible amendments/additions, to the ICAO EUR/NAT Office at the above Email address. The NATSPG has also commissioned the UK National Air Traffic Services to produce an interactive DVD ROM, “On the Right Track”, which contains general information on Air Traffic Control in the North Atlantic Region and which highlights many of the common operational errors and discusses their causes. This DVD ROM, like this Manual, is aimed at pilots, dispatchers and others concerned in operations on the North Atlantic. It is available at no charge to bona fide operators on application to: customerhelp@nats.co.uk. NAT MNPS ii Edition 2008 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL As part of the continuing development within the operating environment of NAT MNPS Airspace, various trials take place in the NAT from time to time. Some of these trials require the assistance of operators and pilots. For a listing of current trials (if any) and participation details etc., reference should be made to the AIS documentation of NAT ATS Provider States. Details may also be found on the above-mentioned PCO web site. NORTH ATLANTIC MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS AIRSPACE The vertical dimension of MNPS Airspace is between FL285 and FL420 (i.e. in terms of normally used cruising levels, from FL290 to FL410 inclusive). The lateral dimensions include the following Control Areas (CTAs): REYKJAVIK, SHANWICK, GANDER and SANTA MARIA OCEANIC plus the portion of NEW YORK OCEANIC which is North of 27°N but excluding the area which is west of 60°W & south of 38°30'N Some idea of these dimensions can be obtained from the maps in Chapters 2 and 3. However, for specific dimensions, reference should be made to ICAO Regional Supplementary Procedures (Doc.7030) - NAT/RAC (available at http://www.nat-pco.org/). Pilots MUST NOT fly across the North Atlantic within MNPS Airspace, nor at flight levels 290 to 410 inclusive anywhere within the NAT Region, unless they are in possession of the appropriate Approval(s) issued by the State of Registry or the State of the Operator. The North Atlantic is the busiest oceanic airspace in the world. In 2007 approximately 425,000 flights crossed the North Atlantic. For the most part in the North Atlantic, Direct Controller Pilot Communications (DCPC) and Radar Surveillance are unavailable. Aircraft separation assurance and hence safety are nevertheless ensured by demanding the highest standards of horizontal and vertical navigation performance/accuracy and of operating discipline. Within NAT MNPS Airspace a formal Approval Process by the State of Registry of the aircraft or the State of the Operator ensures that aircraft meet defined MNPS Standards and that appropriate crew procedures and training have been adopted. NAT MNPS iii Edition 2008 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL AMENDMENTS TO THE NAT MNPS MANUAL Changes from Edition 2005 (September 2005) incorporated in Edition 2008 – (August 2008) • the implementation of new and revised route structures and air space management within and adjacent to NAT MNPS airspace; • the continued development and implementation of Datalink and SATCOM Voice for ATS communications in the Region; • changes and additions to “Single LRNS Routes” in the NAT MNPSA. • the implementation of minor but significant changes to oceanic clearance request and readback procedures; • the need for a re-emphasis of the requirement for adherence to Assigned Mach; • the need to reference the current development of the Performance Based Navigation philosophy; • the recognised need to clarify and re-emphasise some of the detailed NAT MNPSA navigation procedures; • the implementation of common worldwide oceanic in-flight contingency and lateral offset procedures promulgated in ICAO Doc.4444-PANS ATM; • the development and publication of the “Oceanic Errors Safety Bulletin (OESB)” and a recommended Example Check List to be used by crews flying through the NAT MNPSA; • an expressed user requirement for a consolidation of guidance relating to Flight Planning through the NAT MNPSA (one-stop-shopping). NAT MNPS iv Edition 2008 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL GLOSSARY OF TERMS ACARS Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System ACC Area Control Centre ADC Air Data Computer ADF Automatic Direction Finding ADS Automatic Dependant Surveillance AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network AIC Aeronautical Information Circular AIP Aeronautical Information Publication AIRAC Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control AIS Aeronautical Information Service ARINC ARINC - formerly Aeronautical Radio Incorporated ASR Aviation Safety Report ATA Actual Time of Arrival ATC Air Traffic Control ATM Air Traffic Management ATS Air Traffic Services AWPR Automatic Waypoint Position Reporting BOTA Brest Oceanic Transition Area BRNAV Basic Area Navigation CAR Caribbean CDL Configuration Deviation List CDR ConDitional Route CDU Control Display Unit CMA Central Monitoring Agency Conflict A situation that occurs when it is predicted that the spacing between aircraft, an aircraft and a defined airspace, or an aircraft and terrain, may or will reduce below the prescribed minimum. CPDLC Controller Pilot Data Link Communications CTA Control Area DCPC Direct Controller/Pilot Communications DME Distance Measuring Equipment DR Dead Reckoning DVD ROM Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter ETA Estimated Time of Arrival ETOPS Extended Range Twin-engine Aircraft Operations NAT MNPS v Edition 2008 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL EUR Europe FAA Federal Aviation Administration FANS 1/A Future Air Navigation System 1 or A. (Respectively, Boeing and Airbus Proprietary Air-Ground ATC Data Link Communications Systems) FDE Fault Detection and Exclusion FIR Flight Information Region FL Flight Level FLAS Flight Level Allocation Scheme FMC Flight Management Computer FMS Flight Management System GLONASS Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System GMU GPS (Height) Monitoring Unit GNE Gross Navigation Error GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GP General Purpose GPS Global Positioning System HF High Frequency HMU Height Monitoring Unit HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator IATA International Air Transport Association ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation IFR Instrument Flight Rules INS Inertial Navigation System IRS Inertial Reference System JAA Joint Aviation Authorities kHz Kilohertz LAT Latitude LONG Longitude LRNS Long Range Navigation System MASPS Minimum Aircraft System Performance Specification MEL Minimum Equipment List MET Meteorological MHz Megahertz MMEL Master Minimum Equipment List MNPS Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications MTT Minimum Time Track NAM North America NAR North American Route NAT North Atlantic NAT SPG North Atlantic Systems Planning Group NAT MNPS vi Edition 2008 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL NDB Non Directional Beacon NERS North Atlantic European Routing Scheme NM Nautical Mile NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOTA Northern Oceanic Transition Area NOTAM Notice to Airmen OAC Oceanic Area Control Centre OCA Oceanic Control Area Oceanic Entry Point That point on the FIR boundary where the aircraft enters the first oceanic control area Oceanic Exit Point That point on the FIR boundary where the aircraft leaves the last oceanic control area OTS Organized Track System PRM Preferred Route Message Procedural Control Term used to indicate that information derived from an ATS surveillance system is not required for the provision of air traffic control service. (PANSATM) RA Resolution Advisory (per ACAS/TCAS) RAIM Receiver-Autonomous Integrity Monitoring RMI Radio Magnetic Indicator RNP Required Navigation Performance R/T Radio Telephony RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum SAM South America SELCAL Selective Calling SID Standard Instrument Departure SLOP Strategic Lateral Offset Procedures SOTA Shannon Oceanic Transition Area SSB Single Sideband SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar Strategic Control As used in this manual, control techniques employed in an environment where the level of surveillance and intervention capability requires that each oceanic clearance be planned and issued prior to the flight’s entry into oceanic airspace, in order to provide safe separation between known traffic from oceanic entry to oceanic exit. TA Traffic Advisory (per ACAS/TCAS) Tactical Control As used in this manual, control techniques employed in an environment where the surveillance and intervention capabilities allow conflicts between flights to be resolved nearer the time they would occur, rather than prior to the oceanic clearance being issued. TAS True Airspeed TCAS Traffic (Alert and) Collision Avoidance System TLS Target Level of Safety NAT MNPS vii Edition 2008 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL TMI Track Message Identification UTC Co-ordinated Universal Time VHF Very High Frequency VOR VHF Omni-directional Range WAH When Able Higher WATRS West Atlantic Route System WPR Waypoint Position Report NAT MNPS viii Edition 2008 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL NAT MNPS ix Edition 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY........................................................................................................................................I FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................ II AMENDMENTS TO THE NAT MNPS MANUAL ....................................................................................................IV GLOSSARY OF TERMS...............................................................................................................................................V CHAPTER 1: OPERATIONAL APPROVAL AND AIRCRAFT SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR FLIGHT IN THE NAT MNPS AIRSPACE ................................................................................. 1 1.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 APPROVAL..................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 NAVIGATION REQUIREMENTS FOR UNRESTRICTED MNPS AIRSPACE OPERATIONS ................. 2 Longitudinal Navigation................................................................................................................................... 2 Lateral Navigation ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 ROUTES FOR USE BY AIRCRAFT NOT EQUIPPED WITH TWO LRNSs................................................ 3 Routes for Aircraft with Only One LRNS ......................................................................................................... 3 Routes for Aircraft with Short-Range Navigation Equipment Only.................................................................. 4 1.5 SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE PENETRATION OF MNPS AIRSPACE BY NON-MNPS APPROVED AIRCRAFT................................................................................................................................. 4 1.6 SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NON-RVSM APPROVED AIRCRAFT................................................ 4 To Climb/Descend Through RVSM Levels....................................................................................................... 4 To Operate at RVSM Levels............................................................................................................................. 4 1.7 PERFORMANCE MONITORING ................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2: THE ORGANISED TRACK SYSTEM (OTS)............................................................................. 6 2.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 CONSTRUCTION OF THE ORGANISED TRACK SYSTEM (OTS)............................................................ 6 General processes ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Collaborative Decision Making Process............................................................................................................ 7 2.3 THE NAT TRACK MESSAGE ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.4 OTS CHANGEOVER PERIODS...................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 3: OTHER ROUTES AND ROUTE STRUCTURES WITHIN OR ADJACENT TO NAT MNPS AIRSPACE....................................................................................................................... 13 3.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 OTHER ROUTES WITHIN NAT MNPS AIRSPACE................................................................................... 13 3.3 ROUTE STRUCTURES ADJACENT TO NAT MNPS AIRSPACE............................................................. 13 North American Routes (NARs)...................................................................................................................... 13 US East Coast Transitions ............................................................................................................................... 14 Canadian Domestic Track Systems ................................................................................................................. 14 Routes between North America and the Caribbean area.................................................................................. 14 Irish/UK Domestic Route Structures ............................................................................................................... 14 North Atlantic European Routing Scheme (NERS)......................................................................................... 14 Shannon Oceanic Transition Area (SOTA) and Northern Oceanic Transition Area (NOTA)....................... 14 Brest Oceanic Transition Area (BOTA) .......................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 4: FLIGHT PLANNING................................................................................................................... 17 4.1 FLIGHT PLAN REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................................ 17 General............................................................................................................................................................ 17 Routings.......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Flight Levels ................................................................................................................................................... 18 ATC Flight Plans ............................................................................................................................................ 18 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL NAT MNPS x Edition 2008 4.2 FLIGHT PLANNING REQUIREMENTS ON SPECIFIC ROUTES............................................................. 19 Flights Planning on the Organised Track System............................................................................................ 19 Flights Planning on Random Route Segments in a Generally Eastbound or Westbound Direction at/or South of 70°N ........................................................................................................................................................... 19 Flights Planning on a Generally Eastbound or Westbound Direction on Random Route Segments North of 70°N................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Flights Planning on Random Routes in a Generally Northbound or Southbound Direction............................ 20 Flights Planning to Enter or Leave the NAT Region via the European or North American Regions.............. 20 Flights Planning to Operate Without Using HF Communications................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 5: OCEANIC ATC CLEARANCES................................................................................................ 22 5.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................... 22 5.2 CONTENTS OF CLEARANCES ................................................................................................................... 23 5.3 OCEANIC CLEARANCES FOR WESTBOUND FLIGHTS ROUTING VIA 61°N 010°W........................ 24 5.4 OCEANIC CLEARANCES FOR FLIGHTS INTENDING TO OPERATE WITHIN THE NAT REGION AND SUBSEQUENTLY ENTER THE EUR OR NAM REGIONS .............................................................. 24 5.5 OCEANIC CLEARANCES FOR RANDOM FLIGHTS INTENDING TO OPERATE WITHIN THE NAT REGION AND SUBSEQUENTLY ENTER REGIONS OTHER THAN NAM OR EUR............................. 25 5.6 OCEANIC FLIGHTS ORIGINATING FROM THE CAR OR SAM REGIONS AND ENTERING NAT MNPS AIRSPACE VIA THE NEW YORK OCA.......................................................................................... 25 5.7 ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH OCEANIC CLEARANCES....................................................................... 25 ATC System Loop Errors ............................................................................................................................... 25 Waypoint Insertion Errors ............................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 6: COMMUNICATIONS AND POSITION REPORTING PROCEDURES .............................. 27 6.1 ATS COMMUNICATIONS........................................................................................................................... 27 HF Voice Communications ............................................................................................................................. 27 SELCAL.............................................................................................................................................. 27 VHF Voice Communications.......................................................................................................................... 28 SATCOM Voice Communications .................................................................................................................. 29 Datalink Communications ............................................................................................................................... 29 6.2 INTER-PILOT AIR-TO-AIR VHF FACILITY 123.45 MHz and EMERGENCY FREQUENCY 121.5 MHz ........................................................................................................................................................................ 29 6.3 POSITION REPORTING............................................................................................................................... 30 Time and Place of Position Reports................................................................................................................. 30 Contents of Position Reports ........................................................................................................................... 30 Standard Message Types ................................................................................................................................ 30 Addressing of Position Reports ....................................................................................................................... 31 6.4 “WHEN ABLE HIGHER” (WAH) REPORTS............................................................................................... 31 6.5 METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS.................................................................................................................. 32 6.6 HF COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE............................................................................................................. 32 General Provisions.......................................................................................................................................... 33 Communications Procedures for Use in the Event of an On-board HF Equipment Failure ............................ 34 Communications Procedures for Use during Poor HF Propagation Conditions .............................................. 34 Rationale for Lost Communications Operational Procedures.......................................................................... 35 Tactical ATC Environment .................................................................................................................. 35 Procedural ATC Environment .............................................................................................................. 35 Operational Procedures following Loss of HF Communications Prior to Entry into the NAT ....................... 35 On-Board HF Communications Equipment Failure ............................................................................. 35 “HF Blackout....................................................................................................................................... 36 Operational Procedures following Loss of HF Communications after Entering the NAT .............................. 36 Summary of Operational Procedures Required following Loss of Air/Ground ATS Communications in the NAT Region.................................................................................................................................................... 37 6.7 OPERATION OF TRANSPONDERS............................................................................................................. 37 6.8 AIRBORNE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS (ACAS) ..................................................................... 37 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL NAT MNPS xi Edition 2008 CHAPTER 7: APPLICATION OF MACH NUMBER TECHNIQUE............................................................. 38 7.1 DESCRIPTION OF TERMS.......................................................................................................................... 38 7.2 OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................................................... 38 7.3 PROCEDURES IN NAT OCEANIC AIRSPACE .......................................................................................... 38 7.4 PROCEDURE AFTER LEAVING OCEANIC AIRSPACE........................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 8: MNPS FLIGHT OPERATION & NAVIGATION PROCEDURES........................................ 40 8.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... 40 8.2 GENERAL PROCEDURES........................................................................................................................... 42 Importance of Accurate Time .......................................................................................................................... 42 The Use of a Master Document ....................................................................................................................... 42 Position Plotting.............................................................................................................................................. 43 Provision of Step-Climbs................................................................................................................................ 44 Relief Crew Members..................................................................................................................................... 44 8.3 PRE-FLIGHT PROCEDURES....................................................................................................................... 44 Inertial Navigation Systems............................................................................................................................ 44 Initial Insertion of Latitude and Longitude........................................................................................... 44 System Alignment ............................................................................................................................... 45 GNSS (GPS) Systems..................................................................................................................................... 45 Satellite Availability............................................................................................................................ 45 Satellite Navigation Prediction............................................................................................................. 45 Operational Control Restrictions .......................................................................................................... 46 Loading of Initial Waypoints ........................................................................................................................... 46 Flight Plan Check ........................................................................................................................................... 47 Leaving the Ramp........................................................................................................................................... 48 8.4 IN FLIGHT PROCEDURES.......................................................................................................................... 48 Initial flight ..................................................................................................................................................... 48 ATC Oceanic Clearance ................................................................................................................................. 48 Approaching the Ocean .................................................................................................................................. 49 Entering the MNPS Airspace and Reaching an Oceanic Waypoint................................................................. 49 Routine Monitoring ........................................................................................................................................ 50 Approaching Landfall..................................................................................................................................... 50 8.5 SPECIAL IN-FLIGHT PROCEDURES.......................................................................................................... 50 Strategic Lateral Offset Procedures (SLOP).................................................................................................... 50 Monitoring during Distractions from Routine ................................................................................................. 51 Avoiding Confusion between Magnetic and True Track Reference................................................................ 52 Navigation in the Area of Compass Unreliability............................................................................................ 52 Deliberate Deviation from Track..................................................................................................................... 52 8.6 POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES ..................................................................................................................... 52 Inertial Navigation System Accuracy Check ................................................................................................... 52 8.7 HORIZONTAL NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING............................................................. 53 CHAPTER 9: RVSM FLIGHT IN MNPS AIRSPACE..................................................................................... 54 9.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................... 54 Pre-Flight ........................................................................................................................................................ 54 In-Flight - Before Operating in MNPS Airspace ............................................................................................. 55 In-Flight – Entering and Flying in MNPS Airspace ........................................................................................ 55 9.2 EQUIPMENT FAILURES .............................................................................................................................. 56 9.3 VERTICAL NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 10: PROCEDURES IN THE EVENT OF NAVIGATION SYSTEM DEGRADATION OR FAILURE ..................................................................................................................................... 58 10.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................... 58 Detection of Failures....................................................................................................................................... 58 Methods of Determining which System is Faulty............................................................................................ 58 Action if the Faulty System Cannot be Identified............................................................................................ 59 Guidance on What Constitutes a Failed System.............................................................................................. 59 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL NAT MNPS xii Edition 2008 Inertial System Failures .................................................................................................................................. 59 GPS Failures ................................................................................................................................................... 59 Satellite Fault Detection Outage........................................................................................................... 59 Fault Detection Alert ............................................................................................................................ 60 10.2 LOSS OF NAVIGATION/FMS CAPABILITY.............................................................................................. 60 One System Fails Before Take-Off.................................................................................................................. 60 One System Fails Before the OCA Boundary is Reached ............................................................................... 61 One System Fails After the OCA Boundary is Crossed................................................................................... 61 The Remaining System Fails After Entering MNPS Airspace ........................................................................ 62 Complete Failure of Navigation Systems Computers ...................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 11: SPECIAL PROCEDURES FOR IN-FLIGHT CONTINGENCIES ........................................ 63 11.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... 63 11.2 GENERAL PROCEDURES........................................................................................................................... 63 11.3 SPECIAL PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................................. 63 Initial Action................................................................................................................................................... 64 Subsequent Action .......................................................................................................................................... 64 11.4 DEVIATIONS AROUND SEVERE WEATHER........................................................................................... 64 11.5 WAKE TURBULENCE................................................................................................................................. 65 11.6 ACAS/TCAS ALERTS AND WARNINGS ................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 12: CHECK LISTS FOR PILOTS OPERATIONING IN NAT MNPS AIRSPACE.................... 67 12.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 67 12.2 SPECIAL NAT MNPSA ITEMS .................................................................................................................... 67 12.3 SAMPLE NAT MNPS CHECK LIST............................................................................................................ 68 Flight Planning................................................................................................................................................ 68 Preflight .......................................................................................................................................................... 68 Taxi and prior to take-off................................................................................................................................ 68 Climb Out ....................................................................................................................................................... 68 Prior to Oceanic entry..................................................................................................................................... 69 After Oceanic Entry........................................................................................................................................ 69 Approaching Waypoints ................................................................................................................................. 69 Overhead Waypoints....................................................................................................................................... 69 10-Minute Plot (Approximately 2° of Longitude after Waypoint) .................................................................. 69 Midpoint ......................................................................................................................................................... 69 Coast In........................................................................................................................................................... 69 Descent ........................................................................................................................................................... 69 Destination/Block In ....................................................................................................................................... 69 Other Issues .................................................................................................................................................... 70 Detail of and rationale for the sample checklist.................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 13: GUARDING AGAINST COMPLACENCY .............................................................................. 77 13.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... 77 13.2 OPERATIONAL HEIGHT ERRORS ............................................................................................................. 77 13.3 LATERAL NAVIGATION ERRORS............................................................................................................. 79 More Common Causes Of Lateral Navigation Errors...................................................................................... 79 Rare Causes Of Lateral Navigation Errors ...................................................................................................... 80 13.4 LESSONS TO BE LEARNED........................................................................................................................ 80 CHAPTER 14: THE PREVENTION OF DEVIATIONS FROM TRACK AS A RESULT OF WAYPOINT INSERTION ERRORS ................................................................................................................ 82 14.1 THE PROBLEM............................................................................................................................................. 82 14.2 THE CURE..................................................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 15: GUIDANCE FOR DISPATCHERS............................................................................................ 84 15.1 General............................................................................................................................................................ 84 15.2 Regulatory Requirements and Consequential Routing Limitations................................................................. 84 State Approvals (MNPS/RVSM)..................................................................................................................... 84 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL NAT MNPS xiii Edition 2008 Minimum Equipage (Navigation/Altimetry/Communications) ....................................................................... 84 Special non-compliance routings..................................................................................................................... 85 15.3 Route Planning................................................................................................................................................ 85 Lateral separation minima & resulting route definition conventions............................................................... 85 OTS – Rationale, Structure, CDM & Track Message...................................................................................... 85 Random Routings ........................................................................................................................................... 86 Adjacent Airspace, Route Structures, Links & Constraints ............................................................................. 86 15.4 Altitude & Speed ............................................................................................................................................ 86 Flight Levels ................................................................................................................................................... 86 Mach Number ................................................................................................................................................. 87 15.5 ATC FPL Completion..................................................................................................................................... 87 15.6 Dispatch Functions ......................................................................................................................................... 87 General............................................................................................................................................................ 87 Flight Planning................................................................................................................................................ 88 Route Planning .................................................................................................................................... 88 Flight Levels........................................................................................................................................ 89 Communications.................................................................................................................................. 90 MEL Compliance ................................................................................................................................ 90 ETOPS/LROPS ................................................................................................................................... 91 CDM TOOLS...................................................................................................................................... 91 Flight Monitoring............................................................................................................................................ 91 Oceanic ATC Clearances..................................................................................................................... 91 Transponder Use.................................................................................................................................. 92 Re-Routes. ........................................................................................................................................... 92 En route Contingencies........................................................................................................................ 92 Dispatcher guidance for NAT RVSM operations. ........................................................................................... 92 References ........................................................................................................................................... 92 Flight Planning .................................................................................................................................... 92 En route Equipage Failures................................................................................................................... 93 ATTACHMENT 1 - SAMPLE OF ERROR INVESTIGATION FORM.................................................................. 87 ATTACHMENT 2 - ALTITUDE DEVIATION REPORT FORM............................................................................ 89 ATTACHMENT 3 - WAKE TURBULENCE REPORT FORM............................................................................... 90 ATTACHMENT 4 – ICAO FPL COMPLETION FOR A NAT FLIGHT................................................................ 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................................... 103作者: super_xxx 时间: 2010-10-27 13:04:19 标题: AIRBUS 320 工作单培训资料之短停工作单
AIRBUS 320 工作单培训资料之短停工作单
作者: tonyblairer 时间: 2010-12-20 14:46:44 标题: 想看
谢谢。我想看看作者: cowboyx123 时间: 2011-2-7 02:13:44
原帖由 航空 于 2010-10-2 08:50 发表
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thank youuuuuu作者: minxuedu 时间: 2011-3-27 12:33:02
thank you very much作者: xrd07 时间: 2011-4-10 16:58:29
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