直升机飞行手册Rotorcraft flying handbook

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Angular Momentum) ..........................................3-2

Ground Effect .....................................................3-3

Gyroscopic Precession........................................3-4

Vertical Flight..........................................................3-4

Forward Flight.........................................................3-5

Translational Lift ................................................3-5

Induced Flow ......................................................3-6

Transverse Flow Effect.......................................3-6

Dissymmetry of Lift ...........................................3-6

Sideward Flight .......................................................3-8

Rearward Flight.......................................................3-8

Turning Flight..........................................................3-8

Autorotation.............................................................3-8

Autorotation (Vertical Flight) .............................3-9

Autorotation (Forward Flight) ..........................3-11

CONTENTS

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Powerplant Limitations.......................................6-2

Weight and Loading Distribution .......................6-2

Flight Limitations ...............................................6-3

Placards...............................................................6-3

Emergency Procedures ............................................6-3

Normal Procedures..................................................6-3

Performance.............................................................6-3

Weight and Balance.................................................6-4

Aircraft and Systems Description ...........................6-4

Handling, Servicing, and Maintenance ...................6-4

Supplements ............................................................6-4

Safety and Operational Tips....................................6-4

Chapter 7—Weight and Balance

Weight......................................................................7-1

Basic Empty Weight ...........................................7-1

Useful Load ........................................................7-1

Payload................................................................7-1

Gross Weight.......................................................7-1

Maximum Gross Weight.....................................7-1

Weight Limitations .............................................7-1

Determining Empty Weight ................................7-1

Balance ....................................................................7-2

Center of Gravity ................................................7-2

CG Forward of Forward Limit.......................7-2

CG Aft of Aft Limit .......................................7-2

Lateral Balance ...................................................7-3

Weight and Balance Calculations............................7-3

Reference Datum ................................................7-3

Arm .....................................................................7-4

Moment...............................................................7-4

Center of Gravity Computation ..........................7-4

Weight and Balance Methods..................................7-4

Computational Method .......................................7-4

Loading Chart Method........................................7-5

Sample Problem 1 ..........................................7-5

Sample Problem 2 ..........................................7-5

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Carburetor ..................................................5-7

Carburetor Ice ............................................5-7

Fuel Injection.............................................5-8

Turbine Engines .............................................5-8

Electrical Systems ...................................................5-8

Hydraulics ...............................................................5-9

Stability Augmentations Systems..........................5-10

Autopilot................................................................5-10

Environmental Systems.........................................5-10

Anti-Icing Systems ................................................5-11

Chapter 6—Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Helicopter)

Preliminary Pages....................................................6-1

General Information ................................................6-1

Operating Limitations .............................................6-1

Airspeed Limitation ............................................6-1

Altitude Limitations............................................6-2

Rotor Limitations................................................6-2

HELICOPTER

Chapter 1—Introduction to the Helicopter

The Main Rotor System ..........................................1-1

Fully Articulated Rotor System ..........................1-1

Semirigid Rotor System......................................1-2

Rigid Rotor System ............................................1-2

Antitorque Systems .................................................1-2

Tail Rotor ............................................................1-2

Fenestron.............................................................1-2

NOTAR®............................................................1-2

Landing Gear...........................................................1-2

Powerplant...............................................................1-3

Flight Controls.........................................................1-3

Chapter 2—General Aerodynamics

Airfoil ......................................................................2-1

Relative Wind .....................................................2-2

Blade Pitch Angle ...............................................2-2

Angle of Attack...................................................2-2

Lift ...........................................................................2-3

Magnus Effect.....................................................2-3

Bernoulli’s Principle ...........................................2-3

Newton’s Third Law of Motion..........................2-4

Weight......................................................................2-4

Thrust.......................................................................2-5

Drag .........................................................................2-5

Profile Drag ........................................................2-5

Induced Drag ......................................................2-5

Parasite Drag.......................................................2-6

Total Drag ...........................................................2-6

Chapter 3—Aerodynamics of Flight

Powered Flight ........................................................3-1

Hovering Flight .......................................................3-1

Translating Tendency or Drift.............................3-1

Pendular Action ..................................................3-2

Coning.................................................................3-2

Coriolis Effect (Law of Conservation of

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ROTORCRAFT FLYING

HANDBOOK

2000

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

Flight Standards Service

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PREFACE

The Rotorcraft Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for their private, commercial, or flight instructor pilot certificates with a helicopter or gyroplane class rating. Certificated flight

instructors may find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aerodynamics, flight controls,

systems, performance, flight maneuvers, emergencies, and aeronautical decision making is included. Topics, such

as weather, navigation, radio navigation and communications, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.

This handbook conforms to pilot training and certification concepts established by the FAA. There are different

ways of teaching, as well as performing flight procedures and maneuvers, and many variations in the explanations

of aerodynamic theories and principles. This handbook adopts a selective method and concept to flying helicopters

and gyroplanes. The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles.

Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of

such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal

Regulations (14 CFR). This handbook is divided into two parts. The first part, chapters 1 through 14, covers

helicopters, and the second part, chapters 15 through 22, covers gyroplanes. The glossary and index apply to

both parts.

It is essential for persons using this handbook to also become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR

and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). Performance standards for demonstrating competence required

for pilot certification are prescribed in the appropriate rotorcraft practical test standard.

This handbook supersedes Advisory Circular (AC) 61-13B, Basic Helicopter Handbook, dated 1978. In addition,

all or part of the information contained in the following advisory circulars are included in this handbook: AC 90-

87, Helicopter Dynamic Rollover; AC 90-95, Unanticipated Right Yaw in Helicopters; AC 91-32B, Safety in and

around Helicopters; and AC 91-42D, Hazards of Rotating Propeller and Helicopter Rotor Blades.

This publication may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

(GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9325, or from U.S. Government Bookstores located in major cities throughout the

United States.

The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and subject matter knowledge

codes for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from the Flight Standards Services web site at

http://av-info.faa.gov.

Comments regarding this handbook should be sent to U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation

Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.

AC 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist, transmits the current status of FAA advisory circulars and other flight information publications. This checklist is free of charge and may be obtained by sending a request to U.S. Department

of Transportation, Subsequent Distribution Office, SVC-121.23, Ardmore East Business Center, 3341 Q 75th

Avenue, Landover, MD 20785.

AC00-2 also is available on the Internet at http://www.faa.gov/abc/ac-chklst/actoc.htm.

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Chapter 4—Helicopter Flight Controls

Collective Pitch Control..........................................4-1

Throttle Control.......................................................4-1

Collective Pitch / Throttle Coordination.................4-2

Correlator / Governor..............................................4-2

Cyclic Pitch Control................................................4-2

Antitorque Pedals ....................................................4-3

Heading Control..................................................4-3

Chapter 5—Helicopter Systems

Engines ....................................................................5-1

Reciprocating Engine..........................................5-1

Turbine Engine....................................................5-1

Compressor.....................................................5-2

Combustion Chamber.....................................5-2

Turbine ...........................................................5-2

Transmission System...............................................5-3

Main Rotor Transmission ...................................5-3

Tail Rotor Drive System .....................................5-3

Clutch..................................................................5-4

Centrifugal Clutch..........................................5-4

Belt Drive Clutch ...........................................5-4

Freewheeling Unit..........................................5-4

Main Rotor System .................................................5-4

Fully Articulated Rotor System ..........................5-4

Semirigid Rotor System......................................5-5

Rigid Rotor System ............................................5-5

Combination Rotor Systems...............................5-5

Swash Plate Assembly ........................................5-5

Fuel Systems ...........................................................5-6

Fuel Supply System ............................................5-6

Engine Fuel Control System...............................5-6

Reciprocating Engines ...................................5-7