Flag carrier

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For a list of airline companies named National Airlines, see National Airlines.

A flag carrier refers to a transportation company, such as an airline or shipping company, that is locally registered in a given country. They may be state-run, state-owned or state-designated companies or organisations with preferential rights or privileges accorded by the government. Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry.[1]

A flag carrier (if it is an airline) may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier, although this can have different legal meanings in some countries. The United States is the only country in which the official flag carrier tradition is illegal, because of strict antitrust laws, but it has six major international airlines; American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlines (now a subsidiary of Delta), United Airlines, Continental Airlines, and US Airways; they function in a similar manner and size as other countries' flag carriers.

" n/ K7 _ M# [. S( a 0 t3 h3 x3 |8 o) [4 Q& R Contents [hide] ) q( b, o( V4 k& ~( V. X 1 Background 2 List of flag-carrying airlines 3 References 4 External links

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[edit] Background

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The term "flag carrier" is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies. Governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. These bilateral aviation agreements may specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines, forcing some governments to jump-start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in the face of foreign competition. Some countries also establish flag carriers for nationalist reasons, or to aid the country's economy, particularly in the area of tourism.

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In many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition. Even where privately-run airlines may be allowed to be established, the flag carriers may still be accorded priority, especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets. In the United States, for example, funding for international travel is restricted to "US flag air carriers" under the Fly America Act,[2] however, this coincidental terminology should not be confused with traditional flag carriers.

In recent decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatised as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatised. The aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated, particularly in the United States and in the European Union. This has rendered the designation of "flag carriers" less important than it was in the past.

The legacy of flag carriers can still be seen by the restrictions in international air travel such as the bilateral Bermuda II agreement. The term is also used loosely to refer to any dominant airline in a country, or in reference to legacy state carriers even long after their privatisation.

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[edit] List of flag-carrying airlines

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This table may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (January 2008)

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The chart below lists airlines considered to be a "flag carrier", either by designation as a national airlines either officially or based on history and whether it is state-owned.

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Country or Region	Airline	Designated	State-owned
Afghanistan	Ariana Afghan Airlines	Yes	Majority
Albania	Albanian Airlines	Yes	Joint-Venture
Andorra	AeroKing Andorra	Yes	Joint-Venture between Eagle Aviation España and TAP Portugal
Algeria	Air Algérie	Yes	Majority (By opening its capital)
Angola	TAAG Angola Airlines	Yes	Full
Åland Islands	Air Åland
Argentina	Aerolíneas Argentinas	Yes	Full
Armenia	Armavia	Yes	No
Australia	Qantas	Yes	No
Austria	Austrian Airlines	Yes	No
Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan Airlines	Yes	Full
Bahamas	Bahamasair	Yes	Full
Bahrain	Gulf Air	Yes	Full
Bangladesh	Biman Bangladesh Airlines	Yes	Full
Barbados	LIAT	No	No
Belarus	Belavia	Yes	Full
Belgium	Brussels Airlines	Yes	No
Belize	Maya Island Air	No	No
Benin	Benin Golf Air	Yes	No
Bhutan	Drukair	Yes	Full
Bolivia	AeroSur	Yes	Minority (48%)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	B&H Airlines	Yes	50.93%
Botswana	Air Botswana	Yes	Full
Brazil	TAM Airlines	Yes	No
Brunei	Royal Brunei Airlines	Yes	Full
Bulgaria	Bulgaria Air	Yes	No
	Hemus Air	Yes	No
Burkina Faso	Air Burkina	Yes	Majority
Burundi	Air Burundi	Yes	Full
Cambodia	Cambodia Angkor Air	Yes	Majority
Cameroon	Cameroon Airlines	Yes
Canada	Air Canada	Yes	No (privatised in 1988)
Cape Verde	TACV Cabo Verde Airlines	Yes	Full
Cayman Islands	Cayman Airways	Yes
Chad	Toumaï Air Tchad
Chile	LAN Airlines		No (privatized in 1989)
China(mainland)	Air China	Yes	Majority
Colombia	Avianca	Yes	No
Comoros	Air Comores International
Republic of the Congo	Trans Air Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Hewa Bora Airways
Costa Rica	Lacsa (now part of TACA)
Côte d'Ivoire	Air Ivoire
Croatia	Croatia Airlines	Yes	Majority
Cuba	Cubana de Aviación	Yes	Full
Cyprus	Cyprus Airways	Yes	Majority
Northern Cyprus (Recognized only by Turkey)	Cyprus Turkish Airlines
Czech Republic	Czech Airlines	Yes	Full
Denmark	Scandinavian Airlines System	Yes	Joint-Venture
Djibouti	Air Djibouti
Ecuador	TAME
Egypt	EgyptAir	Yes	Full
El Salvador	TACA
Equatorial Guinea	Ecuato Guineana
Eritrea	Eritrean Airlines	Yes	Full
Estonia	Estonian Air	Yes	Minority
Ethiopia	Ethiopian Airlines	Yes	Full
Faroe Islands	Atlantic Airways
Fiji	Air Pacific
Finland	Finnair	Yes	Majority
France	Air France	No	Minority
French Guiana	Air Guyane	Yes
French Polynesia	Air Tahiti Nui	Yes
Gabon	Gabon Airlines
Gambia	Gambia International Airlines	Yes
Georgia	Georgian Airways	Yes
Guernsey	Aurigny Air Services	Yes	Full
Germany	Lufthansa	Yes	No
Ghana	Ghana International Airlines	Yes
Greece	Olympic Air	No	No
Greenland	Air Greenland	Yes
Guadeloupe	Air Caraïbes
Guam	Continental Micronesia
Guatemala	Aviateca (now part of TACA) / Tikal Jets Airlines (now defunct)
Guinea	Air Guinee Express	Yes
Guyana	Caribbean Airlines	No
Haiti	Tortug' Air
Honduras	TACA
Hong Kong	Cathay Pacific	Yes	No
Hungary	Malév	Yes	No
Iceland	Icelandair	Yes	No
Indonesia	Garuda Indonesia	Yes	Full
India	Air India	Yes	Full
	Indian (Merged with Air India on July 15, 2007)	Yes	Full
Iran	Iran Air	Yes	Full
Iraq	Iraqi Airways	Yes	Full
Ireland	Aer Lingus	Yes	Minority (28%)
Israel	El Al	Yes	Minority (30%)
Italy	Alitalia	Yes	No (Privatised in 2009)
Jamaica	Air Jamaica	Yes
Japan	Japan Airlines	Yes	No
Jordan	Royal Jordanian Airlines	Yes
Kazakhstan	Air Astana	Yes	51%
Kenya	Kenya Airways	Yes
Kiribati	Air Kiribati	Yes
North Korea	Air Koryo	Yes	Full
South Korea	Korean Air	Yes	No
Kuwait	Kuwait Airways	Yes	Full
Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyzstan Airlines	Yes	Majority
Laos	Lao Airlines	Yes	Full
Latvia	Air Baltic	Yes	Majority
Lebanon	Middle East Airlines		Full
Liberia	Air Liberia	Yes
Libya	Libyan Arab Airlines	Yes
Luxembourg	Luxair	Yes	Minority
Macau	Air Macau	Yes	No
Macedonia	N/A	-	-
Madagascar	Air Madagascar	Yes	Majority
Malawi	Air Malawi	Yes	Full
Malaysia	Malaysia Airlines	Yes	Minority
Maldives	Maldivian	Yes	Full
Mali	Air Mali International	Yes	No
Malta	Air Malta	Yes	Majority
Marshall Islands	Air Marshall Islands	Yes	Full
Martinique	Air Caraïbes	Yes	No
Mauritania	Mauritania Airways		Minority
Mauritius	Air Mauritius	Yes	Minority
Mexico	Aeromexico
	Mexicana	Yes
Federated States of Micronesia	Continental Micronesia
Moldova	Air Moldova	Yes
Mongolia	MIAT Mongolian Airlines	Yes
Montenegro	Montenegro Airlines	Yes
Montserrat	Air Montserrat
Morocco	Royal Air Maroc	Yes
Mozambique	Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique	Yes
Myanmar	Myanmar Airways International	Yes	Yes
Namibia	Air Namibia	Yes
Nauru	Our Airline	Yes
Nepal	Nepal Airlines	Yes
Netherlands	KLM	Yes	No
Netherlands Antilles	Dutch Antilles Express
New Caledonia	Aircalin
New Zealand	Air New Zealand	Yes	Majority
Nicaragua	NICA (now part of TACA)	Yes
Nigeria	Nigerian Eagle Airlines	Yes	No
Norfolk Island	Norfolk Air		Full
Norway	Scandinavian Airlines System	Yes	Minority[3]
Oman	Oman Air	Yes	Majority (82.4%)
Pakistan	Pakistan International Airlines (PIA)	Yes	Majority (87%)
Palestinian Authority	Palestinian Airlines		Full
Panama	Copa Airlines	Yes	No
Papua New Guinea	Air Niugini
Paraguay	Regional Paraguaya	Yes	No
Peru	Air Perú
Philippines	Philippine Airlines	Yes	Joint-Venture
Poland	LOT Polish Airlines	Yes	Majority (67.97%)[4]
Portugal	TAP Portugal	Yes	Full [5]
Qatar	Qatar Airways	Yes
Réunion	Air Austral
Romania	TAROM	Yes	Majority (95%)
Russia	Rossiya	Yes	Full
	Aeroflot	Yes	51.17%
Rwanda	Rwandair Express	Yes
Samoa	Polynesian Blue
São Tomé and Príncipe	STP Airways
Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabian Airlines	Yes	Full
Senegal	Air Sénégal International	Yes
Serbia	Jat Airways	Yes	Full[6]
Seychelles	Air Seychelles	Yes
Sierra Leone	Sierra National Airlines	Yes
Singapore	Singapore Airlines	Yes	Majority (54%)
Slovakia	Air Slovakia
Slovenia	Adria Airways
Solomon Islands	Solomon Airlines	Yes
Somalia	Somali Airlines[7]	Yes
South Africa	South African Airways	Yes
Spain	Iberia	Yes	Minority (50%)[8]
Sri Lanka	SriLankan Airlines	Yes
Sudan	Sudan Airways	Yes
Suriname	Surinam Airways	Yes
Sweden	Scandinavian Airlines System	Yes[3]	Joint-Venture[3]
Swaziland	Royal Swazi National Airways
Switzerland	Swiss International Air Lines [9]	Yes	No
Syria	Syrian Air	Yes	Full
Taiwan (Officially Republic of China)	China Airlines[10]	No	Majority (54%)
Tajikistan	Tajik Air	Yes
Tanzania	Air Tanzania	Yes
Thailand	Thai Airways International	Yes	Majority (53%)
Togo	Air Togo	Yes
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago	Caribbean Airlines	Yes	Full
Tunisia	Tunisair	Yes
Turkey	Turkish Airlines	Yes	Majority
Turkmenistan	Turkmenistan Airlines	Yes
Turks and Caicos Islands	Air Turks and Caicos	Yes
Uganda	Air Uganda	Yes
Ukraine	Ukraine International Airlines	Yes	Majority
Ukraine	Aerosvit Airlines	Yes
United Arab Emirates	Etihad Airways	Yes	Yes[11]
	Emirates	Yes	Yes[12]
	Air Arabia	Yes	Minority (45%)[13]
United Kingdom	British Airways	Yes	No (Privatised in 1987)
Uruguay	PLUNA	Yes	Minority (25%)
Uzbekistan	Uzbekistan Airways	Yes	Majority
Vanuatu	Air Vanuatu	Yes
Venezuela	Conviasa	Yes	Full
Vietnam	Vietnam Airlines	Yes	Full
Yemen	Yemenia	Yes
Zimbabwe	Air Zimbabwe	Yes