飞行中和地面火山灰影响和建议Volcanic ash, effects and recommendations

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飞行中和地面火山灰影响和建议Volcanic ash, effects and recommendations inflight and on ground

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航空

SEEE - 946.0005/09
16 March 2009
Volcanic ash, effects and recommendations
in flight and on ground
Prepared by
Jeremy Marion
Engineering Support - Propulsion Systems – SEEE1
Airbus Customer Services
© NASA
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 2
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Contents
• Introduction
• Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft
􀀗Components abrasion
􀀗Engine Performance Deterioration
􀀗Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination
• Volcanic ash cloud detection
• Operational recommendations
􀀗Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports
contaminated
􀀗Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is
unavoidable)
• Maintenance recommendations
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 3
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Introduction
• Experience has shown that damage can occur to aircraft
surfaces, windshields and powerplants after a flight
through an ash cloud.
• Over 80 aircraft have reported to have flown into volcanic
ash cloud between 1980 and 2000.
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 4
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Contents
• Introduction
• Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft
􀀗Components abrasion
􀀗Engine Performance Deterioration
􀀗Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination
• Volcanic ash cloud detection
• Operational recommendations
􀀗Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports
contaminated
􀀗Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is
unavoidable)
• Maintenance recommendations
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 5
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft
• Components abrasion
􀀗Windshields
􀀗Forward cabin windows
􀀗Navigation and landing lights cover
􀀗Wing, stabilizer and fin leading edges
􀀗Engine nose cowls and thrust reversers
􀀗All Pitot and Static probes
May be removed and replaced after volcanic ash encounter.
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 6
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft
• Engine Performance Deterioration
􀀗The flow disorder due to volcanic particles may stall the
engine.
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 7
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft
• Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination
􀀗Very fine particles can penetrate easily into the systems
􀀗Difficulties to remove high static charge particles from
electronic components
􀀗Water present in particles can cause arcing, short court
circuits and intermittent failures of electronic components
􀀗Dense ash deposit can clog bleed system filters and may
lead to total bleed loss
􀀗Obstruction of Pitot and Static systems
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 8
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Contents
• Introduction
• Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft
􀀗Components abrasion
􀀗Engine Performance Deterioration
􀀗Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination
• Volcanic ash cloud detection
• Operational recommendations
􀀗Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports
contaminated
􀀗Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is
unavoidable)
• Maintenance recommendations
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 9
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Volcanic ash cloud detection
• Dust clouds cannot be detected by airborne weather
radars
• Presence of the following elements can help recognize a
volcanic ash cloud encounter:
􀀗Acrid odour similar to electrical smoke
􀀗Rapid onset of engine problems
􀀗St. Elmo’s fire
􀀗Bright white/orange glow appearing in the engine inlets
􀀗Dust and smell in the cockpit
􀀗Outside darkness
􀀗Airspeed fluctuation
􀀗Landing lights casting sharp, distinct, shadows.
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 10
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Contents
• Introduction
• Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft
􀀗Components abrasion
􀀗Engine Performance Deterioration
􀀗Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination
• Volcanic ash cloud detection
• Operational recommendations
􀀗Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports
contaminated
􀀗Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is
unavoidable)
• Maintenance recommendations
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 11
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Operational recommendations
• Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports
contaminated
􀀗Engine inlet covers as well as other protective covers and
plugs should be installed.
􀀗Have the aircraft cleaned before departure
􀀗Dry crank the engines
􀀗Restrict ground use of APU to engine starts
􀀗Keep bleed valves closed for taxiing
􀀗Taxi with minimum thrust
􀀗Allow ash and dust (if present) to settle on runway before
starting the takeoff roll
􀀗Use the rolling takeoff technique if possible
􀀗Consider the runway as wet (for dry ash) or contaminated with
slush (wet ash) for takeoff/landing performance calculation
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 12
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Operational recommendations
• Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is
unavoidable)
􀀗Make a 180o turn
􀀗Decrease the thrust
􀀗Don the crew oxygen masks
􀀗Report to the ATC
􀀗Increase bleed demand (wing and engine anti-ice ON)
􀀗Start the APU (to supply the electrical network in case of
engine flameout)
􀀗Monitor engine parameters and airspeed indications
• Refer to FCOM 03.04.91, Operations in Volcanic ash, sand
or dust
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 13
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Contents
• Introduction
• Volcanic ash effects on Aircraft
􀀗Components abrasion
􀀗Engine Performance Deterioration
􀀗Bleed, Air Data and Electronic Systems Contamination
• Volcanic ash cloud detection
• Operational recommendations
􀀗Recommendations on Ground from or to Airports
contaminated
􀀗Recommendations in Flight (if the volcanic could is
unavoidable)
• Maintenance recommendations
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 14
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Maintenance recommendations
• Inspection recommendations after Flight or contamination
on Ground by volcanic ash.
􀀗Full inspection of the aircraft
– Inspection of the Cabin Area
– Inspection of the Fuselage, the Wings and the Stabilizers
– Inspection of the Probes and Sensors
– Inspection of the Landing Gears
– Inspection of the Nacelles and the Engines
– Inspection of the APU
– Inspection of the Fuel System
– Inspection of the Anti-Ice System
– Inspection of the Air Conditioning System
– Inspection of the Hydraulic System
– Inspection of the Potable Water System
􀀗Do maintenance procedures from technical manuals
• Refer to Task AMM 05-51-25-200-03
SEEE - 946.0005/09 16 March 2009 Page 15
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and
proprietary document.
This document and all information contained herein is the sole
property of AIRBUS S.A.S.. No intellectual property rights are
granted by the delivery of this document or the disclosure of
its content. This document shall not be reproduced or
disclosed to a third party without the express written consent
of AIRBUS S.A.S. This document and its content shall not be
used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied.
The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. They
are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed
in good faith. Where the supporting grounds for these
statements are not shown, AIRBUS S.A.S. will be pleased to
explain the basis thereof.
AIRBUS, its logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321,
A330, A340, A350, A380, A400M are registered trademarks.

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