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Instrument Flight
Aim
¡E To learn to correctly fly an aircraft
accurately, solely by reference to the
aircraft instruments.
Application
¡V Precision control and coordination
¡V Practise towards a NVFR or CIR
¡V Used to exit cloud upon accidental entry
¡V Assist in flying an aircraft in reduced visibility
Overview
¡E Revision
¡E Definitions
¡E Principles
¡E Considerations
¡E Air Exercise
¡E Airmanship
Revision
¡E Aircraft instruments
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VSI
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
L R
Definitions
¡E Rate one turn
¡V A turn that takes 2 min to alter heading 360¢X
¡V Calculated by:
¡E Instrument Scan
¡V A method used to view and cross reference
the instruments in order to check and
maintain performance.
AoB ƒ­10%IASƒy 7„a
Principles
¡E Instrument interpretation
¡V Power + attitude = Performance
Tacho ¡V Gives power information
Pitch ¡V AH, ALT, ASI, VSI
Bank ¡V AH, T&B, DG
Yaw ¡V Only the balance ball
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VSI
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
L R
Principles
¡E Aircraft Control
¡V Maintain smooth coordination of power and flight
controls
¡V AH and Tacho used to set up initial configuration, then
other instruments used to cross-reference and confirm
performance is being achieved.
To change configuration:
Change ¡V adopt required power and attitude
Check ¡V check performance
Hold ¡V if correct; or
Adjust ¡V if required
Trim ¡V as required
Principles
¡E Instrument Scan
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VSI
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
L R
Considerations
¡E Sensory Illusions
¡V Vestibular organs
¡E 3 semi-circular organs in the inner ear which detect
accelerations by moving tiny hair follicles
¡E Constant velocity or gradual changes in velocity is
not detected
¡V Somatogravic Illusion
¡E Acceleration / Deceleration causes sensations of
up / down pitch. Worst at night during a go-around
or climb.
Considerations
¡E Sensory Illusions
¡V Spatial Disorientation
¡E Disagreement of senses
¡E Slow roll to left not detected by senses. Correct with right
bank. Senses detect the right bank and instruments show
S&L!
¡E Causes vertigo/leans.
¡V Partial Panel Failure
¡E Detect failed instruments by cross-checking other
instruments. Use inverted V scan
¡E DG fails, supplement with magnetic compass. Remember
ONUS and SAND
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VSI
20
20
15
5
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
L R
Air Exercise
¡E Cruise (ASPT)
Attitude ¡V Change the AH to the correct attitude and
hold. Scan DG, ALT and T&B
Speed ¡V Scan ASI for acceleration to cruise speed
Power ¡V Reduce RPM to cruise power
Trim ¡V Trim to the attitude on the AH
Primary instruments of interest:
AH, ALT, DG
Secondary instruments of interest:
ASI, T&B and VSI
Air Exercise
¡E Climb (PAST)
Power ¡V Increase the power to climb settings referring
to TACHO and AH
Attitude ¡V Adopt climb attitude with reference to AH,
then monitor DG and T&B for direction and balance
Speed ¡V Scan AH, DG and ASI
Trim ¡V Trim to maintain attitude on the AH
Primary instruments of interest:
AH, ASI and DG
Secondary instruments of interest:
ALT, VSI and T&B
Air Exercise
¡E Descent (PAST)
Power ¡V Reduce power TACHO and AH
Attitude ¡V Adopt attitude with AH, then scan
DG and T&B for direction and balance
Speed ¡V Scan AH, DG, ASI and VSI
Trim ¡V Trim if required
Primary instruments of interest
AH, ASI and DG
Secondary instruments of interest
ALT, VSI and T&B
Air Exercise
¡E Turns (BBB)
Bank ¡V Roll to rate one, referring to the AH
Balance ¡V Refer to T&B and balance with
rudder
Back Pressure ¡V Set attitude referring to AH,
ALT and VSI
Primary Instruments of interest:
AH, ALT, VSI
Secondary Instruments of interest:
T&B and DG
Air Exercise
¡E Climbing / Descending Turns (BBB)
Bank ¡V Roll to rate one, referring to the AH
Balance ¡V Refer to T&B and balance with
rudder
Back Pressure ¡V Set attitude referring to AH,
ALT and VSI
Primary Instruments of interest:
AH, ALT, VSI
Secondary Instruments of interest:
T&B and DG
Airmanship
¡E Avoid flying into cloud ¡V if you do, conduct
a 180o rate one turn to exit.
¡E Smooth and positive control inputs.
¡E Use correct scan techniques.
¡E Do not chase performance instruments
SET ATTITUDE!
¡E Instrument taxi checks.
¡E Correct handover/takeover procedure.

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