RMIT飞行训练课件－Navigation Mass Brief 导航讲解

航空

游客，如果您要查看本帖隐藏内容请回复

航空

Navigation Mass Brief
Aim
• To understand the principles and
considerations of navigation, in order to
navigate from one point to another with
sole reference to visual cues.
Application
• To fly cross-country from one airport to
another
• PPL and CPL flights require cross-country
flying
Overview
• Revision
• Definitions
• Principles
• Considerations
• Air Exercise
• Airmanship
Revision
• Compasses
– What kind of heading do compasses show?
– What kind of heading do maps show?
– How is a true bearing converted to a magnetic
bearing?
– Where can the amount of variation required
be found?
Definitions
• Visual Fix
– Determining the aircraft’s position with respect to
ground features using three identifiable features
(Must be able to positively fix the aircraft’s position
every 30 minutes by visual fix)
• Dead reckoning (Deduced Reckoning)
– Navigation by applying a wind velocity to a track in
order to calculate a heading and ground speed from a
previously known position. Then given an elapsed
time, the position of the aircraft can be determined.
• Map reading – Map interpretation
– Methodology: orientate the map to the direction the
aircraft is travelling. Then Watch – Map – Ground.
Definitions
• Various Types of charts Available
– WAC
• World Aeronautical Chart, is a chart showing a
large area in relatively little detail. Only shows
geographic information, no airspace information.
Definitions
– VNC
• Visual Navigational Chart, shows a relatively big
area in high detail, including geographical
information, airspace boundary, frequency, nav-aid
and other important information
Definitions
– VTC
• Visual Terminal Chart, shows the same information
as VNC, for only a small area, but in higher detail.
Definitions
– PCA
• Planning Chart Australia, for use in weather
planning and weather forecast decode.
Definitions
– ERC LOW
• En Route Chart (Low Level), has only airspace,
navaid, frequency, track and waypoint information
for Instrument Flight. Doesn’t have geographical
information. Shows a very big area in small detail.
• If you superimpose ERC onto WAC you will get
VNC information.
Definitions
• Flight plan
– A standardised ICAO form used to lodge flight details to air traffic
services. The flight plan details all the particulars of a flight.
• CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency)
– A frequcency pilots can communicate information on whilst
operating in an aerodrome without an operating tower
• CTAF aerodrome
– Common Traffic Advisory Frequency Aerodrome, the dimensions
of which are 5nm radius and 3000ft AGL
• MBZ (Mandatory Broadcast Zone) Frequency
– A frequency for a zone where radios must be carried and be
serviceable.
• MBZ aerodrome
– Mandatory Broadcast Zone Aerodrome, the dimensions of which
are 15nm radius and 5000ft AGL
Definitions
• CTA – Controlled Airspace
– A portion of airspace which is controlled, extending upwards
from one specified height (the lower limit) to another specified
height (the upper limit)
• OCTA – Outside Controlled Airspace
– An Airspace classification, airspace is classified into various
classes that have their corresponding procedural requirements.
• UTC – Universal Coordinated Time
– A standardised time (irrespective of position on earth or time
zone)
• ETA – Estimated Time of Arrival
– The time the aircraft is due to arrive at a designated point,
expressed in UTC
• ETD – Estimated Time of Departure
– The time the aircraft is expected to depart an aerodrome (usually
overhead, expressed in UTC.
Definitions
• Trip Sheet
– A sheet a pilot uses in flight, which has various headings,
distances, en-route points, times, fuel logs, radio frequencies
and other important information a pilot deems necessary to
conduct a navigational flight.
• SARTIME
– The time nominated by the pilot for the intention of Search and
Rescue to start looking for the aircraft. A cancellation of
SARTIME is usually made upon safe arrival to stop this action
from occurring.
• VMC – Visual Meteorological Conditions
– Specified conditions (of visibility and distance away from cloud)
that visual pilots must adhere to when flying visually, different
airspace classifications have different requirements.
Pre-Flight Principles
• Planning A Flight
– Start with a Navigation Route:
Point Cook – Melton South – Ballarat (overfly) – Swan Marsh –
Avalon – Point Cook
– Check the latest weather to make sure you are
capable of maintaining VMC during the flight.
– Draw the desired route on all navigational charts,
taking into consideration: CTA steps (Airspace),
Lanes of Entry, Danger and Restricted areas,
Aerodromes, radio navigational aids and approach
points. Also look at the terrain along the route to see if
a possible emergency landing area could be found.
– Mark in points where 1:60 checks can be made (place
these on WAC and VNC). Ideally these points should
be half way along a particular leg.
Pre-Flight Principles
– Mark on the WAC and other maps the location at
which radio frequency changes should be made, use
a symbol.
– Write the route onto a trip sheet
– Measure distances (Nm) and bearings (magnetic
bearings) for each leg of the journey and write this
information onto the trip sheet
– Give consideration to cloud, terrain clearance,
cruising levels and wind velocity at different heights –
then pick the most appropriate cruising level for each
leg of the route
– Determine the wind velocity for each leg of the route,
write this information down on the trip sheet.
Pre-Flight Principles
– Using the TAS and the wind velocity, determine the
heading required to be flown due to drift. Also
calculate the ground speed, and estimated time
interval for each leg. Use a navigation computer to
help do these calculations.
– Determine the total estimated time interval (ETI) from
landing to landing. From this time interval calculate
the fuel required for the flight, using the aircraft’s
specified fuel burn-off rate, allowing for fuel reserves,
holding any other requirements.
– Fill in the flight plan
– Submit the flight plan, using NAIPS.
– Conduct a pre-flight inspection of the aircraft
In-Flight Principles
• Taking the time
– Pilot will need to take the time at various
points in order to calculate the aircrafts
performance:
• Take the time on start-up for the fuel log
• Take the time overhead the aerodrome on
departure, then add the estimated time interval
expected for the leg
• Check the time during flight, to see if you are slow
or fast
• Check the SARTIME, making sure you can get to
the destination before your nominated SARTIME
In-Flight Principles
• 1:60
– If an aircraft travels 60nm and is 1nm off track
then the Track Error (TE) is 1º degree
– This principle can be applied to any distance if
the ratio is kept the same:
1Nm
60 Nm
1º
2 Nm
60 Nm
2º 1 Nm
20 Nm
3º
In-Flight Principles
• Getting back on track with a 1:60
– The track error tells us how much we have to turn to
parallel track but doesn’t tell us how to get back on
track
– A Closing Angle (CA) must be calculated using the
1:60 principle to get the aircraft back on track
– Example:
– To get back on track you will need to change your
heading by: TE + CA = 6º + 4º = 10º
2 Nm
20 Nm
6º
30 Nm
4º
TE CA
In-Flight Principles
• Estimating Top of Descent (TOD)
– Allows a pilot to conduct a shallow descent into an
aerodrome, to be at the aerodrome boundary at
1500ft AGL (overfly height)
– Conducted at 500ft per minute for passenger comfort
– Calculated using the following steps:
• Determine the aircrafts ETA for the destination
• Calculate the height required to descend to be 1500ft AGL at
the airports boundary
• Divide the height loss required by 500ft, this will give you the
number of minutes required to conduct the descent. Add 2
minutes onto this figure to account for approach and
manoeuvring
• Subtract the above number from the ETA, and you will have
a time to start the descent
In-Flight Principles
• Arrival
– All requirements etc, detailed in AIP
– When approaching a CTAF or MBZ, the pilot
must before crossing any area boundary,
broadcast:
• Aerodrome
• Call-sign and aircraft type
• Position
• Altitude
• Intentions
– Ascertain wind direction
– Join the circuit
In-Flight Principles
• Departure
– When taxiing for departure the pilot must broadcast:
• Aerodrome
• Call-sign and aircraft type
• Runway to be used
• Destination or departure quadrant or intention
– Do not conduct intersection departure
– Broadcast a departure call
– An aircraft must not execute a turn opposite to the
circuit direction unless:
• It has climbed straight ahead 1500’ AGL; or
• It is at least 3 Nm from the aerodrome
– Can depart overhead at 1500’ AGL
– Remember to calculate performance chart for take-off
In-Flight Principles
• Aviate – Navigate – Communicate (Cockpit Cycle)
– Aviate
• Correctly handle the aircraft, operate within limits, keep obstacle
clearance, traffic separation and cloud separation
– Navigate – use the mnemonic: Watch – Map – Ground
• Watch: Determine ETI elapsed, from ETI estimate ground speed
and determine distance travelled
• Map: Along the marked track, locate the distance travelled allowing
for being off-track. Identify large features, then smaller ones in the
area
• Ground: Look for the identified features, need three for a positive fix
of the aircraft’s position
– Communicate
• Correctly use the radio, broadcast intentions using appropriate
phraseology and broadcast requirements.
In-Flight Principles
• The CLEAR check
– Used at every turning point and at half way points on
long legs, and any other time the pilot feels
appropriate.
– C: Compass to DG realignment, Check Course flown
– L: Log Time, Check fuel Log and SARTIME
– E: Engine Indications, Check fuel quantity,
temperatures and pressures, lean the aircraft.
– A: Altitude and Airspace, Check you are at an
appropriate altitude and won’t fly into controlled
airspace without a clearance
– R: Radio’s and Radio Nav Aids, Check and set
appropriate radio frequencies and Nav Aids, Make
appropriate radio broadcasts
Considerations
• Weather
– Know how to decode and analyse the weather
forecast
– Know VMC requirements for VFR flight
– Have a valid weather forecast
– When is End Of Daylight (EOD) and will you
arrive before EOD?
Considerations
• Cruising levels
– An appropriate cruising
height should be
selected.
– Must be strictly used
above 5000 feet
• QNH
– Area QNH or Local QNH should be set on
altimeter subscale
– Can obtain QNH from TAF, or request QNH on
FLIGHTWATCH frequency
Considerations
• SARTIME
– Not all flights need to have a SARTIME,
however it is good airmanship to utilise this
facility
– SARTIME must be nominated in UTC
• Flight Plans
– All flight into Controlled airspace must lodge a
flight plan
– Flight plans should be lodged 30 minutes prior
to departure
Airmanship
• Thorough pre-flight inspection
• Must take current maps, ERSA, trip sheet,
pencils and any other aids to conduct the flight
• CLEAR checks will ensure you don’t forget
anything, so remember to use them
• Maintain good situational awareness and look
well ahead of the aircraft’s current position to try
and anticipate any required actions
• Us the cockpit cycle (Aviate – Navigate –
Communicate)
• Don’t be afraid to ask for assistance if in trouble,
Air traffic services are there to help pilots!

猪也能飞

感谢楼主万分感谢感谢万分

xy8701

谢谢楼主，我正准备去RMIT读书