FLIGHT TEST RESULTS OF THE CFIT AVOIDANCE IN FLY-BY-WIRE TRANSPORTS

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FLIGHT TEST RESULTS OF THE
CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN
AVOIDANCE MANEUVER IN FLY-BYWIRE
TRANSPORTS
Airworthiness Performance Evaluation and Certification Committee
Captain Ron Rogers, Chairman
March 1, 1999
Air Line Pilots Association
Table of Contents
I. Abstract................................................................................................................................................................. 2
II. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 2
A. Purpose of Flight Test....................................................................................................................................... 2
B. Ground Proximity Warning Systems................................................................................................................. 3
C. CFIT Escape Maneuvers................................................................................................................................... 3
III. Test Plan ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
A. Test Articles/Locations ..................................................................................................................................... 5
B. Maneuvers/Test Points...................................................................................................................................... 6
C. Test Methods ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
IV. Discussion of Results ......................................................................................................................................... 7
A. Airbus A330-200............................................................................................................................................... 7
B. Boeing B-777-300........................................................................................................................................... 12
V. Lessons Learned................................................................................................................................................ 17
A. Simulation ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
B. Aircraft Flight Test.......................................................................................................................................... 17
C. General............................................................................................................................................................. 18
VI. Conclusions/Reccommendations .................................................................................................................... 18
I. Abstract
Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) is the leading causes of aviation accidents.1
A test program was developed to compare the CFIT maneuver performance capabilities of
aircraft with hard versus soft Fly-By-Wire (FBW) flight control systems. To obtain this data,
simulated CFIT avoidance maneuvers utilizing a Boeing 777-300 and an Airbus A330-200
were performed. These tests were performed at the Boeing Flight Test Facility in Seattle,
Washington and the Airbus Flight Test Facility at Toulouse, France.
This flight test had a two-fold purpose. The first was to evaluate the effectiveness and
appropriateness of a recovery technique that was developed for convention aircraft without
regard for the flight envelope protections incorporated in modern FBW aircraft. The second
purpose was to develop and/or evaluate CFIT escape maneuvers that utilize the maximum
capability of the aircraft afforded by the protections incorporated in their respective FBW
flight control systems.
As a direct result of this flight-test activity, one major US operator of Airbus aircraft (United
Airlines) has changed the CFIT escape maneuver for these aircraft.
II. Introduction
A. Purpose of Flight Test
· To evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of a recovery technique that was
developed for convention aircraft without regard for the flight envelope protections
incorporated in modern FBW aircraft.
1 CFIT Training Aid, section 3 page 3.3.
Revision 14.0 3
· To evaluate and/or develop CFIT escape maneuvers that utilize the maximum capability
of the aircraft afforded by the protections incorporated in their respective FBW flight
control systems.
B. Ground Proximity Warning Systems
Transport aircraft are equipped with a variety of Ground Proximity Warning Systems
(GPWS). These systems will usually, depending upon sophistication, warn the flight crew 5
to 60 seconds before impact. The most advanced system is the Enhanced GPWS that uses a
terrain data base and compares current aircraft position to known terrain hazards, contained in
an onboard database. This system can provide a full 60 seconds of warning before terrain
impact.
C. CFIT Escape Maneuvers
A CFIT escape maneuver is usually performed in response to a GPWS warning and is a
procedure designed to remove an aircraft from a pending terrain contact in an expedient
manner. This maneuver is designed to remove the aircraft from harm by the use of maximum
or near maximum aircraft aerodynamic performance. Typically, the aircraft is in a descent.
Upon receiving a terrain warning, the pitch is increased to a value between 15 and 20 degrees
nose up until the stick shaker activates or maximum Angle-of-Attack (AOA) is reached. This
maneuver can be initiated anywhere from a clean cruise descent (280 to 300 KIAS), to a fully
configured condition at approach speed.
An industry task force has recommended the following general GPWS Terrain Warning
(CFIT) Escape maneuver.2
· React immediately to a GPWS warning
· Positively apply maximum thrust and rotate to the appropriate pitch attitude for your
airplane.
· Pull up with wings level to ensure maximum airplane performance.
· Always respect the stick shaker.

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