飞行计划 flight plan

航空

飞行计划 flight plan

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航空

A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
• Table of contents
• Flight operations duties
• European Applicable Regulation
• General
• General aircraft limitations
• Payload Range
• Operating limitations
• In flight performance
• One engine inoperative performance
• Flight planning
• weight and Balance
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Table of Contents
1 -Fuel regulations
2 -Fuel transportation
3 -Selection of aerodromes and planning minima for
IFR flights
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Table of Contents
1 -Fuel regulations
2 -Fuel transportation
3 -Selection of aerodromes and planning minima for
IFR flights
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Reserves - (usual case)
2 - Isolated aerodrome procedure
3 - In flight replanning
4 - Decision point procedure
5 - Pre-determined point procedure
6 - ETOPS - critical scenario
7 - In flight fuel management
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Reserves - (usual case) JAR OPS 1.255
2 - Isolated aerodrome procedure
3 - In flight replanning
4 - Decision point procedure
5 - Pre-determined point procedure
6 - ETOPS - critical scenario
7 - In flight fuel management
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Trip fuel Alternate fuel
Brakes release Touchdown
Go around
PROC
DEP Alternate
Final
reserve
DEST
Taxi fuel
Additional
fuel
Extra
fuel
En route
reserve
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 JAR OPS
 Route (or contingency): HIGHER of (1) or (2)
 - 5% of the planned trip fuel or an amount under
special conditions or subject to the approval of the
authority
 - quantity to fly for 5 mn at holding speed at 1500 ft
above the destination aerodrome (ISA conditions)
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Amount subject to the approval of the authority?
 Not less than 3% of the planned trip fuel (an en-route
alternate aerodrome must be available)
 fuel to fly for 15 mn at holding speed at 1500 ft above
the destination aerodrome.
For that the operator must establish a fuel consumption
monitoring program, approved by the authority, for each individual
aeroplane/route combination.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
5% d
3% d
15 mn
(att)
D (NM)
m(kg)
A 340/200
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 1000 2000 3000
5% d
3% d
5
mn(att)
15 mn
(att)
D (NM)
m(kg)
A 320/200
200 kg
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Amount under special conditions?
 fuel to fly for 20 mn (based on trip fuel consumption). For
that the operator must establish a monitoring programme for
individual aeroplanes.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
5% d
3% d
20mn
(d)
15 mn
(att)
D (NM)
m(kg)
A 340/200
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 1000 2000 3000
5% d
3% d
5
mn(att)
15 mn
(att)
20 mn
D (NM)
m(kg)
A 320/200
200 kg
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 JAR OPS
 Alternate: when 2 alternates are required: the greater amount
of fuel.
 take into account a missed approach at
destination, climb, cruise, descent, approach and
landing procedure at the alternate aerodrome.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 CCAR contingency fuel:
 International flight plan only
 Fuel used in cruise for 10% trip time
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 No alternate (JAR OPS 1.295 - c)
simultaneous required conditions
 The planned flight time (departure to destination) <= 6 hours
 two available separate runways at destination
 Meteorological conditions:
 1 h before until 1h after ETA
 approach from minimum altitude sector to landing can be made in
VMC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Separate runways: (IEM 1.295)
- Separate landing surfaces which do not overlay or cross such
that if one of the runway is blocked, it will not prevent the planned
type operations on the other runway
- Each of the landing surface has a separate approach procedure
based on the separate aid.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 JAR OPS
 Final reserve (Holding) - Turbopowered airplanes
: quantity to fly for 30 mn at holding speed at 1500 ft above the
destination alternate aerodrome (ISA conditions) or destination
aerodrome when no alternate aerodrome is required.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Additional fuel
 IFR flight without a destination alternate
 Quantity to fly for 15 mn at holding speed at 1500 ft above the
destination aerodrome
 Engine or pressurization failure
– The loaded fuel quantity must cover an engine or pressurization
failure from the most critical point along the planned route
In the two cases the aircraft must be able to reach an adequate
aerodrome and fly for 15 mn at 1 500 above the aerodrome
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Extra fuel
 required by the commander
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Reserves - (usual case)
2 - Isolated aerodrome procedure (aeroplane with turbine
engines)
3 - In flight replanning
4 - Decision point procedure
5 - Pre-determined point procedure
6 - ETOPS - critical scenario
7 - In flight fuel management
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Trip fuel
Brakes release Touchdown
En route
reserve
procedure
DEPARTURE
Parking
DESTINATION (isolated aerodrome)
Taxi fuel
additional fuel for
isolated aerodrome
fuel to fly for 2h at normal
cruise consumption above
the destination aerodrome
(including final reserve)
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Reserves - (usual case)
2 - Isolated aerodrome procedure
3 - In flight replanning
4 - Decision point procedure
5 - Pre-determined point procedure
6 - ETOPS - critical scenario
7 - In flight fuel management
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
initial
destination
New
destination
New destination
alternate
The previous regulations will be applied from the
in-flight relearance point (R)
- general rules with or without destination alternate
- isolated aerodrome
R
destination
alterate
°
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Reserves - (usual case)
2 - Isolated aerodrome procedure
3 - In flight replaning
4 - Decision point procedure
5 - Pre-determined point procedure
6 - ETOPS - critical scenario
7 - In flight fuel management
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 long haul :
 take off limitation
 tank capacity limitation
 the aim :
 to reduce the loaded fuel quantity to increase the payload
 Method :
 to choose a decision point along the route either to reach, from this
point, a suitable diversion aerodrome (close to the route) or go on
to the destination aerodrome when the remaining fuel is sufficient.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
A C B D
DEPARTURE DIVERSION
DESTINATION DESTINATION
ALTERNATE
DP
DECISION
POINT
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Higher of the two following quantities (1) or (2):
 taxi fuel
 trip fuel (departure A to destination B via the decision point DP)
 5% of the planned trip fuel (decision point DP to destination B)
 Alternate fuel BD
 Final reserve (the same as general rules)
 Additional fuel (the same as general rules)
 taxi fuel
 trip fuel (departure A to suitable en-route diversion C via the decision
point DP)
 3% (mini) of the planned trip fuel (departure A to suitable en-route
diversion C)
 Final reserve (the same as general rules)
 Additional fuel (the same as general rules)
1
2
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Reserves - (usual case)
2 - Isolated aerodrome procedure
3 - In flight replanning
4 - Decision point procedure
5 - Pre-determined point procedure
6 - ETOPS - critical scenario
7 - In flight fuel management
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Planned when the destination alternate is far from the
destination aerodrome.
A B
D
P
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 The alone possibility is to reach the alternate aerodrome
from a predetermined point P.
Loaded fuel: greater of
 1 - taxy fuel + trip fuel (APB) + En route reserve + Additional
fuel (the same as isolated aerodrome).
 2 - taxy fuel + trip fuel (APD) + En route reserve + Final
reserve (the same as general rules)
Note: This method is not often used by the airlines
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Reserves - (usual case)
2 - Isolated aerodrome procedure
3 - In flight replaning
4 - Decision point procedure
5 - Pre-determined point procedure
6 - ETOPS - critical scenario
7 - In flight fuel management
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 The ETOPS flights must take into account the following
critical scenario
 Pressurization failure + engine failure
CP
FL 100
OEI
DIVERSION
1500 ft
15 mn
Holding
1st
APP
GA
2nd
APP
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 The loaded fuel quantity must be the greater of the standard
fuel planing and of following fuel quantity:
 taxi fuel
 trip fuel (departure/critical point):TF1
 trip fuel (critical point/diversion) according to the critical scenario: TF2
 5% TF2 to take in account the wind forecasts errors
 X1% TF2 to take in account the in service fuel mileage deterioration (usually
5%)
 X2% for icing conditions (ice accumulation on wings and airframe)
 holding for 15 mn above diversion aerodrome, missed approach and second
approach and landing
 APU consumption during diversion time from CP
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Reserves - (usual case)
2 - Isolated aerodrome procedure
3 - In flight replaning
4 - Decision point procedure
5 - Pre-determined point procedure
6 - ETOPS - critical scenario
7 - In flight fuel management
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
DESTINATION
ALTERNATE
(Landing aerodrome)
PKG
Fuel mini:
Final reserve
Alternate Fuel
GA
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
DESTINATION
(Landing airport)
PKG
Fuel mini:
Final reserve
No alternate
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
DESTINATION
PKG
isolated aerodrome
P: Last point of diversion
Fuel mini at P: TF(P to diversion) + en route reserve + final reserve
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Table of Contents
1 -Fuel regulations
2 -Fuel transportation
3 -Selection of aerodromes and planning minima for
IFR flights
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Transport coefficient
2 - Interest of fuel transportation
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Transport coefficient
2 - Interest of fuel transportation
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Definition :
When you add (or subtract) one ton to the
landing mass, you have to add (or subtract)
k tonnes to the take off mass.
k =
TOW
LW
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
k =
TOW
LW
Definition :
Example : for a given leg; the transport coefficient is equal to 1.3
:-
when we add an extra fuel equal to 1300 kg at the departure
aerodrome; the extra fuel remaining at destination will be 1000
kg
- in the other hand , when k = 1.3 to have an extra fuel
equal to 1 t at destination, the cost is 300 kg of fuel.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
k
Range (nm)
1.0
1.3
1.6
1000 3000 5000 7000
B737-400
A 320
B747-200
B747-400
A340
range of magnitude
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Transport coefficient
2 - Interest of fuel transportation
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Fuel Transport :
 at departure, we add : TOW
 at destination, the remaining fuel : LW = TOW / k
 overcost at departure : TOW x Pd
 profit at destination : LW x Pa
 overcost due to flight time increment : T x Ph
Pd : fuel price at departure
Pa : fuel price at destination
Ph :marginal cost per flight hour
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 there is a profit when
.Pa - TOW.Pd - T.Ph > 0
Pa > k.Pd + .T.Ph
 when T is negligible , there is a profit when
TOW
k
k
TOW
Pa > k. Pd
the fuel transport can be considered when the destination fuel price /
departure fuel price ratio is more than the transport coefficient
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 The fuel transport can be considered when the destination fuel
price/departure fuel price ratio is more than the transport coefficient
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Flight preparation methods
 Computed flight plans
 integrated
 D/T/C graph method
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Table of Contents
1 -Fuel regulations
2 -Fuel transportation
3 -Selection of aerodromes and planning minima for IFR
flights
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Selection of aerodromes
2 - Planning minima for IFR flights
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Selection of aerodromes (JAR OPS 1.295)
2 - Planning minima for IFR flights
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Take off alternate
(If it would not be possible to return: performance or
meteorological reasons)
 Twin -engined aircraft
DEPARTURE
60 mn at OEI
cruise speed
(still air, ISA)
Area for take off alternate
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Continued...
ETOPS Flight
DEPARTURE
Lower of
120 mn at OEI
cruise speed
(still air, ISA)
or max time
diversion
Area for take off alternate
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Three and four engined aircraft
DEPARTURE
120 mn at OEI
cruise speed
(still air, ISA)
Area for take off alternate
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Determination of OEI cruise speed
 For all type of aircraft, the OEI cruise speed is based on the
TOW according to the AFM performance.
When AFM doesn’t contain this speed, the speed used is the
achieved speed with the maximum continuous thrust set up on the
remaining engine.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Destination alternate requirements
 Two alternates must be selected when:
 the meteorological conditions are below the
applicable planning minimas 1 hour before until 1
hour after the ETA
 no meteorological information are available
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
1 - Selection of aerodromes
2 - Planning minima for IFR flights (JAR OPS 1.297)
Table of Contents
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Take off alternate
 1 hour before until 1 hour after ETA
 the meteorological conditions are above the
operating minimas
For a non-precision or circling approach, the ceiling
must be taken in account
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Destination
 1 hour before until 1 hour after ETA
 the meteorological conditions are above the
following operating minimas:
– RVR/Visibility
– For a non-precision or circling approach, the ceiling at
or above MDH
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Destination and en route alternate
 1 hour before until 1 hour after ETA
 the meteorological conditions are above the
operating minimas in accordance with the table of
the next page.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 ETOPS en route alternate
 1 hour before until 1 hour after ETA
 the meteorological conditions are above the
operating minimas in accordance with the table of
the next page
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Date of the module
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Maximum weight check
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Date of the module
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
 Comparison point = Brake release
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Date of the module
 Comparison point = Brake release
 Maximum allowed take-off weight is the lowest of
:
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Comparison point = Brake release
 Maximum allowed take-off weight is the lowest of
:
 Maximum take-off weight
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Comparison point = Brake release
 Maximum allowed take-off weight is the lowest of
:
 Maximum take-off weight
 Maximum landing weight + trip fuel
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Comparison point = Brake release
 Maximum allowed take-off weight is the lowest of
:
 Maximum take-off weight
 Maximum landing weight + trip fuel
 Maximum zero fuel weight + take-off fuel
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Max allowed take-off weight
=
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Max allowed take-off weight
=
Operating weight + Payload
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Max allowed take-off weight
=
Operating weight + Payload
= dry operating weight + take-off fuel
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
PAYLOAD
=
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
PAYLOAD
=
Max allowed take-off weight - operating weight
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
+ + MTOW +
= = =
= = =
- - -
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
MTOW
MLW
+ + + TF
= = =
= = =
- - -
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
MTOW
MLW
+ + + TF
= = =
= = =
- - -
MZFW
TOF
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
MTOW
MLW
+ + + TF
= = =
= = =
- - -
MZFW
TOF
Max allowed TOW :
the lowest of the 3
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
MTOW
MLW
+ + + TF
= = =
= = =
- - -
MZFW
TOF
DOW
TOF
OW
Max allowed TOW :
the lowest of the 3
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
MTOW
MLW
+ + + TF
= = =
= = =
- - -
MZFW
TOF
DOW
TOF
OW
Payload
Max allowed TOW : OW
the lowest of the 3
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Payload or Trafic load (JAR OPS 1.607) :
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Payload or Traffic load (JAR OPS 1.607) :
 the total mass of passengers, baggage and cargo,
including any non revenue load.
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Payload or Traffic load (JAR OPS 1.607) :
 the total mass of passengers, baggage and cargo,
including any non revenue load.
 2 ways of computing the traffic load :
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Payload or Traffic load (JAR OPS 1.607) :
 the total mass of passengers, baggage and cargo,
including any non revenue load.
 2 ways of computing the traffic load :
 using the actual weight
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
 Payload or Traffic load (JAR OPS 1.607) :
 the total mass of passengers, baggage and cargo,
including any non revenue load.
 2 ways of computing the traffic load :
 using the actual weight
 using standard mass values
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Passengers seats : 20 and more
Male Female
30 and more
All adult
All flights except
holiday charters
Holiday charters
Children
88 kg 70 kg
83 kg 69 kg
35 kg 35 kg
84 kg
76 kg
35 kg
Passengers : standard mass values (JAR OPS 1.620)
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Baggages : standard mass values (JAR OPS 1.620)
Type of flight
Domestic
Within the European region
Intercontinental
All other
Baggage standard mass
11 kg
13 kg
15 kg
13 kg
Maximum weights check - Payload Calculation

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飛飛

為什麼都 要 回呢

zhengluanfeng

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pilot146

thanksthanks

coindong

飞行计划 flight plan 飞行计划 flight plan

卡拉是条狗

LZ辛苦哇~~~~~~~

xheleon

非常感谢楼主发布！！！！