RMIT飞行训练课件－CIRCUITS Pre-flight 起落航线飞行前

航空

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航空

CIRCUITS
OBJECTIVE:
To take off, complete a circuit and safely land the aircraft.
APPLICATION:
To practice take off, circuit procedure, and landing.
AIRMANSHIP:
 Lookout
 Thorough checks
 Take off safety brief
 Utilise all of the available take off length
 Obey tower instructions
 Vacate runway as soon as possible
 Do not relax attention until landing is complete and runway has been vacated
AIR EXERCISE:
Take Off:
Considerations
Take off into wind will provide:
 The shortest ground run
 The lowest possible ground speed consistent with safety
 The least difficulty to keep the aircraft straight
 The least strain on undercarriage
 The maximum angle of ascent to give the best obstacle clearance
The take off distance for any aeroplane is affected by:
 Gross weight
 Wind direction and strength
 Temperature and density of the air (Density Altitude)
 Humidity
 Runway slope and condition
Directional control can be affected by:
 Cross-winds
 Propeller slipstream
 Torque effect
 Gyroscopic effect (most noticeable on tail wheel aircraft)
The take off distance can be reduced by the use of flaps, which at the optimum
setting provides additional lift at low speeds by changing the aerofoil shape
and/or the wing area.
A flap setting greater than the optimum should not be used as the added drag
may have a detrimental effect. The use of flap is particularly applicable to the
short field take off.
Circuits
APPROACH:
Considerations
Approach into wind provides:
 Steeper angle of descent thus giving best obstacle clearance and improving
the view of the landing path.
 No tendency to drift.
 Lowest ground speed, therefore shortest runs during subsequent landing.
 Best directional control during the landing.
Wind gradient in an aircraft approaching to land can cause a reduction in I.A.S.
This in turn may cause rapid sink followed by a heavy landing. If strong wind
gradient is expected a higher than normal speed and extra power should be used.
Use of flaps during an approach will give:
 Steeper angle of descent for a given speed.
 Nose down attitude therefore better forward vision.
 Lower stall speed, permitting approach at a lower airspeed without reducing
the safety margin.
The amount of flap will depend on the type of aircraft and the wind conditions
prevailing. Normally the stronger the wind, less flap is required!
Flap is applied as required during the approach, however flap application should
be complete and the aircraft trimmed by 500 feet A.G.L.
Circuits
Powered Approach
This type of approach is used normally to make an approach to land.
 Set the aimpoint in the windscreen in a position that will give correct approach
path (approx 4 fingers above glareshield).
 The approach speed is controlled with the use of throttle, and the rate of
descent is controlled with the elevator. Both of these controls will give you the
correct performance for the approach path.
 Use of power reduces the stalling speed and thus a lower approach speed
can be used.
LANDING:
Considerations
Landing into Wind:
Similar considerations apply during landing as have already been outlined for
take-off.
In normal conditions landings are made at the lowest possible speed which is
close to the stalling speed.
Circuits
Factors conducive to good landings:
 On slope approach without excessive over/undershoot.
 Aircraft trimmed correctly.
 Pilot relaxed and looking well ahead
 A well judged round out.
 “Holding off” remember as the aircraft decelerates the controls become less
effective, therefore progressively larger control movements will be necessary.
 During landing sequence never move the control column forward!
 At the point of touchdown, hold control column still until nose wheel touches
the ground.
 If hold-off is too high use power for correction.
 If in doubt adopt baulked approach procedures and go around.
 Maintain attention throughout landing ground run, taxi, parking and shutdown.
Circuits
The Sequence of the Circuit...
 Line up on centre line, apply full power smoothly, and keep straight with rudder.
 50 kts weight off nose.
 55 kts rotate and set climb attitude and allow aircraft to accelerate to flying speed
(65kts).
 Climb out at 79 kts (Best Rate of Climb).
 At 500' AGL, lookout and turn onto x-wind. (Climbing turn... 15 AoB).
 At 1000' AGL level off (ASPT), lookout and turn downwind.
 Abeam upwind end of runway give downwind call, remembering AVIATENAVIGATE-
COMMUNICATE!
 Flying downwind, action pre landing checks, BOUMFAH.
 Approximately 1600 metres past the landing threshold (1.5 x runway length @ MB),
turn onto base and allow for drift.
 Established base: Reduce power to 1500 rpm and hold height to allow speed to
decrease below 110... “Speed Check” apply first stage flap, and then “Speed
Check” (below 85 knots - white arc) apply the second stage. Trim the aircraft for 75
kts.
 Mid base check height - 800 feet.
 Intercepting the centre line, turn onto final. Check height turning final - 500 to 600
feet.
 Apply full flap.
 Reduce speed to and maintain 65 knots down final approach.
 Mid final, check height - 300 feet.
Circuits
APPROACH AND LANDING
TOO LOW
NORMAL
TOO HIGH
Circuits
ENGINE FAILURE AFTER TAKE-OFF
OBJECTIVE:
To be able to carry out a forced landing in the event of an engine failure after
take-off.
AIRMANSHIP:
 Take off Safety Brief.
 Maintain control: AVIATE - NAVIGATE - COMMUNICATE.
 Best Glide Speed (65 knots).
AIR EXERCISE:
 Below Vr, reject the take off, maintain control and call “stopping”.
 Above Vr, with or without runway remaining, select an area ahead 30 either
side of the nose and set the attitude to maintain the best glide speed of 65
knots.
 Do not attempt to turn back to the field below 700 feet.
 Perform CFMS checks.
 Limit all turns to 15 AOB.
 Extend flaps when a landing in the selected area is assured.
 Land, and shut down the aircraft. Evacuate aircraft immediately.
Engine Failure After TakeGLIDE
APPROACH
OBJECTIVE:
To safely land the aircraft in a glide configuration.
APPLICATION:
Practice for forced landings.
Engine failure in the circuit area.
AIRMANSHIP:
 Judgement
 Pre-landing checks.
 Application of carburettor heat.
 Engine handling – reference engine thermal shock.
AIR EXERCISE:
Approach
 Height controlled by flap.
 Airspeed controlled by attitude.
Base Leg
 Close throttle only when landing can be achieved.
 Adopt best glide speed.
 Flaps as required to maintain glide path.
 Approach is higher than normal.
 Full flap only when landing on runway is assured.
 Flare and land aircraft.
NOTE: If carrying out touch and go gradually increase power on take-off to
avoid engine thermal shock
Glide Approach
BAULKED APPROACH
OBJECTIVE:
To safely discontinue an approach by entering a climb, going around and then
rejoining the circuit.
AIRMANSHIP:
A successful go-around requires an early decision.
APPLICATION:
 Runway occupied by another aircraft, vehicles or animals.
 You are too close behind another aircraft on final approach that will not have
cleared the runway in time for you to land.
 The conditions are too severe for your experience (turbulence, windshear,
heavy rain, excessive crosswind etc).
 Your approach is unstable in terms of airspeed or flight path.
 You are not aligned with the runway centreline or directional control is a
problem.
Baulked Approach
 The airspeed is too low or too high.
 You are too high at the runway threshold to land within the confines of the
runway.
 You are not mentally or physically at ease.
 Following a balloon or bounced landing.
AIR EXERCISE:
AVIATE
 Apply full power.
 Maintain control with forward pressure and right rudder and adopt the normal
climb attitude.
 Retract the third stage of flap as soon as possible. With airspeed above 65
knots and a positive rate of climb, retract flaps to 10. Retract flaps to 0 after
checking positive rate of climb and airspeed. Accelerate the aircraft to 79kts
(BroC).
NAVIGATE
 Move off to dead side of the circuit and continue to climb to 500’.
 Lookout.
 note:- move to the live side where contra circuit operations are in
progress.
COMMUNICATE
 No acknowledgment of tower instruction to go-round is required. The action
itself is indicative of acknowledgment. Once the aircraft has been ‘aviated’
and ‘navigated’, an advisory call may be made to the tower to get circuit rejoin
instructions.
Baulked Approach

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