RMIT飞行训练课件－Circuits 起落航线

航空

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航空

RMIT Flight Training Circuits
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 1 Brief 9
CIRCUITS
Aim: To safely take-off, fly a complete circuit and land correctly, understanding all
factors involved.
Application:
 Practise take-off and landing techniques
 Practise circuit procedures
Revision: Circuits are a combination of everything learnt so far!
 Climbing PAST
 Climbing Turns BBB
 S&L ASPT – ALAP
 Medium Level Turns BBB
 Descending PAST
 Descending Turns BBB
 Stalling symptoms
Definitions:
 Circuit
- a rectangular pattern flown around the runway in use. The standard
circuit is in a left-hand direction with all turns made to the left.
 Take-Off Distance
- the distance from the start of the take-off run to the point where the
aircraft reaches 50ft AGL.
 Landing Distance
- the distance from 50ft above the runway landing threshold to where the
aircraft comes to a complete stop.
 Go-Around
- where the aircraft conducts a “baulked approach” and executes a climb to
rejoin the circuit prior to touching down.
 Maximum Take-Off Weight
- maximum permissible weight according to the POH, at which the aircraft
may take-off.
C172 MTOW = 1111kg
 Maximum Landing Weight
- maximum permissible weight at which an aircraft may land
C172 MLW = 1111kg
RMIT Flight Training Circuits
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 2 Brief 9
Principles:
STANDARD CIRCUIT PATTERN – C-172/DAY
Turn radius
at 75 Knots
0.4 nm.
Medium
Level Turn
radius at
110 Knots
0.3 nm.
Turn radius
at 75 Knots
0.4 nm
Medium level
Turn radius
at 110 Knots
0.3 nm
0.8 nm to configure with flap and
descend from 1000’ to 700’.
0.8 nm to climb from 700’ to 1000’
and level off with A.S.P.T.
1.0 nm final
gives a 5°
approach
profile.
Commence
final turn
1nm past
landing
threshold.
(2 chords
lengths)
45 seconds past upwind threshold
at 110 knots = 1.4 nm
 1.5 nautical mile downwind leg.
 15 knots all headwind.
 500 feet at 1nm.
RMIT Flight Training Circuits
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 3 Brief 9
Considerations:
 Wind
Take-Off into wind provides:
 shortest ground run
 lowest ground speed
 best directional control
 best obstacle clearance
Landing into wind provides:
 shortest ground run
 lowest ground speed
 steeper approach
 Flap
Take-off with flap provides:
  L at slower speed
 slower rotate speed
 shorter ground run
 better obstacle clearance
 used primarily for STOL
Landing with flap provides:
  L at slower speed
 reduced VS
  D
  AoD
 better forward visibility
 Weight
- Wt,  acceleration. Therefore aircraft must be faster to produce same
amount of L. Thus increases TOR.
 Surface
- The rougher the surface, the more friction present. This increases
deceleration and decreases acceleration. Thus LDR decreases and TOR
increases respectively.
 Temperature
- temp,  density, decreasing engine output. Thus decreasing take-off
performance.
FLYING THE APPROACH
When learning to fly, probably the most difficult concept to develop is the one of flying
the approach to land.
An understanding of what is NOT correct and why it is so difficult to remedy can help
the student appreciate the importance of learning to fly the aircraft into the approach
slot. By this we mean the ON PROFILE / ON SPEED FINAL.
The hardest situation to correct in this case is when the aircraft begins the final
approach in the wrong configuration, off the approach path angle and at a speed that
differs from the correct approach speed.
BELOW PROFILE ON PROFILE ABOVE PROFILE
RMIT Flight Training Circuits
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 4 Brief 9
OFF – PROFILE / OFF SPEED FINAL
A poorly judged final with an off speed situation as well as off profile, will require
the pilot to adjust both attitude and power. In the two situations below an attitude
adjustment for the airspeed will cause further deviation from the flight path and
therefore require a large power adjustment.
OFF PROFILE / ON SPEED FINAL
If an aircraft commences the final approach off profile but on speed, only power
needs to be changed. This is because the secondary effect of the power alteration
will also achieve the desired attitude change.
In the high aircraft the power reduction will also result in a pitch down which will
maintain the speed.
In the low aircraft the power increase will result in a pitch up which will maintain the
speed.
To enable the correct approach to be flown with minimal pilot input, the base leg
should be planned to enable the final approach to commence on profile and on
speed
Low / on-speed
Power
High / on-speed
Power
High / Fast
Power
Low / Slow
Power
RMIT Flight Training Circuits
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 5 Brief 9
ON - PROFILE FINAL
In this situation the aircraft has commenced the final approach on speed and on
profile. With power correctly set a deviation high or low should only require small
amounts of elevator correction to return to profile on speed.
An adjustment to power in this situation should only be made if the speed tolerance is
exceeded.
THE LANDING
Airmanship:
- Lookout
- Smooth coordinated use of controls
- Thorough and correct checks
- Obey tower’s instructions
- Smooth but positive aircraft handling
- Correct handover/takeover procedure
On Speed
On Slope
High / Slow
Lower nose
Low / Fast
Raise nose
AIRPORT BOUNDARY:
Scan the full length of
the runway
FAR END THRESHOLD DISAPPEARS:
Reduce power to idle
Apply back pressure to stop the nose
dropping
Maintain S+L
referencing horizon,
increasing back
pressure as req’d
Further positive back
pressure to control final
“sink” onto the runway
and raise the dash to
the horizon
DON’T RELAX!
Maintain directional
control with the rudders
and brake as req’d
RMIT Flight Training Circuits
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 6 Brief 9
15o AoB
30o AoB 30o AoB
300 ft
1000 ft
40 kt 55 kt
Rotate
5-600 ft
EWX
Downwind
Touch and Go
Landing
Checks
Landing
Checklist
1500 RPM
Flap 20o
75 kt
Flap 30o
65 kt
200 ft
75 kt
Flaps UP
79 kt
Landing
Light ON
500 ft
800 ft
500 ft
300 ft
VREF 60 kt
<30o AoB
AVIATE - NAVIGATE - COMMUNICATE
800 ft
AIMPOINT– ASPECT - AIRSPEED

metro163

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