Acronyms and Glossary

帅哥

C-1
AC — advisory circular
ACARS — aircraft communications
addressing and reporting system
ACAS — airborne collision avoidance system
AD — airworthiness directive
ADF — automatic direction finder
ADS — automatic dependent surveillance
ADS-B — automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast
AER — approach end of runway
AFCS — automatic flight control
system
A/FD — airport/facility directory
AFM — airplane flight manual or
aircraft flight manual
AFSS — Automated Flight Service
Station
AGL — above ground level
AIM — aeronautical information
manual
AIP — aeronautical information
publication
AIS — airmen’s information system
ALAR — approach and landing
accident reduction
AMASS — airport movement area
safety system [delete term]
ANP — actual navigation performance
ANR — advanced navigation route
AOA — airport operating area
AOCC — airline operations control
center
AOPA — Aircraft Owners and
Pilots Association
AP — autopilot system
APC — auxiliary performance
computer
APV — approach with vertical
guidance
ARFF — aircraft rescue and fire
fighting
ARINC — aeronautical radio incorporated
A-RNAV — advanced area navigation
ARSR — air route surveillance
radar
ARTCC — Air Route Traffic
Control Center
ARTS — Automated Radar
Terminal System
ASDA — accelerate-stop distance
available
ASDAR — aircraft to satellite data
relay
ASDE-3 — Airport Surface
Detection Equipment-3
ASDE-X — Airport Surface
Detection Equipment-X
ASOS — automated surface observing system
ASR — airport surveillance radar
ATC — air traffic control
ATCRBS — air traffic control radar
beacon system
ATCS — Air Traffic Control
Specialist
ATCSCC — Air Traffic Control
System Command Center
ATC-TFM — air traffic controltraffic flow management
ATCT — airport traffic control
tower
ATD — along-track distance
ATIS — automatic terminal information service
ATM — air traffic management
ATS — air traffic service
ATT — attitude retention system
AVN — Office of Aviation System
Standards
AWOS — automated weather
observing system
AWSS — automated weather sensor
system
Baro-VNAV — barometric vertical
navigation
BRITE — bright radar indicator
tower equipment
B-RNAV — European Basic RNAV
CAA — Civil Aeronautics
Administration
CAASD — Center for Advanced
Aviation Systems Development
CARF — central altitude reservation function
CAT — category
CDI — course deviation indicator
CDM — collaborative decision
making
CDTI — cockpit display of traffic
information
CDU — control display unit
C-2
CENRAP — Center Radar ARTS
Processing
CFIT — controlled flight into terrain
CFR — Code of Federal
Regulations
CGD — combined graphic display
CIP — Capital Investment Plan
CNF — computer navigation fix
CNS — communication, navigation, and surveillance
COP — changeover point
COTS — commercial off the shelf
CPDLC — controller pilot data link
communications
CRC — cyclic redundancy check
CRCT — collaborative routing
coordination tool
CRM — crewmember resource
management
CRT — cathode-ray tube
CTAF — common traffic advisory
frequency
CTD — controlled time of departure
CVFP — charted visual flight procedure
DA — density altitude, decision
altitude
D-ATIS — digital automatic terminal information service
DACS — digital aeronautical chart
supplement
DBRITE — digital bright radar
indicator tower equipment
DER — departure end of the runway
DH — decision height
DME — distance measuring equipment
DOD — Department of Defense
DOT — Department of
Transportation
DPs — departure procedures
DSR — display system replacement
DRVSM — domestic reduced vertical separation minimums
DUATS — direct user access terminal system
DVA — diverse vector area
EDCT — expect departure clearance time
EFB — electronic flight bag
EFC — expect further clearance
EFIS — electronic flight information system
EGPWS — enhanced ground proximity warning systems
EICAS — Engine indicating and
crew alerting system
EMS — emergency medical service
EPE — estimated position error
ER-OPS — extended range operations
ETA — estimated time of arrival
EWINS — enhanced weather information system
FAA — Federal Aviation
Administration
FAF — final approach fix
FAP — final approach point
FATO – Final Approach and
Takeoff Area
FB — fly-by
FBWP — fly-by waypoint
FD — winds and temperatures aloft
forecast
FD — flight director
FDC NOTAM — Flight Data
Center Notice to Airmen
FDP — flight data processing
FIR — flight information region
FIS — flight information system
FIS-B — flight information servicebroadcast
FISDL — flight information services data link
FL — flight level
FMC — flight management computer
FMS — flight management system
FO — fly-over
FOM — flight operations manual
FOWP — fly-over waypoint
FPM — feet per minute
FSDO — Flight Standards District
Office
FSS — Flight Service Station
FTE — flight technical error
GA — general aviation
GAMA — General Aviation
Manufacturer’s Association
GBT — ground-based transmitter
GCA — ground controlled
approach
GCO — ground communication
outlet
GDP — ground delay programs
GDPE — ground delay program
enhancements
GLS — Global Navigation Satellite
System Landing System
GNE — gross navigation error
GNSS — Global Navigation
Satellite System
GPS — Global Positioning System
GPWS — ground proximity warning system
G/S — glide slope
GS — groundspeed
GWS — graphical weather service
HAA — height above airport
HAR — High Altitude Redesign
HAT — height above touchdown
HDD — head-down display
HEMS — helicopter emergency
medical service
HF — high frequency
HFDL — high frequency data link
HGS — head-up guidance system
HITS — highway in the sky
HOCSR — host/oceanic computer
C-3
system replacement
HSI — horizontal situation indicator
HSAC — Helicopter Safety
Advisory Council
HUD — head-up display
IAF — initial approach fix
IAP — instrument approach procedure
IAS — indicated air speed
ICA — initial climb area
ICAO — International Civil
Aviation Organization
IF — intermediate fix
IFR — instrument flight rules
ILS — instrument landing system
IMC — instrument meteorological
conditions
INS — inertial navigation system
IOC — initial operational capability
IPV — instrument procedure with
vertical guidance (this term has
been renamed APV)
IRU – Inertial Reference Unit
KIAS — knots indicated airspeed
LAAS — Local Area Augmentation
System
LAHSO — land and hold short
operations
LDA — localizer type directional
aid, landing distance available
LF — low frequency
LNAV — lateral navigation
LOA — letter of agreement/letter of
authorization
LOC — localizer
LOM — locator outer marker
LPV — See glossary
LTP — landing threshold point
MAA — maximum authorized altitude
MAHWP — missed approach holding waypoint
MAMS — military airspace management system
MAP — missed approach point
MAP — manifold absolute pressure
MASPS — minimum aviation system performance specification
MAWP — missed approach waypoint
MCA — minimum crossing altitude
McTMA — multi-center traffic
management advisor
MDA — minimum descent altitude
MDH — minimum descent height
MEA — minimum en route altitude
MEL — minimum equipment list
METAR — aviation routine
weather report
MFD — multifunction display
MIA — minimum IFR altitude
MIT — miles-in-trail [delete term]
MLS — microwave landing system
MNPS — minimum navigation performance specifications
MOA — military operations area
MOCA — minimum obstruction
clearance altitude
MOPS — minimum operational
performance standards
MORA — minimum off route altitude
MRA — minimum reception altitude
MSA — minimum safe altitude
MSAW — minimum safe altitude
warning
MSL — mean sea level
MTA — minimum turning altitude
MVA — minimum vectoring altitude
NA — not authorized
NACO — National Aeronautical
Charting Office
NAR — National Airspace
Redesign
NAS — National Airspace System
NASA — National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
NASSI — National Airspace
System status information
NAT — North Atlantic
NATCA — National Air Traffic
Controllers Association
NAT/OPS — North Atlantic
Operation
NAVAID — navigational aid
NBCAP — National Beacon Code
Allocation Plan
ND — navigation displays
NDB — nondirectional beacon
NFDC — National Flight Data
Center
NFPO — National Flight
Procedures Office
NGA — National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency
NIMA — National Imagery and
Mapping Agency
NM — nautical mile
NOAA — National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
NOPAC — North Pacific
NOTAM — Notice to Airmen
NOTAM D — Distant NOTAM
NOTAM L — Local NOTAM
NOZ — normal operating zone
NPA — nonprecision approach
NPRM — Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking
NRP — national route program
NRR — non-restrictive routing
NRS — National Reference System
NSE — navigation system error
NTAP — Notice to Airmen
Publication
NTSB — National Transportation
Safety Board
NTZ — no transgression zone
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NWS — National Weather Service
OCS — obstacle clearance surface
ODP — obstacle departure procedure
OEP — Operational Evolution Plan
OpsSpecs — operations specifications
OROCA — off-route obstruction
clearance altitude
PA — precision approach
PAR — precision approach radar
PARC — performance-based operations aviation rulemaking committee
PCG — positive course guidance
PDC — pre-departure clearance
PDR — preferential departure route
PF — pilot flying
PFD — primary flight display
pFAST — passive final approach
spacing tool
PIC — pilot in command
PinS — Point-in-Space
PIREP — pilot weather report
PM — pilot monitoring
POH — pilot’s operating handbook
POI — principle operations inspector
PRM — precision runway monitor
P-RNAV — European Precision
RNAV
PT — procedure turn
PTP — point-to-point
QFE — transition height
QNE — transition level
QNH — transition altitude
RA — resolution advisory, radio
altitude
RAIM — receiver autonomous
integrity monitoring
RCO — remote communications
outlet
STAR — standard terminal arrival
STARS — standard terminal
automation replacement system
STC — supplemental type certificate
STMP — special traffic management program
SUA — special use airspace
SUA/ISE — special use
airspace/inflight service enhancement
SVFR — special visual flight rules
SWAP — severe weather avoidance
plan
TA — traffic advisory
TAA — terminal arrival area
TACAN — tactical air navigation
TAF — terminal aerodrome forecast
TAS — true air speed
TAWS — terrain awareness and
warning systems
TCAS — traffic alert and collision
avoidance system
TCH — threshold crossing height
TDLS — terminal data link system
TDZ — touchdown zone
TDZE — touchdown zone elevation
TEC — tower en route control
TERPS — U.S. Standard for
Terminal Instrument Procedures
TFM — traffic flow management
TIS — traffic information service
TIS-B — traffic information service-broadcast
TLOF – Touchdown and Lift-Off
Area
TM — traffic management
TMA — traffic management advisor
TMU — traffic management unit
TOC — top of climb
TOD — top of descent
TODA — takeoff distance available
RDOF — radio failure
RJ — regional jet
RNAV — area navigation
RNP — required navigation performance
ROC — required obstacle clearance
RSP — runway safety program
RVR — runway visual range
RVSM — reduced vertical separation minimums
RVV — runway visibility value
RWY — runway
SAAAR — Special Aircraft and
Aircrew Authorization Required
SAAR — special aircraft and aircrew requirements
SAMS — special use airspace management system
SAS — stability augmentation system
SATNAV — satellite navigation
SDF — simplified directional facility
SER — start end of runway
SIAP — standard instrument
approach procedure
SID — standard instrument departure
SIGMET — significant meteorological information
SM — statute mile
SMA — surface movement advisor
SMGCS — surface movement
guidance and control system
SMS — surface management system
SOIA — simultaneous offset instrument approaches
SOP — standard operating procedure
SPECI — non-routine (special) aviation weather report
SSV — standard service volume
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TOGA — take-off/go around
TORA — takeoff runway available
TPP — terminal procedures publication
TRACAB — see glossary.
TRACON — terminal radar
approach control
TSE — total navigation system
error
TSO — technical standard order
UAT — universal access transceiver
UHF — ultra high frequency
URET — user request evaluation
tool
US — United States
USAF — United States Air Force
VCOA — visual climb over airport
VDP — visual descent point
VFR — visual flight rules
VGSI — visual glide slope indicator
VHF — very high frequency
VLJ — very light jet
VMC — visual meteorological conditions
VMINI— minimum speed–IFR.
VNAV — vertical navigation
VNEI— never exceed speed-IFR.
VOR — very high frequency omnidirectional range
VORTAC — very high frequency
omnidirectional range/tactical air
navigation
VPA — vertical path angle
VREF— reference landing speed
VSO— stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration
WAAS — Wide Area Augmentation
System
WAC — World Aeronautical Chart
WP — waypoint
C-6
Glossary
Abeam Fix – A fix, NAVAID, point, or object positioned approximately 90 degrees to the right or left of
the aircraft track along a route of flight. Abeam indicates a general position rather than a precise point.
Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA) – The
runway plus stopway length declared available and
suitable for the acceleration and deceleration of an airplane aborting a takeoff.
Aircraft Approach Category – A grouping of aircraft
based on reference landing speed (VREF), if specified,
or if VREF is not specified, 1.3 VSO (the stalling speed
or minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration) at the maximum certificated landing weight.
Airport Diagram – A full-page depiction of the airport
that includes the same features of the airport sketch
plus additional details such as taxiway identifiers, airport latitude and longitude, and building identification.
Airport diagrams are located in the U.S. Terminal
Procedures booklet following the instrument approach
charts for a particular airport.
Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) – Regional booklets published by the National Aeronautical Charting
Office (NACO) that provide textual information about
all airports, both VFR and IFR. The A/FD includes runway length and width, runway surface, load bearing
capacity, runway slope, airport services, and hazards
such as birds and reduced visibility.
Airport Sketch – Depicts the runways and their length,
width, and slope, the touchdown zone elevation, the
lighting system installed on the end of the runway, and
taxiways. Airport sketches are located on the lower left
or right portion of the instrument approach chart.
Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) – A
facility established to provide air traffic control service
to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace and principally during the en route
phase of flight
Air Traffic Service (ATS) – Air traffic service is an
ICAO generic term meaning variously, flight information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service (area control service,
approach control service, or aerodrome control service).
Approach End of Runway (AER) – The first portion
of the runway available for landing. If the runway
threshold is displaced, use the displaced threshold latitude/longitude as the AER.
Approach Fix – From a database coding standpoint, an
approach fix is considered to be an identifiable point in
space from the intermediate fix (IF) inbound. A fix
located between the initial approach fix (IAF) and the
IF is considered to be associated with the approach
transition or feeder route.
Approach Gate –An imaginary point used by ATC to
vector aircraft to the final approach course. The
approach gate is established along the final approach
course 1 NM from the final approach fix (FAF) on the
side away from the airport and is located no closer than
5 NM from the landing threshold.
Area Navigation (RNAV) – A method of navigation
that permits aircraft operations on any desired course
within the coverage of station referenced navigation
signals or within the limits of self contained system
capability.
Automated Surface Observing System
(ASOS)/Automated Weather Sensor System (AWSS)
– The ASOS/AWSS is the primary surface weather
observing system of the U.S.
Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) – A
weather observing system that provides minute-byminute weather observations such as temperature, dew
point, wind, altimeter setting, visibility, sky condition,
and precipitation. Some ASOS stations include a precipitation discriminator which can differentiate between
liquid and frozen precipitation.
Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) – A
suite of sensors which measure, collect, and disseminate weather data. AWOS stations provide a minute-byminute update of weather parameters such as wind
speed and direction, temperature and dew point, visibility, cloud heights and types, precipitation, and barometric pressure. A variety of AWOS system types are
available (from AWOS 1 to AWOS 3), each of which
includes a different sensor array.
Automated Weather Sensor System (AWSS) – The
AWSS is part of the Aviation Surface Weather
Observation Network suite of programs and provides
pilots and other users with weather information through
the Automated Surface Observing System. The AWSS
sensor suite automatically collects, measures,
processes, and broadcasts surface weather data.
Automated Weather System – Any of the automated
weather sensor platforms that collect weather data at
airports and disseminate the weather information via
radio and/or landline. The systems currently consist of
the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS),
Automated Weather Sensor System (AWSS) and
Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS).
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-
B) – A surveillance system that continuously broadcasts GPS position information, aircraft identification,
C-7
uing to the destination airport in those conditions, may
deviate from the instrument approach procedure and
proceed to the destination airport by visual reference to
the surface. This approach will only be authorized
when requested by the pilot and the reported ground
visibility at the destination airport is at least one statute
mile.
Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) – A situation
where a mechanically normally functioning airplane is
inadvertently flown into the ground, water, or an obstacle. There are two basic causes of CFIT accidents; both
involve flight crew situational awareness. One definition of situational awareness is an accurate perception
by pilots of the factors and conditions currently affecting the safe operation of the aircraft and the crew. The
causes of CFIT are the flight crews’ lack of vertical
position awareness or their lack of horizontal position
awareness in relation to terrain and obstacles.
Database Columns – The spaces for data entry on
each record. One column can accommodate one character.
Database Field – The collection of characters needed
to define one item of information.
Database Identifier – A specific geographic point in
space identified on an aeronautical chart and in a naviation database, officially designated by the controlling
state authority or derived by Jeppesen. It has no ATC
function and should not be used in filing flight plans
nor used when communicating with ATC.
Database Record – A single line of computer data
made up of the fields necessary to define fully a single
useful piece of data.
Decision Altitude (DA) –A specified altitude in the
precision approach at which a missed approach must be
initiated if the required visual reference to continue the
approach has not been established. The term “Decision
Altitude (DA)” is referenced to mean sea level and the
term “Decision Height (DH)” is referenced to the
threshold elevation. Even though DH is charted as an
altitude above MSL, the U.S. has adopted the term
“DA” as a step toward harmonization of the United
States and international terminology. At some point,
DA will be published for all future instrument approach
procedures with vertical guidance.
Decision Height (DH) – See Decision Altitude
Departure End of Runway (DER) – The end of runway available for the ground run of an aircraft departure. The end of the runway that is opposite the landing
threshold, sometimes referred to as the stop end of the
runway.
altitude, velocity vector, and direction to all other aircraft and air traffic control facilities within a specific
area. Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast
(ADS-B) information will be displayed in the cockpit
via a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) unit,
providing the pilot with greater situational awareness.
ADS-B transmissions will also provide controllers with
a more complete picture of traffic and will update that
information more frequently than other surveillance
equipment.
Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) – A
recorded broadcast available at most airports with an
operating control tower that includes crucial information about runways and instrument approaches in use,
specific outages, and current weather conditions,
including visibility.
Center Radar ARTS Presentation/Processing (CEN-
RAP) – CENRAP was developed to provide an alternative to a non-radar environment at terminal facilities
should an ASR fail or malfunction. CENRAP sends aircraft radar beacon target information to the ASR terminal facility equipped with ARTS.
Changeover Point (COP) – A COP indicates the point
where a frequency change is necessary between navigation aids when other than the midpoint on an airway, to
receive course guidance from the facility ahead of the
aircraft instead of the one behind. These COPs divide
an airway or route segment and ensure continuous
reception of navigational signals at the prescribed minimum en route IFR altitude.
Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFP) – A CVFP
may be established at some towered airports for environmental or noise considerations, as well as when necessary for the safety and efficiency of air traffic
operations. Designed primarily for turbojet aircraft,
CVFPs depict prominent landmarks, courses, and recommended altitudes to specific runways.
Cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) – The
display and user interface for information about air traffic within approximately 80 miles. It will typically
combine and show traffic data from TCAS, TIS-B, and
ADS-B. Depending on features, the display may also
show terrain, weather, and navigation information.
Collision Hazard – A condition, event, or circumstance that could induce an occurrence of a collision or
surface accident or incident.
Columns - See Database Columns
Contact Approach – An approach where an aircraft on
an IFR flight plan, having an air traffic control authorization, operating clear of clouds with at least one mile
flight visibility, and a reasonable expectation of contin
C-8
Descend Via – A descend via clearance instructs you to
follow the altitudes published on a STAR. You are not
authorized to leave your last assigned altitude unless
specifically cleared to do so. If ATC amends the altitude or route to one that is different from the published
procedure, the rest of the charted descent procedure is
canceled. ATC will assign you any further route, altitude, or airspeed clearances, as necessary.
Digital ATIS (D-ATIS) – An alternative method of
receiving ATIS reports by aircraft equipped with
datalink services capable of receiving information in
the cockpit over their Aircraft Communications
Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) unit.
Diverse Vector Area (DVA) – An airport may establish
a diverse vector area if it is necessary to vector aircraft
below the minimum vectoring altitude to assist in the
efficient flow of departing traffic. DVA design requirements are outlined in TERPS and allow for the vectoring of aircraft immediately off the departure end of the
runway below the MVA.
Dynamic Magnetic Variation – A field which is simply a computer model calculated value instead of a
measured value contained in the record for a waypoint.
Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) – An electronic display
system intended primarily for cockpit or cabin use.
EFB devices can display a variety of aviation data or
perform basic calculations (e.g., performance data, fuel
calculations, etc.). In the past, some of these functions
were traditionally accomplished using paper references
or were based on data provided to the flight crew by an
airline’s “flight dispatch” function. The scope of the
EFB system functionality may also include various
other hosted databases and applications. Physical EFB
displays may use various technologies, formats, and
forms of communication. These devices are sometimes
referred to as auxiliary performance computers (APC)
or laptop auxiliary performance computers (LAPC).
Ellipsoid of Revolution – The surface that results
when an ellipse is rotated about one of its axes.
En Route Obstacle Clearance Areas – Obstacle clearance areas for en route planning are identified as primary, secondary, and turning areas, and they are
designed to provide obstacle clearance route protection
width for airways and routes.
Expanded Service Volume – When ATC or a procedures specialist requires the use of a NAVAID beyond
the limitations specified for standard service volume,
an expanded service volume (ESV) may be established.
See standard service volume.
Feeder Route – A feeder route is a route depicted on
IAP charts to designate courses for aircraft to proceed
from the en route structure to the IAF. Feeder routes,
also referred to as approach transitions, technically are
not considered approach segments but are an integral
part of many IAPs.
Field - See Database Field
Final Approach and Takeoff Area (FATO) – The
FATO is a defined heliport area over which the final
approach to a hover or a departure is made. The touchdown and lift-off area (TLOF) where the helicopter is
permitted to land is normally centered in the FATO. A
safety area is provided around the FATO.
Fix – A geographical position determined by visual reference to the surface, by reference to one or more radio
NAVAIDs, by celestial plotting, or by another navigational device. Note: Fix is a generic name for a geographical position and is referred to as a fix, waypoint,
intersection, reporting point, etc.
Flight Information Region (FIR) – A FIR is an airspace of defined dimensions within which Flight
Information Service and Alerting Service are provided.
Flight Information Service (FIS) is a service provided
for the purpose of giving advice and information useful
for the safe and efficient conduct of flights. Alerting
Service is a service provided to notify appropriate
organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and
rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.
Flight Level (FL) – A flight level is a level of constant
atmospheric pressure related to a reference datum of
29.92 in.Hg. Each flight level is stated in three digits
that represents hundreds of feet. For example, FL 250
represents an altimeter indication of 25,000 feet.
Floating Waypoints – Floating waypoints represent
airspace fixes at a point in space not directly associated
with a conventional airway. In many cases they may be
established for such purposes as ATC metering fixes,
holding points, RNAV-direct routing, gateway waypoints, STAR origination points leaving the en route
structure, and SID terminating points joining the en
route structure.
Fly-By (FB) Waypoint – A waypoint that requires the
use of turn anticipation to avoid overshooting the next
flight segment.
Fly-Over (FO) Waypoint – A waypoint that precludes
any turn until the waypoint is overflown, and is followed by either an intercept maneuver of the next flight
segment or direct flight to the next waypoint.
Four Corner Post Configuration – An arrangement of
air traffic pathways in a terminal area that brings
incoming flights over fixes at four corners of the traffic
area, while outbound flights depart between the fixes,
thus minimizing conflicts between arriving and departing traffic.
C-9
Gateway Fix – A navigational aid or fix where an aircraft transitions between the domestic route structure
and the oceanic route airspace.
Geodetic Datum – The reference plane from which
geodetic calculations are made. Or, according to ICAO
Annex 15, the numerical or geometrical quantity or set
of such quantities (mathematical model) that serves as a
reference for computing other quantities in a specific
geographic region such as the latitude and longitude of
a point.
Glidepath Angle (GPA) – The angular displacement of
the vertical guidance path from a horizontal plane that
passes through the reference datum point (RDP). This
angle is published on approach charts (e.g., 3.00º,
3.20º, etc.). GPA is sometimes referred to as vertical
path angle (VPA).
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) – An
umbrella term adopted by the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) to encompass any independent satellite navigation system used by a pilot to
perform onboard position determinations from the
satellite data.
Gross Navigation Error (GNE) – In the North
Atlantic area of operations, a gross navigation error is a
lateral separation of more than 25 NM from the centerline of an aircraft’s cleared route, which generates an
Oceanic Navigation Error Report. This report is also
generated by a vertical separation if you are more than
300 feet off your assigned flight level.
Ground Communication Outlet (GCO) – An
unstaffed, remotely controlled ground/ground communications facility. Pilots at uncontrolled airports may
contact ATC and AFSS via Very High Frequency
(VHF) radio to a telephone connection. This lets pilots
obtain an instrument clearance or close a VFR/IFR
flight plan.
Head-Up Display (HUD) – See Head-Up Guidance
System (HGS)
Head-Up Guidance System (HGS) – A system which
projects critical flight data on a display positioned
between the pilot and the windscreen. In addition to
showing primary flight information, the HUD computes an extremely accurate instrument approach and
landing guidance solution, and displays the result as a
guidance cue for head-up viewing by the pilot.
Height Above Touchdown (HAT) – The height of the
DA above touchdown zone elevation (TDZE).
Highway in the Sky (HITS) – A graphically intuitive
pilot interface system that provides an aircraft operator
with all of the attitude and guidance inputs required to
safely fly an aircraft in close conformance to air traffic
procedures.
Initial Climb Area (ICA) – An area beginning at the
departure end of runway (DER) to provide unrestricted
climb to at least 400 feet above DER elevation.
Instrument Approach Waypoint – Fixes used in
defining RNAV IAPs, including the feeder waypoint
(FWP), the initial approach waypoint (IAWP), the
intermediate waypoint (IWP), the final approach waypoint (FAWP), the RWY WP, and the APT WP, when
required.
Instrument Landing System (ILS) – A precision
instrument approach system that normally consists of
the following electronic components and visual aids;
localizer, glide slope, outer marker, middle marker, and
approach lights.
Instrument Procedure with Vertical Guidance (IPV)
– Satellite or Flight Management System (FMS) lateral
navigation (LNAV) with computed positive vertical
guidance based on barometric or satellite elevation.
This term has been renamed APV.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) –
ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations
whose objective is to develop standard principles and
techniques of international air navigation and to promote development of civil aviation.
Intersection – Typically, the point at which two VOR
radial position lines cross on a route, usually intersecting at a good angle for positive indication of position,
resulting in a VOR/VOR fix.
Landing Distance Available (LDA) – ICAO defines
LDA as the length of runway, which is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane
landing.
Lateral Navigation (LNAV) – Azimuth navigation,
without positive vertical guidance. This type of navigation is associated with nonprecision approach procedures or en route.
Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) – LAAS
further increases the accuracy of GPS and improves
signal integrity warnings.
Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV)
– LPV is one of the four lines of approach minimums
found on an RNAV (GPS) approach chart. Lateral guidance accuracy is equivalent to a localizer. The HAT is
published as a DA since it uses an electronic glide path
that is not dependent on any ground equipment or barometric aiding and may be as low as 200 feet and
1
/2SM
visibility depending on the airport terrain and infrastructure. WAAS avionics approved for LPV is required.
Baro-VNAV is not authorized to fly the LPV line of minimums on a RNAV (GPS) procedure since it uses an
internally generated descent path that is subject to cold
temperature effects and incorrect altimeter settings.
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ment, RNAV low or high route, or other direct route
applies to the entire width of the airway, segment, or
route between the radio fixes defining the airway, segment, or route.
Minimum IFR Altitude (MIA) – Minimum altitudes
for IFR operations are prescribed in Part 91. These
MIAs are published on NACO charts and prescribed in
Part 95 for airways and routes, and in Part 97 for standard instrument approach procedures.
Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications
(MNPS) – A set of standards which require aircraft to
have a minimum navigation performance capability in
order to operate in MNPS designated airspace. In addition, aircraft must be certified by their State of Registry
for MNPS operation. Under certain conditions, non-
MNPS aircraft can operate in MNPS airspace, however,
standard oceanic separation minima is provided
between the non-MNPS aircraft and other traffic.
Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA)
– The MOCA is the lowest published altitude in effect
between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes,
or route segments that meets obstacle clearance
requirements for the entire route segment. This altitude
also assures acceptable navigational signal coverage
only within 22 NM of a VOR.
Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA) – An MRA is
determined by FAA flight inspection traversing an
entire route of flight to establish the minimum altitude
the navigation signal can be received for the route and
for off-course NAVAID facilities that determine a fix.
When the MRA at the fix is higher than the MEA, an
MRA is established for the fix, and is the lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined.
Minimum Safe Altitudes (MSA) – MSAs are published for emergency use on IAP charts. For conventional navigation systems, the MSA is normally based
on the primary omnidirectional facility on which the
IAP is predicated. For RNAV approaches, the MSA is
based on the runway waypoint (RWY WP) for straightin approaches, or the airport waypoint (APT WP) for
circling approaches. For GPS approaches, the MSA
center will be the Missed Approach Waypoint
(MAWP).
Minimum Vectoring Altitude (MVA) – Minimum
vectoring altitude charts are developed for areas where
there are numerous minimum vectoring altitudes due to
variable terrain features or man-made obstacles. MVAs
are established for use by ATC when radar ATC is exercised.
Missed Approach Holding Waypoint (MAHWP) –
An approach waypoint sequenced during the holding
portion of the missed approach procedure that is usually a fly-over waypoint, rather than a fly-by waypoint.
Loss of Separation – An occurrence or operation that
results in less than prescribed separation between aircraft, or between an aircraft and a vehicle, pedestrian,
or object.
LPV – See Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidence
Magnetic Variation – The difference in degrees
between the measured values of true north and magnetic north at that location.
Maximum Authorized Altitude (MAA) – An MAA is
a published altitude representing the maximum usable
altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route
segment. It is the highest altitude on a Federal airway,
jet route, RNAV low or high route, or other direct route
for which an MEA is designated at which adequate
reception of navigation signals is assured.
Metering Fix – A fix along an established route over
which aircraft will be metered prior to entering terminal
airspace. Normally, this fix should be established at a
distance from the airport which will facilitate a profile
descent 10,000 feet above airport elevation (AAE) or
above.
Mid-RVR – The RVR readout values obtained from
sensors located midfield of the runway.
Mileage Break – A point on a route where the leg segment mileage ends, and a new leg segment mileage
begins, often at a route turning point.
Military Airspace Management System (MAMS) –
A Department of Defense system to collect and disseminate information on the current status of special use
airspace. This information is provided to the Special
Use Airspace Management System (SAMS). The electronic interface also provides SUA schedules and historical activation and utilization data.
Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA) – An MCA is the
lowest altitude at certain fixes at which the aircraft
must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher
minimum en route IFR altitude. MCAs are established
in all cases where obstacles intervene to prevent pilots
from maintaining obstacle clearance during a normal
climb to a higher MEA after passing a point beyond
which the higher MEA applies.
Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) – The lowest altitude, expressed in feet above mean sea level, to which
descent is authorized on final approach or during circleto-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument approach procedure where no electronic glide
slope is provided.
Minimum En Route Altitude (MEA) – The MEA is
the lowest published altitude between radio fixes that
assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and
meets obstacle clearance requirements between those
fixes. The MEA prescribed for a Federal airway or seg
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Missed Approach Waypoint (MAWP) – An approach
waypoint sequenced during the missed approach procedure that is usually a fly-over waypoint, rather than a
fly-by waypoint.
National Airspace System (NAS) – Consists of a complex collection of facilities, systems, equipment, procedures, and airports operated by thousands of people to
provide a safe and efficient flying environment.
Navigational Gap – A navigational course guidance
gap, referred to as an MEA gap, describes a distance
along an airway or route segment where a gap in navigational signal coverage exists. The navigational gap
may not exceed a specific distance that varies directly
with altitude.
Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB) – An L/MF or
UHF radio beacon transmitting nondirectional signals
whereby the pilot of an aircraft equipped with direction
finding equipment can determine bearing to or from the
radio beacon and “home” on or track to or from the station. When the radio beacon is installed in conjunction
with the ILS marker, it is normally called a compass
locator.
Non-RNAV DP – A DP whose ground track is based
on ground-based NAVAIDS and/or dead reckoning navigation.
Obstacle Clearance Surface (OCS) – An inclined or
level surface associated with a defined area for obstruction evaluation.
Obstacle Departure Procedure (ODP) – A procedure
that provides obstacle clearance. ODPs do not include
ATC related climb requirements. In fact, the primary
emphasis of ODP design is to use the least onerous
route of flight to the en route structure while attempting
to accommodate typical departure routes.
Obstacle Identification Surface (OIS) – The design of
a departure procedure is based on TERPS, a living document that is updated frequently. Departure design criteria assumes an initial climb of 200 feet per NM after
crossing the departure end of the runway (DER) at a
height of at least 35 feet above the ground. Assuming a
200 feet per NM climb, the departure is structured to
provide at least 48 feet per NM of clearance above
objects that do not penetrate the obstacle slope. The
slope, known as the obstacle identification slope (OIS),
is based on a 40 to 1 ratio, which is the equivalent of a
152-foot per NM slope.
Off-Airway Routes – The FAA prescribes altitudes
governing the operation of aircraft under IFR for offairway routes in a similar manner to those on federal
airways, jet routes, area navigation low or high altitude
routes, and other direct routes for which an MEA is
designated.
Off-Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude
(OROCA) – An off-route altitude that provides
obstruction clearance with a 1,000 foot buffer in nonmountainous terrain areas and a 2,000 foot buffer in
designated mountainous areas within the U.S. This altitude may not provide signal coverage from groundbased navigational aids, air traffic control radar, or
communications coverage.
Operations Specifications (OpsSpecs) – A published
document providing the conditions under which an air
carrier and operator for compensation or hire must
operate in order to retain approval from the FAA.
Pilot Briefing Information – The current format for
charted IAPs issued by NACO. The information is presented in a logical order facilitating pilot briefing of the
procedures. Charts include formatted information
required for quick pilot or flight crew reference located
at the top of the chart.
Point-in-Space (PinS) Approach – An approach normally developed to heliports that do not meet the IFR
heliport design standards but meet the standards for a
VFR heliport. A helicopter PinS approach can be developed using conventional NAVAIDs or RNAV systems.
These procedures have either a VFR or visual segment
between the MAP and the landing area. The procedure
will specify a course and distance from the MAP to the
heliport(s) and include a note to proceed VFR or visually from the MAP to the heliport, or conduct the
missed approach.
Positive Course Guidance (PCG) – A continuous display of navigational data that enables an aircraft to be
flown along a specific course line, e.g., radar vector,
RNAV, ground-based NAVAID.
Precision Runway Monitor (PRM) – Provides air
traffic controllers with high precision secondary surveillance data for aircraft on final approach to parallel
runways that have extended centerlines separated by
less than 4,300 feet. High resolution color monitoring
displays (FMA) are required to present surveillance
track data to controllers along with detailed maps
depicting approaches and a no transgression zone.
Preferential Departure Route (PDR) – A specific
departure route from an airport or terminal area to an en
route point where there is no further need for flow control. It may be included in an instrument Departure
Procedure (DP) or a Preferred IFR Route.
Preferred IFR Routes – A system of preferred IFR
routes guides you in planning your route of flight to
minimize route changes during the operational phase of
flight, and to aid in the efficient orderly management of
air traffic using federal airways.
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Principal Operations Inspector (POI) – Scheduled
air carriers and operators for compensation or hire are
assigned a principal operations inspector (POI) who
works directly with the company and coordinates FAA
operating approval.
Record – See Database Record
Reduced Vertical Separation Minimums (RVSM) –
RVSM airspace is where air traffic control separates
aircraft by a minimum of 1,000 feet vertically between
flight level (FL) 290 and FL 410 inclusive. RVSM airspace is special qualification airspace; the operator and
the aircraft used by the operator must be approved by
the Administrator. Air traffic control notifies operators
of RVSM by providing route planing information.
Reference Landing Speed (VREF) – The speed of the
airplane, in a specified landing configuration, at the
point where it descends through the 50-foot height in
the determination of the landing distance.
Remote Communications Outlet (RCO) – An
unmanned communications facility remotely controlled
by air traffic personnel. RCOs serve FSSs and may be
UHF or VHF. RCOs extend the communication range
of the air traffic facility. RCOs were established to provide ground-to-ground communications between air
traffic control specialists and pilots located at a satellite
airport for delivering en route clearances, issuing
departure authorizations, and acknowledging IFR cancellations or departure/landing times.
Reporting Point – A geographical location in relation
to which the position of an aircraft is reported. (See
Compulsory Reporting Points)
Required Navigation Performance (RNP) – RNP is a
statement of the navigation performance necessary for
operation within a defined airspace. On-board monitoring and alerting is required.
RNAV DP – A DP developed for RNAV-equipped aircraft whose ground track is based on satellite or
DME/DME navigation systems.
Roll-out RVR – The RVR readout values obtained
from sensors located nearest the rollout end of the runway.
Runway Heading – The magnetic direction that corresponds with the runway centerline extended, not the
painted runway numbers on the runway. Pilots cleared
to “fly or maintain runway heading” are expected to fly
or maintain the published heading that corresponds
with the extended centerline of the departure runway
(until otherwise instructed by ATC), and are not to
apply drift correction; e.g., RWY 4, actual magnetic
heading of the runway centerline 044.22º, fly 044º.
Runway Hotspots – Locations on a particular airport
that historically have hazardous intersections. Hot spots
alert pilots to the fact that there may be a lack of visibility at certain points or the tower may be unable to
see that particular intersection. Whatever the reason,
pilots need to be aware that these hazardous intersections exist and they should be increasingly vigilant
when approaching and taxiing through these intersections. Pilots are typically notified of these areas by a
Letter to Airmen or by accessing the FAA Office of
Runway Safety.
Runway Incursion – an occurrence at an airport
involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the
ground that creates a collision hazard or results in a loss
of separation with an aircraft that is taking off, intending to take off, landing, or intending to land.
Runway Safety Program (RSP) – Designed to create
and execute a plan of action that reduces the number of
runway incursions at the nation’s airports.
Runway Visual Range (RVR) – An estimate of the
maximum distance at which the runway, or the specified lights or markers delineating it, can be seen from a
position above a specific point on the runway centerline. RVR is normally determined by visibility sensors
or transmissometers located alongside and higher than
the centerline of the runway. RVR is reported in hundreds of feet.
Runway Visibility Value (RVV) – The visibility determined for a particular runway by a transmissometer. A
meter provides a continuous indication of the visibility
(reported in miles or fractions of miles) for the runway.
RVV is used in lieu of prevailing visibility in determining minimums for a particular runway.
Significant Point – [ICAO Annex 11] A specified geographical location used in defining an ATS route or the
flight path of an aircraft and for other navigation and
ATS purposes.
Special Instrument Approach Procedure – A procedure approved by the FAA for individual operators, but
not published in FAR 97 for public use.
Special Use Airspace Management System (SAMS)
– A joint FAA and military program designed to
improve civilian access to special use airspace by providing information on whether the airspace is active or
scheduled to be active. The information is available to
authorized users via an Internet website.
Standard Instrument Departure (SID) – An ATC
requested and developed departure route designed to
increase capacity of terminal airspace, effectively control the flow of traffic with minimal communication,
and reduce environmental impact through noise abatement procedures.
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Takeoff Distance Available (TODA) – ICAO defines
TODA as the length of the takeoff runway available
plus the length of the clearway, if provided.
Takeoff Runway Available (TORA) – ICAO defines
TORA as the length of runway declared available and
suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane takeoff.
Tangent Point (TP) –The point on the VOR/DME
RNAV route centerline from which a line perpendicular
to the route centerline would pass through the reference
facility.
Terminal Arrival Area (TAA) – TAAs are the method
by which aircraft are transitioned from the RNAV en
route structure to the terminal area with minimal ATC
interaction. The TAA consists of a designated volume
of airspace designed to allow aircraft to enter a protected area, offering guaranteed obstacle clearance
where the initial approach course is intercepted based
on the location of the aircraft relative to the airport.
Threshold – The beginning of the part of the runway
usable for landing.
Top of Climb (TOC) – An identifiable waypoint representing the point at which cruise altitude is first
reached. TOC is calculated based on your current aircraft altitude, climb speed, and cruise altitude. There
can only be one TOC waypoint at a time.
Top of Descent (TOD) – Generally utilized in flight
management systems, top of descent is an identifiable
waypoint representing the point at which descent is first
initiated from cruise altitude. TOD is generally calculated using the destination elevation (if available) and
the descent speed schedule.
Touchdown and Lift-Off Area (TLOF) – The TLOF
is a load bearing, usually paved area at a heliport where
the helicopter is permitted to land. The TLOF can be
located at ground or rooftop level, or on an elevated
structure. The TLOF is normally centered in the FATO.
Touchdown RVR – The RVR visibility readout values
obtained from sensors serving the runway touchdown
zone.
Touchdown Zone Elevation (TDZE) – The highest
elevation in the first 3,000 feet of the landing surface.
Tower En Route Control (TEC) – The control of IFR
en route traffic within delegated airspace between two
or more adjacent approach control facilities. This service is designed to expedite air traffic and reduces air
traffic control and pilot communication requirements.
TRACAB – A new type of air traffic facility that consists of a radar approach control facility located in the
tower cab of the primary airport, as opposed to a separate room.
Standard Service Volume – Most air navigation radio
aids which provide positive course guidance have a
designated standard service volume (SSV). The SSV
defines the reception limits of unrestricted NAVAIDS
which are usable for random/unpublished route navigation. Standard service volume limitations do not apply
to published IFR routes or procedures. See the AIM for
the SSV for specific NAVAID types.
Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) – Provides a
common method for departing the en route structure
and navigating to your destination. A STAR is a preplanned instrument flight rule ATC arrival procedure
published for pilot use in graphic and textual form to
simplify clearance delivery procedures. STARs provide
you with a transition from the en route structure to an
outer fix or an instrument approach fix or arrival waypoint in the terminal area, and they usually terminate
with an instrument or visual approach procedure.
Standardized Taxi Routes – Coded taxi routes that
follow typical taxiway traffic patterns to move aircraft
between gates and runways. ATC issues clearances
using these coded routes to reduce radio communication and eliminate taxi instruction misinterpretation.
STAR Transition – A published segment used to connect one or more en route airways, jet routes, or RNAV
routes to the basic STAR procedure. It is one of several
routes that bring traffic from different directions into
one STAR. NACO publishes STARs for airports with
procedures authorized by the FAA, and these STARs
are included at the front of each Terminal Procedures
Publication regional booklet.
Start End of Runway (SER) – The beginning of the
takeoff runway available.
Station Declination – The angular difference between
true north and the zero radial of a VOR at the time the
VOR was last site checked.
Surface Incident – An event during which authorized
or unauthorized/unapproved movement occurs in the
movement area or an occurrence in the movement area
associated with the operation of an aircraft that affects
or could affect the safety of flight.
Surface Movement Guidance Control System
(SMGCS) – Facilitates the safe movement of aircraft
and vehicles at airports where scheduled air carriers are
conducting authorized operations. The SMGCS low
visibility taxi plan includes the improvement of taxiway
and runway signs, markings, and lighting, as well as the
creation of SMGCS low visibility taxi route charts.
Synthetic Vision – A visual display of terrain, obstructions, runways, and other surface features that creates a
virtual view of what the pilot would see out the window. This tool could be used to supplement normal
vision in low visibility conditions, as well as to increase
situational awareness in IMC.
Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B) – An
air traffic surveillance system that combines all available traffic information on a single display.
Traffic Management Advisor (TMA) – A software
suite that helps air traffic controllers to sequence arriving air traffic.
Transition Altitude (QNH) – The altitude in the vicinity of an airport at or below which the vertical position
of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes
(MSL).
Transition Height (QFE) – Transition height is the
height in the vicinity of an airport at or below which
the vertical position of an aircraft is expressed in height
above the airport reference datum.
Transition Layer – Transition layer is the airspace
between the transition altitude and the transition level.
Aircraft descending through the transition layer will set
altimeters to local station pressure, while departing aircraft climbing through the transition layer will be using
standard altimeter setting (QNE) of 29.92 inches of
Mercury, 1013.2 millibars, or 1013.2 hectopascals.
Transition Level (QNE) – The lowest flight level
available for use above the transition altitude.
Turn Anticipation – The capability of RNAV systems
to determine the point along a course, prior to a turn
WP, where a turn should be initiated to provide a
smooth path to intercept the succeeding course, and to
enunciate the information to the pilot.
Turn WP [Turning Point] –A WP which identifies a
change from one course to another.
User-defined Waypoint – User-defined waypoints typically are created by pilots for use in their own random
RNAV direct navigation. They are newly established,
unpublished airspace fixes that are designated geographic locations/positions that help provide positive
course guidance for navigation and a means of checking progress on a flight. They may or may not be actually plotted by the pilot on enroute charts, but would
normally be communicated to ATC in terms of bearing
and distance or latitude/longitude. An example of userdefined waypoints typically includes those derived
from database-driven area navigation (RNAV) systems
whereby latitude/longitude coordinate-based waypoints
are generated by various means including keyboard
input, and even electronic map mode functions used to
establish waypoints with a cursor on the display.
Another example is an offset phantom waypoint, which
is a point in space formed by a bearing and distance
from NAVAIDs such as VORs, VORTACs, and
TACANs, using a variety of navigation systems.
User Request Evaluation Tool (URET) – The URET
helps provide enhanced, automated flight data management. URET is an automated tool provided at each
radar position in selected en route facilities. It uses
flight and radar data to determine present and future
trajectories for all active and proposed aircraft flights.
A graphic plan display depicts aircraft, traffic, and notification of predicted conflicts. Graphic routes for current plans and trial plans are displayed upon controller
request. URET can generate a predicted conflict of two
aircraft, or between aircraft and airspace.
Vertical Navigation (VNAV) – Traditionally, the only
way to get glidepath information during an approach
was to use a ground-based NAVAID, but modern area
navigation systems allow flight crews to display an
internally generated descent path that allows a constant
rate descent to minimums during approaches that
would otherwise include multiple level-offs.
Vertical Navigation Planning – Included within certain STARs is information provided to help you reduce
the amount of low altitude flying time for high performance aircraft, like jets and turboprops. An expected
altitude is given for a key fix along the route. By knowing an intermediate altitude in advance when flying a
high performance aircraft, you can plan the power or
thrust settings and aircraft configurations that result in
the most efficient descent, in terms of time, fuel
requirements, and engine wear.
Visual Approach – A visual approach is an ATC
authorization for an aircraft on an IFR flight plan to
proceed visually to the airport of intended landing; it is
not an IAP. Also, there is no missed approach segment.
When it is operationally beneficial, ATC may authorize
pilots to conduct a visual approach to the airport in lieu
of the published IAP. A visual approach can be initiated
by a pilot or the controller.
Visual Climb Over the Airport (VCOA) – An option
to allow an aircraft to climb over the airport with visual
reference to obstacles to attain a suitable altitude from
which to proceed with an IFR departure.
Waypoints – Area navigation waypoints are specified
geographical locations, or fixes, used to define an area
navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft
employing area navigation. Waypoints may be any of
the following types: predefined, published, floating,
user-defined, fly-by, or fly-over.
Waypoint (WP) – A predetermined geographical position used for route/instrument approach definition,
progress reports, published VFR routes, visual reporting points or points for transitioning and/or circumnavigating controlled and/or special use airspace, that is
defined relative to a VORTAC station or in terms of latitude/longitude coordinates.
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) – A
method of navigation based on GPS. Ground correction
stations transmit position corrections that enhance system accuracy and add vertical navigation (VNAV) features.
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coindong

Wo lot of good things