Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System 空中交通警戒与防撞系统

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Traffic Alert and Collision
Avoidance System
空中交通警戒与防撞系统
TrraaffffiiccAlleerrtt aanndd CoolllliissiioonnAvvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
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The TCAS, short for traffic-alert and collision avoidance system,
is an independent system; it can perform its functions completely
without the assistance of any ground system. Such independence is
necessary in oceanic and other non-radar airspace.
TCAS is an advisory system designed to alert the flight crew to
potential conflicts with other transponder-equipped airplanes flying
in the same area. If these other airplanes which are usually called
intruders, are equipped with an air traffic control radar beacon
system ATCRBS or mode S transponder, they will be interrogated
and tracked by TCAS.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
Currently, there are three versions of the TCAS system in use or in
some stage of development; TCAS I, II, and VI.
TCAS II provides TAs as well as RAs，but only involves vertical
evasive movement. In addition, the TCAS II system exchanges data
with other TCAS II or higher level systems to coordinate resolution
advisories. This is to prevent two TCAS equipped aircraft from
executing the same evasive maneuver.
TCAS I is a similar system to TCAS II but it is intended for
smaller airplanes and does not provide vertical corrective
information.
TCAS IV provides TAs and RAs involving both vertical and
horizontal maneuvers.
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS II is the most common system and provides the necessary
vertical manoeuvre advice. In accordance with the Joint
Airworthiness Requirements, as of the year 2000, all commercial
aeroplanes over 15 000 kg, and with a seating capacity of 30 or more
passengers, when operating in European airspace, must carry TCAS
II.
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The TCAS system consists of an ATC/TCAS control panel, a TCAS computer
and directional antennae. The system requires that an operating mode S transponder
be installed in the TCAS airplane. The TCAS system interfaces with other
navigation systems and uses EFIS displays for visual advisories and the digital
audio control system for aural advisories.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS II system
Display
ATC/TCAS
Control Panel
Mode S XPDR
TCAS
Computer
Directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Other
Navigation
Systems
Omni-directional Antenna Figure 7.1
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TCAS Computer
The TCAS computer contains a receiver, a transmitter and processors required to
determine if nearby airplanes (intruders) will intersect the flight path of the TCAS
equipped airplane (own airplane).
The TCAS computer interrogates airplanes in the airspace around its own
airplane on a frequency of 1,030 MHz, and the computer receives responses to its
interrogations on a frequency of 1,090 MHz. The computer uses these responses to
track intruders and display the intruder’s bearing and range, and to require vertical
avoidance maneuver of the flight crew.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
Display
ATC/TCAS
Control Panel
Mode S XPDR
TCAS
Computer
Directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Other
Navigation
Systems
Omni-directional Antenna
Figure 7.1
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Antenna
TCAS-II installations require top and bottom antennae. The top antenna must be
directional and have direction finding capability. The bottom antenna may be either
omni-directional or directional.
The associated Mode-S transponders installations also require top and bottom
antennae. The Mode-S transponder has two complete receivers, one per antenna.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
Display
ATC/TCAS
Control Panel
Mode S XPDR
TCAS
Computer
Directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Other
Navigation
Systems
Omni-directional Antenna Figure 7.1
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ATC Transponder
The ATC transponder receives pulse-coded signals from air traffic control
ground stations and TCAS equipped airplanes. These signals are interrogations.
The transponder responds to the interrogations with pulse-coded signals.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
Display
ATC/TCAS
Control Panel
Mode S XPDR
TCAS
Computer
Directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Other
Navigation
Systems
Omni-directional Antenna
Figure 7.1
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ATC/TCAS Control Panel
The ATC/TCAS control panel controls both the ATC and TCAS systems. The
control panel is directly connected to the ATC transponder. The mode S
transponder sends control information to the TCAS computer.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
Display
ATC/TCAS
Control Panel
Mode S XPDR
TCAS
Computer
Directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Other
Navigation
Systems
Omni-directional Antenna Figure 7.1
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Display
All information from the TCAS computer concerning responding aircraft
transponders is displayed on an electronic vertical speed indicator (VSI) or on the
EFIS display.
TCAS audio
TCAS audio is sent to the digital audio control system to be heard in the flight
compartment.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
Display
ATC/TCAS
Control Panel
Mode S XPDR
TCAS
Computer
Directional Antenna Omni-directional Antenna
Omni-directional Antenna
Other
Navigation
Systems
Omni-directional Antenna Figure 7.1
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Basic Principles of TCAS
The TCAS computer forms a protected area around own airplane. This protected
area represents the time until the intruder will be at closest point of approach to
own airplane.
This “time to endanger” is called TAU. The protected area is called the TAU
area. Traffic advisory TAU (TA TAU) defines an area around the TCAS airplane.
If this area is penetrated by intruder and the intruder meets the relative altitude
restrictions, the TCAS would issue a traffic advisory alert. Resolution advisory
TAU is established for RA warning in a similar manner.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS II principle of operation
Figure 7.2
TA
RA
20～48s
15～35s
CPA
20～48s
15～35s
CPA
Resolution Advisory TAU
Traffic Advisory TAU
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Basic Principles of TCAS
A TA is normally issued 5 to 20 seconds in advance of the resolution advisory
(RA). The RA is issued when time to closest point of approach (CPA) is between
15 and 35 seconds. It is rare, but possible, for a RA to be issued without being
preceded by a TA.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS II principle of operation
Figure 7.2
TA
RA
20～48s
15～35s
CPA
20～48s
15～35s
CPA
Resolution Advisory TAU
Traffic Advisory TAU
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Basic Principles of TCAS
TCAS performs interrogations of intruder airplane transponders and
computes the intruder’s range to own airplane and the rate of change of the
range (closure rate).
If the intruder is reporting its altitude, the TCAS computer computes the
relative altitude and the rate of change of altitude of the intruder.
Using replies received by the TCAS directional antenna, the TCAS
computer determines the bearing to the intruder.
From these data TCAS tracks and continuously evaluates the threat
potential of intruders to its own airplane. TCAS provides Traffic Advisories
(TA) and Resolution Advisories (RA) to the flight crew.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS II principle of operation
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TCAS Advisories
A traffic advisory informs the flight crew of the relative position
(distance and usually bearing) of intruders.
In addition to relative position, the traffic advisory display shows
the intruder’s relative altitude.
When appropriate, TCAS provides resolution advisory. The
resolution advisory only prescribes maneuvers in the vertical plane.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS II principle of operation
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TCAS Transmission/Reception
The TCAS computer exhibits the characteristics similar to an
ATCRBS/mode S ground station.
It uses interrogation and reply signals from transponders to detect and
track intruders.
TCAS transmits and receives signals on a top and a bottom directional
antenna.
Interrogation of transponders is performed on 1,030 MHz and reception
of return signals is accomplished on 1,090 MHz.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS II principle of operation
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TCAS Detection
TCAS only detects the presence of intruders equipped with
operating transponders.
Resolution advisories are issued only concerning intruders with
active altitude reporting.
Intruders with active transponders but not reporting their altitude
will be tracked and processed for traffic advisories only.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS II principle of operation
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TCAS Detection
Mode S transponders announce their presence by transmitting a
downlink message containing the airplane’s mode S, 24 bit address
approximately once every second. This transmission is called squitter.
TCAS determines the mode S address of mode S intruders by listening
for the squitter transmissions or by listening for mode S replies to all call
interrogations from ground stations.
TCAS will add the intruder to its roll call and interrogate and track the
intruder using mode S interrogations.
TCAS actively searches for ATCRBS mode C transponder equipped
intruders using an ATCRBS only all call.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS II principle of operation
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TCAS Detection
If the intruder aircraft is equipped with TCAS II, the two TCAS
computers are able to coordinate
the resolution advisories in each
aircraft to achieve optimum separation, with the least disruption to
either.
This is designed to ensure that both flight crews do not take the
same avoiding action and worsen the danger of collision.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS II principle of operation
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
All information from the TCAS computer concerning responding aircraft
transponders is displayed on an electronic vertical speed indicator (VSI) or on the
EFIS display.
TCAS Displays
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
-03
-05
+12
TA2.0+02
RNG 10
6
Other Traffic Target
Proximate Traffic Target
TATarget
RATarget
Green Arc
Red Arc No Bearing
Own Airplane Symbol
2 NM Range Ring
Figure 7.3
TCAS Displays on Electronic VSI
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
There are four alternative intruder symbols, indicating the threat
potential presented and the vertical movement of the intruder.
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
-03
-05
+12
TA2.0+02
RNG 10
6
Other Traffic Target
Proximate Traffic Target
TATarget
RATarget
Green Arc
Red Arc No Bearing
Own Airplane Symbol
2 NM Range Ring
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
• An open diamond symbol in white or cyan. Traffic beyond 6 nm range or more
than 1200 ft vertical separation. It is called other traffic target.
• A solid diamond symbol in white or cyan. Traffic within 6 nm range, but not
computed to present a threat. It is called proximate traffic target.
• A solid circle in amber. It is called traffic advisory target.
• A solid square in red. It is called resolution advisory target.
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
-03
-05
+12
TA2.0+02
RNG 10
6
Other Traffic Target
Proximate Traffic Target
TATarget
RATarget
Green Arc
Red Arc No Bearing
Own Airplane Symbol
2 NM Range Ring
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
Provided that the intruder aircraft is responding with SSR mode C
or S, the symbol will show the relative altitude numerically in
hundreds of feet.
If the intruder is above or below the interrogating aircraft, the
numeric annotation will be preceded by a plus or minus sign.
If the relative altitude of the intruder is changing by more the 500
ft per minute, it is emphasized by an accompanying arrow pointing
up or down, as appropriate.
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
-03
-05
+12
TA2.0+02
RNG 10
6
Other Traffic Target
Proximate Traffic Target
TATarget
RATarget
Green Arc
Red Arc No Bearing
Own Airplane Symbol
2 NM Range Ring
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
The circular scale has colored arcs superimposed upon it to
indicate safe and unsafe climb and descent rate areas when a
resolution advisory exists.
Unsafe areas are indicated by a narrow red arc; the advised rate of
change of altitude by a broad green arc.
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
-03
-05
+12
TA2.0+02
RNG 10
6
Other Traffic Target
Proximate Traffic Target
TATarget
RATarget
Green Arc
Red Arc No Bearing
Own Airplane Symbol
2 NM Range Ring
TCAS Displays on Electronic VSI
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
There are two types of RAs, Corrective and preventive.
Corrective RAs instruct the pilot to climb or descend at a predetermined rate to
avoid a conflict. Preventive RAs instruct the pilot not to change altitude or heading
to avoid a potential conflict.
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
-05
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
+05
6
6
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
+03
6
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
-03
6
Figure 7.4
TCAS Displays on Electronic VSI
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
+06
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
-04 6
6
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
-03
6
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
+05
6
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
-04
6
1 2
4
6
4
1 2
.5
0
.5
+05
6
-08
+08
Figure 7.5
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS Displays on EFIS
In EFIS equipped aircraft the intruder symbols are displayed on
the EHSI and the RA avoidance maneuver is shown by the command
bars on the EADI.
11:55
180
RNG 10
2810 /
GS 262
TAS 300
300 /20
CRL 5
Advisory
(red)
Resolution
10 10
10 10
Figure 7.6
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
10 10
10 10
20 20
10 10
10 10
20 20
10 10
10 10
20 20
20 20
10 10
10 10
Figure 7.7
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
10 10
10 10
20 20
10 10
10 10
20 20
10 10
10 10
20 20
20 20
10 10
10 10
Figure 7.8
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS Aural Messages
Traffic Alert Aural Message
“TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC” is announced at the time each traffic
advisory is issued. This announcement directs the flight crew to
monitor TCAS display as an aid to visually acquiring the intruder.
The traffic advisory may be a new intruder or a other or proximity
intruder which has been upgraded to a traffic advisory. Normally a
traffic advisory will precede a resolution advisory by 15 seconds.
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS Aural Messages
Resolution Advisory Aural Messages
• Preventive Resolution Advisory Aural Message
When the EADI airplane symbol is not inside the resolution
advisory pitch command, the advisory is preventative. This advisory
requires no flight crew action other than ensuring that the airplane
symbol does not cross the resolution advisory pitch command.
The aural command, “MONITOR VERTICAL SPEED,
MONITOR VERTICAL SPEED”, tells the flight crew to maintain
the current vertical rate.
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS Aural Messages
• Corrective Resolution Advisory Aural Message (initial action)
When the EADI airplane symbol is inside the resolution advisory pitch
command, the advisory is corrective.
The aural command “CLIMB, CLIMB, CLIMB” (or DESCEND”) requires a
maneuver at the rate indicated by the pitch command, nominally 1500 feet per
minute.
“CLIMB, CROSSING CLIMB—CLIMB, CROSSING CLIMB”(or
“DESCEND”) indicates that own airplane flight path will cross the intruder flight
path when performing the maneuver.
The aural command “REDUCE CLIMB—REDUCE CLIMB” (or “DESCENT”)
tells the flight crew to reduce the rate of vertical speed to that shown on the EADI.
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS Aural Messages
• Corrective Resolution Advisory Aural Messages (increased action)
Increased action, corrective resolution advisory commands are changes from
initial action corrective resolution advisory commands. These commands require
flight crew action immediately.
The aural command “CLIMB, CLIMB NOW—CLIMB, CLIMB NOW” (or
“DESCEND”) follows a descend (climb) advisory and it has been determined by
the TCAS computer that a reversal of vertical speed is necessary to provide
adequate airplane separation.
The aural “INCREASE CLIMB—INCREASE CLIMB” (or “DESCENT”) tells
the flight crew to increase the vertical maneuver to the pitch command indicated on
the EADI, nominally 2500 feet per minute.
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
TCAS Aural Messages
End of Threat Aural Message
The announcement “CLEAR OF CONFLICT” indicates that the TCAS
encounter has ended and the intruder range has started to increase. At this time the
flight crew should return to the previous clearance.
Self-Test Aural Messages
At the end of a TCAS self-test, the TCAS computer announces “TCAS
SYSTEM TEST OK” if the TCAS system has passed the BITE test, “TCAS
SYSTEM FAIL” if the TCAS computer has failed, or “TCAS SYSTEM TEST
FAIL” if an input to the TCAS computer has failed.
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协调反向
后方
200节的接近率
后方
400节的接近率Dallllllasss起飞干扰
功能测试
模式
无方位无高度报告
迎面
400节的接近率
迎面
600节的接近率
迎面
1000节的接近率
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Figure 7.9
Control Panel
Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
Control for the TCAS II system is normally provided on a combined ATC/TCAS
controller.
2034
ALT SOURCE IDENT
1 2
TCAS TEST
1 2
XPDR
STBY
XPDR
TA
TA
/RA
XPDR FAIL
ON
A
T
C
T
C
A
S
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
2034
ALT SOURCE IDENT
1 2
TCAS TEST
1 2
XPDR
STBY
XPDR
TA
TA
/RA
XPDR FAIL
ON
A
T
C
T
C
A
S
The four-position mode selector switch allows selection of STBY, XPDR, TA
ONLY, and TA/RA.
The TEST button starts a self-test of the control panel, the ATC, and the TCAS
system. The status of the control panel (PASS or FAIL) will be shown in the
display window. STBY inhibits the transponder from replying.
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
2034
ALT SOURCE IDENT
1 2
TCAS TEST
1 2
XPDR
STBY
XPDR
TA
TA
/RA
XPDR FAIL
ON
A
T
C
T
C
A
S
The two-position XPDR select switch selects which transponder shall be active.
The two identification code select switches are comprised of inner and outer
controls and are used to select the four digit identification code. The four digit octal
code ranges from 0000 to 7777 and appeals in the liquid crystal display window
along with ATC 1 or ATC 2 (whichever is selected as the active transponder).
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
2034
ALT SOURCE IDENT
1 2
TCAS TEST
1 2
XPDR
STBY
XPDR
TA
TA
/RA
XPDR FAIL
ON
A
T
C
T
C
A
S
The two position of ALT SOURSE switch allows selection of ADC 1 or ADC 2
as the source for altitude for mode C replies.
The amber XPDR fail light comes on for a failed ATC system.
Pressing IDENT button turns on a special pulse to be added to the transponder
replies for approximately 18 seconds that aids the ground station in identifying the
airplane.
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
Crew Response
For TCAS II to be effective, the pilot:
• must not maneuver on the basis of the Traffic Display or Traffic
Advisory;
• must not maneuver horizontally;
• must obey all TCAS RAs and RA changes including sense reversals;
• must initiate the first maneuver required by a RA within 5 seconds of the
RA being given;
• must initiate any subsequent maneuvers required by RA changes within
2.5 seconds of the RA change; and
• conduct all maneuvers so as to generate a vertical acceleration of one
quarter of 1 g (0.25 g).
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
Crew Response
If the aircraft is under Air Traffic control when a TCAS resolution
advisory is received, the pilot is required to obey the TCAS command
and inform ATC ‘TCAS climb/descent’ as appropriate.
Upon receipt of the TCAS message ‘clear of conflict’, the aircraft
must be returned to the ATC assigned flight level.
Should a maneuver instruction be received from both TCAS and
ATC simultaneously, the pilot is required to obey the TCAS
instruction and advise ATC accordingly.
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
Crew Response
At radio altitudes of less than 1000 ft the TCAS will not give a
resolution advisory involving a descent, and below 1500 ft AGL it
will not recommend an increased rate of descent.
All resolution advisories are inhibited at radio altitudes of less than
500 ft, and traffic advisories at less than 400 ft.
It is usual for GPWS alerts and warnings to take precedence over
TCAS, and a windshear warning will be awarded the highest priority.
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
The Use of TCAS
• TCAS provides no protection against aircraft which either do not have a
transponder or the transponder is not switched on.
• To maximize the effectiveness of TCAS, all aircraft should be equipped
with a transponder and the transponder should be used whenever the
aircraft is in flight.
• A Mode A/C transponder with pressure altitude encoder is sufficient to
provide maximum protection in an encounter with a TCAS I/II equipped
aircraft.
• TCAS can only display the relative altitude of a threat aircraft and TCAS
II can only generate RAs if the threat aircraft is replying Pressure Altitude.
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avvooiiddaannccee SSyysstteem((TCASS))
The Use of TCAS
• Transponder control panels have provision to switch off pressure altitude
reporting. This provision is used to allow pilots to disable pressure altitude
reporting when the pressure altitude data is known to be erroneous.
• To maximize the effectiveness of TCAS, all aircraft should operate at all
times with their transponder on and altitude reporting enabled.
• Altitude reporting accuracy is verified by ATC. Should this validation fail,
the pilot is instructed to disable altitude reporting, the transponder should
remain on. The failure should be recorded in the maintenance log.
70
NBAA 2003
TCAS

liu5031

看看了解下

guanshyy

Chapter 2

gemini711

看看看看看看

奶毛头

回复一下看看

hyhfxy

好资料学习下！

flypedrail

TCAS，看看

鲁沙沙

学无止境！

tissle

好资料，学习中。。。