NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL NAT MNPS ix Edition 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY ........................................................................................................................................I FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................ II AMENDMENTS TO THE NAT MNPS MANUAL .................................................................................................... IV GLOSSARY OF TERMS ............................................................................................................................................... V CHAPTER 1: OPERATIONAL APPROVAL AND AIRCRAFT SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR FLIGHT IN THE NAT MNPS AIRSPACE ................................................................................. 1 1.1 GENERAL ...........................................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 APPROVAL ........................................................................................................................................................................2 1.3 NAVIGATION REQUIREMENTS FOR UNRESTRICTED MNPS AIRSPACE OPERATIONS .....................................2 Longitudinal Navigation ................................................................................................................................... 2 Lateral Navigation ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 ROUTES FOR USE BY AIRCRAFT NOT EQUIPPED WITH TWO LRNSS ...................................................................3 Routes for Aircraft with Only One LRNS ......................................................................................................... 3 Routes for Aircraft with Short-Range Navigation Equipment Only .................................................................. 4 1.5 SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE PENETRATION OF MNPS AIRSPACE BY NON-MNPS APPROVED AIRCRAFT .........................................................................................................................................................................4 1.6 SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NON-RVSM APPROVED AIRCRAFT ...................................................................4 To Climb/Descend Through RVSM Levels ....................................................................................................... 4 To Operate at RVSM Levels............................................................................................................................. 5 1.7 PERFORMANCE MONITORING .....................................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2: THE ORGANISED TRACK SYSTEM (OTS) ............................................................................. 6 2.1 GENERAL ...........................................................................................................................................................................6 2.2 CONSTRUCTION OF THE ORGANISED TRACK SYSTEM (OTS) ...............................................................................6 General processes ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Collaborative Decision Making Process ............................................................................................................ 7 2.3 THE NAT TRACK MESSAGE ..........................................................................................................................................7 2.4 OTS CHANGEOVER PERIODS ........................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 3: OTHER ROUTES AND ROUTE STRUCTURES WITHIN OR ADJACENT TO NAT MNPS AIRSPACE ........................................................................................................................ 13 3.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 OTHER ROUTES WITHIN NAT MNPS AIRSPACE ...................................................................................................... 13 3.3 ROUTE STRUCTURES ADJACENT TO NAT MNPS AIRSPACE ................................................................................ 13 North American Routes (NARs) ...................................................................................................................... 13 US East Coast Transitions ............................................................................................................................... 14 Canadian Domestic Track Systems.................................................................................................................. 14 Routes between North America and the Caribbean area.................................................................................. 14 Irish/UK Domestic Route Structures ............................................................................................................... 14 North Atlantic European Routing Scheme (NERS) ......................................................................................... 14 Shannon Oceanic Transition Area (SOTA) and Northern Oceanic Transition Area (NOTA)....................... 15 Brest Oceanic Transition Area (BOTA) .......................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 4: FLIGHT PLANNING ................................................................................................................... 17 4.1 FLIGHT PLAN REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 17 General ............................................................................................................................................................ 17 Routings .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Flight Levels ................................................................................................................................................... 18 ATC Flight Plans ............................................................................................................................................ 18 4.2 FLIGHT PLANNING REQUIREMENTS ON SPECIFIC ROUTES ................................................................................ 19 Flights Planning on the Organised Track System ............................................................................................ 19 Flights Planning on Random Route Segments in a Generally Eastbound or Westbound Direction at/or South of 70°N ........................................................................................................................................................... 19 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL NAT MNPS x Edition 2009 Flights Planning on a Generally Eastbound or Westbound Direction on Random Route Segments North of 70°N ................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Flights Planning on Random Routes in a Generally Northbound or Southbound Direction ........................... 20 Flights Planning to Enter or Leave the NAT Region via the European or North American Regions .............. 20 Flights Planning to Operate Without Using HF Communications ................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 5: OCEANIC ATC CLEARANCES ................................................................................................ 22 5.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................................................... 22 5.2 CONTENTS OF CLEARANCES ..................................................................................................................................... 23 5.3 OCEANIC CLEARANCES FOR WESTBOUND FLIGHTS ROUTING VIA 61°N 010°W ............................................ 24 5.4 OCEANIC CLEARANCES FOR FLIGHTS INTENDING TO OPERATE WITHIN THE NAT REGION AND SUBSEQUENTLY ENTER THE EUR OR NAM REGIONS ........................................................................................... 24 5.5 OCEANIC CLEARANCES FOR RANDOM FLIGHTS INTENDING TO OPERATE WITHIN THE NAT REGION AND SUBSEQUENTLY ENTER REGIONS OTHER THAN NAM OR EUR ................................................................ 25 5.6 OCEANIC FLIGHTS ORIGINATING FROM THE CAR OR SAM REGIONS AND ENTERING NAT MNPS AIRSPACE VIA THE NEW YORK OCA ......................................................................................................................... 25 5.7 ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH OCEANIC CLEARANCES .......................................................................................... 25 ATC System Loop Errors ............................................................................................................................... 25 Waypoint Insertion Errors ............................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 6: COMMUNICATIONS AND POSITION REPORTING PROCEDURES .............................. 27 6.1 ATS COMMUNICATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 27 HF Voice Communications ............................................................................................................................. 27 SELCAL .............................................................................................................................................. 27 VHF Voice Communications ........................................................................................................................... 28 SATCOM Voice Communications .................................................................................................................. 29 Datalink Communications ............................................................................................................................... 29 6.2 INTER-PILOT AIR-TO-AIR VHF FACILITY 123.45 MHZ AND EMERGENCY FREQUENCY 121.5 MHZ............. 29 6.3 POSITION REPORTING .................................................................................................................................................. 30 Time and Place of Position Reports ................................................................................................................. 30 Contents of Position Reports ........................................................................................................................... 30 Standard Message Types ................................................................................................................................ 30 Addressing of Position Reports ....................................................................................................................... 31 6.4 “WHEN ABLE HIGHER” (WAH) REPORTS .................................................................................................................. 31 6.5 METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS .................................................................................................................................... 32 6.6 HF COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE ............................................................................................................................... 32 General Provisions .......................................................................................................................................... 33 Communications Procedures for Use in the Event of an On-board HF Equipment Failure ............................ 33 Communications Procedures for Use during Poor HF Propagation Conditions .............................................. 34 Rationale for Lost Communications Operational Procedures .......................................................................... 35 Tactical ATC Environment .................................................................................................................. 35 Procedural ATC Environment .............................................................................................................. 35 Operational Procedures following Loss of HF Communications Prior to Entry into the NAT ....................... 35 On-Board HF Communications Equipment Failure ............................................................................. 35 “HF Blackout ....................................................................................................................................... 36 Operational Procedures following Loss of HF Communications after Entering the NAT .............................. 36 Summary of Operational Procedures Required following Loss of Air/Ground ATS Communications in the NAT Region.................................................................................................................................................... 37 6.7 OPERATION OF TRANSPONDERS ............................................................................................................................... 37 6.8 AIRBORNE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS (ACAS) ......................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 7: APPLICATION OF MACH NUMBER TECHNIQUE ............................................................. 38 7.1 DESCRIPTION OF TERMS ............................................................................................................................................. 38 7.2 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 38 7.3 PROCEDURES IN NAT OCEANIC AIRSPACE ............................................................................................................. 38 7.4 PROCEDURE AFTER LEAVING OCEANIC AIRSPACE .............................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER 8: MNPS FLIGHT OPERATION & NAVIGATION PROCEDURES ........................................ 40 8.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 40 8.2 GENERAL PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................................................. 42 Importance of Accurate Time .......................................................................................................................... 42 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL NAT MNPS xi Edition 2009 The Use of a Master Document ....................................................................................................................... 42 Position Plotting .............................................................................................................................................. 43 Provision of Step-Climbs ................................................................................................................................ 44 Relief Crew Members ..................................................................................................................................... 44 8.3 PRE-FLIGHT PROCEDURES .......................................................................................................................................... 44 Inertial Navigation Systems ............................................................................................................................. 44 Initial Insertion of Latitude and Longitude ........................................................................................... 44 System Alignment ............................................................................................................................... 45 GNSS (GPS) Systems ..................................................................................................................................... 45 Satellite Availability ............................................................................................................................. 45 Satellite Navigation Prediction ............................................................................................................. 45 Operational Control Restrictions .......................................................................................................... 46 Loading of Initial Waypoints ........................................................................................................................... 46 Flight Plan Check ........................................................................................................................................... 47 Leaving the Ramp ........................................................................................................................................... 47 8.4 IN FLIGHT PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................................. 48 Initial flight ..................................................................................................................................................... 48 ATC Oceanic Clearance ................................................................................................................................. 48 Approaching the Ocean .................................................................................................................................. 49 Entering the MNPS Airspace and Reaching an Oceanic Waypoint ................................................................. 49 Routine Monitoring......................................................................................................................................... 50 Approaching Landfall ..................................................................................................................................... 50 8.5 SPECIAL IN-FLIGHT PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................. 51 Strategic Lateral Offset Procedures (SLOP) .................................................................................................... 51 Monitoring during Distractions from Routine ................................................................................................. 52 Avoiding Confusion between Magnetic and True Track Reference ................................................................ 52 Navigation in the Area of Compass Unreliability ............................................................................................ 52 Deliberate Deviation from Track ..................................................................................................................... 53 8.6 POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Inertial Navigation System Accuracy Check ................................................................................................... 53 8.7 HORIZONTAL NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING ................................................................................ 53 CHAPTER 9: RVSM FLIGHT IN MNPS AIRSPACE ..................................................................................... 55 9.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Pre-Flight ........................................................................................................................................................ 55 In-Flight - Before Operating in MNPS Airspace ............................................................................................. 56 In-Flight – Entering and Flying in MNPS Airspace ........................................................................................ 57 9.2 EQUIPMENT FAILURES ................................................................................................................................................ 57 9.3 VERTICAL NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING ...................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 10: PROCEDURES IN THE EVENT OF NAVIGATION SYSTEM DEGRADATION OR FAILURE ..................................................................................................................................... 59 10.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................................................... 59 Detection of Failures ....................................................................................................................................... 59 Methods of Determining which System is Faulty ............................................................................................ 59 Action if the Faulty System Cannot be Identified ............................................................................................ 60 Guidance on What Constitutes a Failed System .............................................................................................. 60 Inertial System Failures .................................................................................................................................. 60 GPS Failures ................................................................................................................................................... 60 Satellite Fault Detection Outage ........................................................................................................... 61 Fault Detection Alert ............................................................................................................................ 61 10.2 LOSS OF NAVIGATION/FMS CAPABILITY ................................................................................................................. 61 One System Fails Before Take-Off .................................................................................................................. 61 One System Fails Before the OCA Boundary is Reached ............................................................................... 62 One System Fails After the OCA Boundary is Crossed................................................................................... 62 The Remaining System Fails After Entering MNPS Airspace ........................................................................ 63 Complete Failure of Navigation Systems Computers ...................................................................................... 63 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL NAT MNPS xii Edition 2009 CHAPTER 11: SPECIAL PROCEDURES FOR IN-FLIGHT CONTINGENCIES ........................................ 65 11.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 65 11.2 GENERAL PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................................................. 65 11.3 SPECIAL PROCEDURES ................................................................................................................................................ 65 Initial Action ................................................................................................................................................... 66 Subsequent Action .......................................................................................................................................... 66 11.4 DEVIATIONS AROUND SEVERE WEATHER .............................................................................................................. 66 11.5 WAKE TURBULENCE .................................................................................................................................................... 67 11.6 ACAS/TCAS ALERTS AND WARNINGS ....................................................................................................................... 68 Possible traffic alerts resulting from ATC use of the 5 minutes GNSS climb/descent through procedure ...... 68 CHAPTER 12: CHECK LISTS FOR PILOTS OPERATING IN NAT MNPS AIRSPACE ........................... 70 12.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 70 12.2 SPECIAL NAT MNPSA ITEMS ...................................................................................................................................... 70 12.3 SAMPLE NAT MNPS CHECK LIST ............................................................................................................................... 71 Check list proposals ...................................................................................................................................... 71 Flight planning..................................................................................................................................... 71 Preflight ............................................................................................................................................... 71 Taxi and prior to take-off ...................................................................................................................... 72 Climb out ............................................................................................................................................. 72 Prior to oceanic entry ............................................................................................................................ 72 After oceanic entry ............................................................................................................................... 72 Approaching Waypoints ....................................................................................................................... 72 Overhead waypoints ............................................................................................................................. 72 10-minute plot (appr. 2° of longitude after waypoint) .......................................................................... 72 Midpoint .............................................................................................................................................. 72 Coast in ................................................................................................................................................ 72 Descent ................................................................................................................................................ 72 Destination/block in .............................................................................................................................. 72 Other issues ......................................................................................................................................... 73 Expanded checklist ....................................................................................................................................... 73 Flight planning..................................................................................................................................... 73 Preflight ............................................................................................................................................... 73 Taxi and prior to take-off ...................................................................................................................... 75 Climb out ............................................................................................................................................. 75 Prior to oceanic entry ............................................................................................................................ 76 After oceanic entry ............................................................................................................................... 77 Approaching waypoints ........................................................................................................................ 77 Overhead waypoints ............................................................................................................................. 77 10-minute plot ..................................................................................................................................... 78 Midpoint .............................................................................................................................................. 78 Coast in ................................................................................................................................................ 78 Descent ................................................................................................................................................ 78 Destination/block in .............................................................................................................................. 79 CHAPTER 13: GUARDING AGAINST COMPLACENCY .............................................................................. 80 13.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 80 13.2 OPERATIONAL HEIGHT ERRORS ............................................................................................................................... 80 13.3 LATERAL NAVIGATION ERRORS ............................................................................................................................... 82 More Common Causes Of Lateral Navigation Errors ...................................................................................... 82 Rare Causes Of Lateral Navigation Errors ...................................................................................................... 83 13.4 LESSONS TO BE LEARNED .......................................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 14: THE PREVENTION OF DEVIATIONS FROM TRACK AS A RESULT OF WAYPOINT INSERTION ERRORS ................................................................................................................ 85 14.1 THE PROBLEM ................................................................................................................................................................ 85 14.2 THE CURE ........................................................................................................................................................................ 85 NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL NAT MNPS xiii Edition 2009 CHAPTER 15: GUIDANCE FOR DISPATCHERS ............................................................................................ 87 15.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................................................... 87 15.2 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS AND CONSEQUENTIAL ROUTING LIMITATIONS ......................................... 87 State Approvals (MNPS/RVSM) ..................................................................................................................... 87 Minimum Equipage (Navigation/Altimetry/Communications) ....................................................................... 87 Special non-compliance routings ..................................................................................................................... 88 15.3 ROUTE PLANNING ......................................................................................................................................................... 88 Lateral separation minima & resulting route definition conventions ............................................................... 88 OTS – Rationale, Structure, CDM & Track Message ...................................................................................... 88 Random Routings ........................................................................................................................................... 89 Adjacent Airspace, Route Structures, Links & Constraints ............................................................................. 89 15.4 ALTITUDE & SPEED ...................................................................................................................................................... 89 Flight Levels ................................................................................................................................................... 89 Mach Number ................................................................................................................................................. 90 15.5 ATC FPL COMPLETION ................................................................................................................................................. 90 15.6 DISPATCH FUNCTIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 91 General ............................................................................................................................................................ 91 Flight Planning ................................................................................................................................................ 91 Route Planning .................................................................................................................................... 91 Flight Levels ........................................................................................................................................ 93 Communications .................................................................................................................................. 93 MEL Compliance ................................................................................................................................ 93 ETOPS/LROPS ................................................................................................................................... 94 CDM TOOLS ...................................................................................................................................... 94 Flight Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................ 94 Oceanic ATC Clearances ...................................................................................................................... 94 Transponder Use .................................................................................................................................. 95 Re-Routes. ........................................................................................................................................... 95 En route Contingencies ......................................................................................................................... 95 Dispatcher guidance for NAT RVSM operations. ........................................................................................... 95 References ........................................................................................................................................... 95 Flight Planning .................................................................................................................................... 95 En route Equipage Failures ................................................................................................................... 96 ATTACHMENT 1 - SAMPLE OF ERROR INVESTIGATION FORM .................................................................. 99 ATTACHMENT 2 - ALTITUDE DEVIATION REPORT FORM .......................................................................... 101 ATTACHMENT 3 - WAKE TURBULENCE REPORT FORM ............................................................................. 102 ATTACHMENT 4 – ICAO FPL COMPLETION FOR A NAT FLIGHT .............................................................. 104 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................................... 115
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