A320主飞行显示介绍

航空

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航空

EFIS MENU PFD Presentation 1/97
EFIS MENU PFD Presentation 2/97
EFIS MENU PFD Presentation 3/97
EFIS MENU PFD Presentation 4/97
EFIS MENU PFD Presentation 5/97
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 6/97
The Primary Flight display,
PFD, displays all the normal
Primary Flight indications.
• Attitude,
• Airspeed,
• Altitude,
• Vertical Speed,
• Heading and Track.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 7/97
Notice that the indicators are
laid out in a classic instrument
“T” configuration.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 8/97
The PFD also displays other information.
The upper part of the display is used to
provide information to the pilots associated
with the Flight Management and Guidance
System (FMGS).
The area is known as the Flight Mode
Annunciator (FMA). You will learn more
about the FMA in the Autoflight modules.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 9/97
A Flight Director pb on the EFIS control
panel enables the pilots to switch the Flight
Director display on.
Notice that there is an indication on the
FMA when the Flight Directors are switched
on.
CAUTION: Both Flight Directors must be
switched on or both off. You should never
fly with only one Flight Director selected
on.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 10/97
When below 2500 feet a digital radio
altimeter is displayed.
In this module, we will concentrate on
the Primary Flight indications.
Let’s start with attitude!
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 11/97
Attitude information is shown at
the center of the display.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 12/97
The attitude indicator works in the
normal sense. The aircraft is
represented by 3 black and yellow
symbols which remain fixed.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 13/97
There is a graduated scale for
pitch angle above and below the
horizon.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 14/97
Bank angle is displayed at the top
of the indicator, each graduation
represents 10 degrees angle of bank.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 15/97
The Roll Index triangle moves
against a fixed scale to show angle of
bank.
To show both the pitch and bank
indications in use let’s look at the
indication for a climbing turn.
RRoollll IInnddeexx
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 16/97
In this example the aircraft is in a
20 degree banked turn to the left with
a nose up pitch attitude of 10
degrees.
2200 ddeeggrreeeess ooff lleefftt bbaannkk
1100 ddeeggrreeeess ooffNNoossee uupp ppiittcchh
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 17/97
Below the roll index is the Side
Slip Index. This index moves to
indicate side slip and replaces the
old fashioned slip ball.
Side Slip
Index
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 18/97
When the Flight Director pb on the
EFIS control panel is selected Flight
Director indications are
superimposed onto the attitude
indicator. In the example shown the
flight director is centralized.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 19/97
The vertical line is the Flight
Director roll bar, while the horizontal
line is the Pitch bar.
Let’s look at an example of the
Flight Director in use.
FFlliigghhttDDiirreeccttoorrRRoollllBBaarr
FFlliigghhttDDiirreeccttoorr PPiittcchh bbaarr
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 20/97
In this example the flight director
is directing a pitch up and roll to the
right. Once the aircraft has achieved
the required pitch and bank the
Flight Director bars will once again
be centralized.
Now let’s look at the airspeed
indications on the PFD.
RRoollll ttoo tthhee rriigghhtt ddiirreecctteedd
PPiittcchh uupp ddiirreecctteedd
EFIS MENU PFD Presentation 21/97
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 22/97
The Speed scale moves behind a
fixed yellow reference line and
triangle. In the example shown the
indicated airspeed is steady at 250
knots.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 23/97
When the aircraft is accelerating,
or decelerating a Speed Trend Arrow
appears. This arrow shows the value
that will be attained in 10 seconds if
the acceleration remains constant. In
the example shown the aircraft will
decelerate to 240 knots in 10
seconds. The use of the speed trend
arrow will be demonstrated during
your simulator training.
SSppeeeedd TTrreennddAArrrrooww
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 24/97
When the Flight Management and
Guidance System, FMGS, is
controlling the airspeed a magenta
Target Airspeed triangle appears.
This is normally referred to as the
Managed speed. In the example
shown the Managed target airspeed
is 240 knots and the aircraft is
decelerating towards that speed.
Managed Target
Airspeed
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 25/97
If the target airspeed is selected
manually a blue triangle appears.
This is normally referred to as
Selected Speed. In the example
shown a Selected airspeed of 260
knots has been set and the aircraft is
accelerating towards it.
Selected Target
Airspeed
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 26/97
Selected Target
Airspeed
Manual speed selection is
achieved by a rotary selector on the
FCU panel. Just above the selector
is the indication of the selected
speed.
Speed Selector and
Indication
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 27/97
As a general rule on the
PFD a Magenta indication
means Managed and a Blue
indication means selected.
You will see this in the
examples that follow.
MMaaggeennttaa ==MMaannaaggeedd BBlluuee == SSeelleecctteedd
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 28/97
To look at the various other indications on
the Airspeed scale we will run through a
typical flight profile. We will assume a
departure with the Flaps in position 3. You
will learn about the various flap and slat
configurations in the Flight Control modules.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 29/97
During the take off roll a blue
decision speed, V1, and a magenta
V2 speed are shown. Notice that
since these speeds are beyond the
visible scale they are shown as
numbers.
DDeecciissiioonn ssppeeeedd ((VV11)) ooff 113344 kknnoottss
VV22 ssppeeeedd ooff 115511 kknnoottss
040
060
134
151
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 30/97
040
060
134
151
080
100
120
140 1
As the take off progresses V1 and
V2 indications appear on the speed
scale as a blue 1 and a magenta
triangle.
VV22
VV11
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 31/97
080
100
120
140 1
140
160
180
200
F
120
Just after lift off the magenta
target speed remains at V2. The
speed demanded by the flight
director will be V2 + 10 knots.
FFlliigghhttDDiirreeccttoorr TTaarrggeett SSppeeeedd VV22 ++1100
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 32/97
140
160
180
200
F
120
The minimum Flap retraction speed
is shown by a green F. This is referred
to as F speed.
The Flap limit speed, VFE, is shown
by a red and black strip at the top of the
speed scale.
Minimum Flap retraction speed
F Speed
FFllaapp LLiimmiitt ssppeeeedd,, VVFFEE
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 33/97
140
160
180
200
F
120
250
At acceleration altitude the target
speed jumps to 250 knots and the
aircraft is accelerated towards that
speed. Notice that since this speed is
beyond the scale it is shown above
the scale as a number.
TTaarrggeett SSppeeeedd
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 34/97
140
160
180
200
F
120
The aircraft is now above the minimum flap
retraction speed, and accelerating. The flaps
can now be retracted to position 1.
Click on the Flap lever to select position 1.
140
160
180
250
200
F
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 35/97
140
160
180
250
200
F
The F speed indication is replaced
with an S speed indication. This is
the minimum Slat retraction speed.
Notice that the VFE has increased to
reflect the limiting speed for flap
position 1.
140
160
180
220
S
200
FFllaapp LLiimmiitt ssppeeeedd,, VVFFEE
Minimum Slat retraction speed
S Speed
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 36/97
140
160
180
250
220
S
200
160
180
200
220
S
240
The aircraft is now above S speed, and
accelerating, so the flaps can be fully
retracted.
Click on the Flap lever.
TTaarrggeett SSppeeeedd
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 37/97
160
180
200
250
220
S
240
220
240
260
280
=
After flap retraction the aircraft
is clean therefore no VFE is
indicated. The aircraft stabilizes
at 250 knots. Notice that the
target speed is in line with speed
reference line.
TTaarrggeett SSppeeeedd
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 38/97
220
240
260
280
=
When cleared to accelerate to
climb speed the target speed
jumps to approximately 330
knots. Once again the speed
trend arrow appears.
330
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 39/97
220
240
260
280
330
300
320
340
360
Once the speed has stabilized
at climb speed the red and black
VMAX indication will be visible.
Below approximately 25,000
feet the VMAX indication is fixed
at 350 knots to represent Vmo.
A MACH indication appears
below the speed scale once the
speed is above the equivalent of
M 0.5.
VVMMAAXX== VVmmoo
.675 MMAACCHHNNuummbbeerr
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 40/97
300
320
340
360
240
260
280
300
.782
320
o
Above approximately 25,000
feet the VMAX indication
becomes the airspeed equivalent
of the Mach Limit Speed, Mmo,
Mach.82.
In the example shown the
aircraft is cruising at Mach .782
and the indicated VMAX of 300
knots represents the equivalent
of Mach .82
VVMMAAXX==MMmmoo
MMAACCHHNNuummbbeerr
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 41/97
300
320
340
360
240
260
280
300
.782
320
o
A green circle indicates the
best lift drag ratio speed for the
aircraft in clean configuration.
This speed is known as Green
Dot Speed.
GGrreeeennDDoott SSppeeeedd
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 42/97
300
320
340
360
.636
During an FMGS computed
(managed) descent the single
triangle is split into two to give a
speed range. A double magenta bar
indicates the target speed. In the
example shown the target speed is
325 knots. The speed will vary in
between the two speed range
indicators as the aircraft maintains
the required descent profile.
Managed descent profiles will be
studied in depth in the Autoflight
modules.
Managed Target
Airspeed
Upper speed range
indication
Lower speed range
indication
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 43/97
300
320
340
360
220
240
260
280
=
o
Following initial deceleration
to 250 knots there is an indication
of the next flap limiting speed,
VFE Next. In this case the next
flap setting is 1 so an indication
is shown at 230 knots. The VFE
Next indication will be visible
provided the aircraft is below
15,000 feet.
Green Dot Speed may also be
visible.
GGrreeeennDDoott SSppeeeedd
VVFFEENNeexxtt
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 44/97
220
240
260
280
=
o
180
200
220
240
=
o
140
A further deceleration to
Green Dot Speed takes the
airspeed below the VFE for the
first flap selection.
Flap 1 can now be selected.
Notice that a target speed of
140 knots has appeared. This
represents the approach speed
target.
Click on the Flap lever.
VVFFEENNeexxtt
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 45/97
180
200
220
240
=
o
140
160
180
200
220
=
S
Once the flap lever is in
position 1, S Speed, VFE Next
and the Flap limit speed
indications will appear.
The speed will decrease
towards S speed.
VVFFEENNeexxtt
FFllaapp LLiimmiitt ssppeeeedd,, VVFFEE
SSSSppeeeedd
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 46/97
160
180
200
220
=
S
140
Notice that at S speed the
aircraft is below the limit speed
for the next flap setting, VFE
Next.
Flap 2 can now be selected.
Click on the Flap lever.
VVFFEENNeexxtt
SSSSppeeeedd
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 47/97
160
180
200
220
=
S
140
160
180
200
220
=
F
140
As soon as the flap lever is in
position 2 S Speed is removed.
F Speed, and a new VFE Next
indications will appear. The Flap
limit speed will move to a new
limit.
VVFFEENNeexxtt
FFllaapp LLiimmiitt ssppeeeedd,, VVFFEE
FF ssppeeeedd
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 48/97
160
180
200
220
=
F
140
Notice that the approach speed
target, V Approach, has now
appeared as a magenta triangle.
The aircraft will continue
decelerating towards F speed.
By reducing towards F speed
the aircraft will be below the VFE
for the next flap setting.
Flap 3 can now be set.
Click on the Flap lever.
VVFFEENNeexxtt
FFllaapp LLiimmiitt ssppeeeedd,, VVFFEE
VVAApppprrooaacchhSSppeeeedd
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 49/97
160
180
200
220
=
F
140
140
160
180
200
=
F
120
As before VFE Next and VFE
move to reflect the new flap
position.
Flap full can now be selected.
Click on the Flap lever
VVFFEENNeexxtt
FFllaapp LLiimmiitt ssppeeeedd,, VVFFEE
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 50/97
140
160
180
200
=
F
120
100
120
140
160
The aircraft will eventually
stabilize at V Approach and the VFE
will be adjusted to reflect Full Flap.
There are indications associated
with speed and angle of attack
protections. These protection
indications will be discussed in the
flight control modules.
PPrrootteeccttiioonn ssppeeeeddss
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 51/97
060
080
100
120
Once the aircraft lands all
additional speed indications are
removed apart from the speed trend
arrow.
Having thoroughly studied the
Airspeed indications lets look at
Altitude indications.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 52/97
All the indications associated with
Altitude are located on the right hand
side of the PFD.
CLB NAV
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 53/97
The main part of the display
is dedicated to the Altimeter.
To the far right is the Vertical
Speed display. We will look at
the altimeter indications first.
AAllttiimmeetteerr VVeerrttiiccaallSSppeeeedd
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 54/97
The middle part of the
altimeter contains a green
digital readout of altitude.
DDiiggiittaallRReeaaddoouutt
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 55/97
The red ribbon to the right
of the altitude scale represents
the field elevation. The ribbon
is currently level with the
center of the scale.
RReedd FFiieellddEElleevvaattiioonn IInnddiiccaattiioonn..
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 56/97
Like the Airspeed indication
a gray Analog Altitude tape
moves behind the digital
display.
AAnnaallooggAAllttiittuuddee ttaappee
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 57/97
In this example there is a
Target Altitude of 17000 feet
displayed.
TTaarrggeett AAllttiittuuddee
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 58/97
On the FCU is an Altitude
Selector with an indication of
the selected Target Altitude.
TTaarrggeett AAllttiittuuddee Target Altitude
Selector and Indication
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 59/97
At the bottom of the
altimeter is an indication of
Baro Reference. In the example
shown, the QNH is 30.08
inches.
BBaarrooRReeffeerreennccee IInnddiiccaattiioonn
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 60/97
The baro reference setting is
achieved by a selector, with
associated indication, on the
EFIS control panel.
BBaarrooRReeffeerreennccee IInnddiiccaattiioonn
Baro Reference
Selector and Indication
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 61/97
It is possible to change the
baro reference display to hecto
Pascals by rotating an outer
selector.
BBaarrooRReeffeerreennccee IInnddiiccaattiioonn
Baro Reference
Selector and Indication
1020
1020
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 62/97
To look at the various other indications on
the Altitude and Vertical Speed scales we will
run through a typical flight profile.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 63/97
The aircraft is on the ground
just prior to take off. Notice
that with the QNH of 29.92 set
the altitude indication is 10
feet.
AAllttiittuuddee ooff 1100 ffeeeett..
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 64/97
If there is an altitude
constraint set in the FMGS
then this will be shown by a
magenta target altitude. In the
example shown the constraint
altitude is 5000 feet.
CCoonnssttrraaiinntt AAllttiittuuddee
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 65/97
VVeerrttiiccaallSSppeeeedd ooff 33440000 fftt//mmiinn
In this example the aircraft
has just got airborne. Notice
that the vertical speed
indication is showing a climb
of 3400 feet per minute.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 66/97
CCoonnssttrraaiinntt aallttiittuuddee aanndd ttaarrggeett bbooxx
As the constraint Altitude is
approached it appears on the
scale with a target box.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 67/97
Once past the constraint the
aircraft can be climbed further
so a new target altitude is
selected on the FCU.
Target Altitude
Selector and Indication
107000 TTaarrggeett AAllttiittuuddee
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 68/97
The aircraft has now been
cleared to FL330 so the new
target altitude has been set.
TTaarrggeett AAllttiittuuddee
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 69/97
On passing the transition
altitude the standard pressure
setting can be set by pulling
the baro reference knob on the
EFIS control panel.
Baro Reference
Selector and Indication
FL330
STD
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 70/97
FL330
STD
Notice that the baro reference
indication has changed to STD,
and the target is now shown as a
Flight Level.
BBaarrooRReeffeerreennccee IInnddiiccaattiioonn
TTaarrggeett FFlliigghhtt LLeevveell
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 71/97
The aircraft is now cruising
at Flight Level 370. Notice that
the target Flight level box is in
the middle of the scale and the
vertical speed indication is at
zero.
STD
VVeerrttiiccaallSSppeeeedd aatt zzeerroo
TTaarrggeett FFlliigghhtt LLeevveellBBooxx
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 72/97
We are now in the decent
phase. The target Flight Level
is magenta because the aircraft
is in a managed decent with a
constraint at FL100.
Because the Vertical speed
is high, it is displayed in
amber.
TTaarrggeett FFlliigghhtt LLeevveell
VVeerrttiiccaallSSppeeeedd 66880000fftt//mmiinn
EFIS MENU PFD Presentation 73/97
STD
FL 70
30.08
QNH
7000
At the Transition Level the
baro reference is set to show
QNH by pushing the baro
selector knob on the EFIS
Control panel.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 74/97
STD
FL 70
In the final stages of an
approach the ground reference
ribbon will reappear along with
a landing elevation line.
30.08
QNH
GGrroouunnddRReeffeerreenncceeRRiibbbboonn
LLaannddiinnggEElleevvaattiioonn LLiinnee
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 75/97
Notice that the vertical
speed indication is showing a
rate of decent of 800 feet/
minute. Also notice that the
missed approach altitude has
been set at 9000 feet.
STD
FL 70
30.08
QNH
7000
MMiisssseeddAApppprrooaacchhAAllttiittuuddee
VVeerrttiiccaallSSppeeeedd 880000fftt//mmiinn
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 76/97
When the aircraft lands the
Ground reference ribbon is in
the middle of the scale and the
vertical speed indication is at
zero.
We will now look at the
compass scale.
STD
FL 70
30.08
QNH
7000
VVeerrttiiccaallSSppeeeedd ZZeerroo
GGrroouunnddRReeffeerreenncceeRRiibbbboonn
EFIS MENU PFD Presentation 77/97
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 78/97
The compass display is very
conventional. The gray scale moves
against a fixed yellow line which
represents the centerline of the
aircraft. In the example shown the
aircraft is heading 091 degrees.
HEADING 091
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 79/97
The small green diamond
represents the aircraft track, and it is
normally referred to as the TRACK
DIAMOND.
In the example shown the track is
094 degrees which means that the
aircraft has 3 degrees of drift to the
right.
TRACK 094
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 80/97
A selected heading may appear
either as;
• a blue figure, on the appropriate
side on the compass scale or
• a blue triangle
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 81/97
On the FCU there is a Heading
selector, with an indicator, that is
linked to the selected heading
indication on the PFD compass.
Target Heading
Selector and Indicator
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 82/97
There is a direct relationship
between the small white ticks on the
horizon line of the attitude indicator
and the compass scale.
As the heading changes the ticks
move to stay in line.
Now let’s look at how ILS
information is displayed and in
particular concentrate on the
compass scale.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 83/97
The ILS pb on the EFIS control panel
enables the pilots to switch on an ILS
display.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 84/97
The ILS display includes indications for:
• Localizer,
• Front course,
• Glide slope,
• Information.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 85/97
ILS deviation information is
displayed in the form of Localizer
and Glideslope deviation scales.
The ILS front course will be
displayed in magenta at the side of
the compass scale if the figure is
outside the visible scale.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 86/97
A magenta diamond represents the
localizer.
When the ILS front course is
within the compass scale it is
displayed as a magenta dagger.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 87/97
In the example shown the aircraft
is established on the localizer and the
Glideslope indication has appeared in
the form of a magenta diamond.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 88/97
The aircraft is now fully
established on the ILS approach.
Let’s look at the indications on the
compass scale in detail.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 89/97
With the aircraft established on the
localizer;
• the heading is 230 degrees
• the track diamond is showing 3
degrees of left drift
• the ILS front course dagger is
beneath the track diamond.
You will see how useful the track
diamond can be to help you fly an
accurate approach in the simulator
phase.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 90/97
You will be given more information
on the ILS system, the Flight Director,
the radio altimeter, and the Flight
Mode Annunciator indications later in
the course.
Now let’s look at another useful
indication available on the PFD, the
Flight Path Vector.
EFIS MENU PFD Presentation 91/97
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 92/97
The Flight Path Vector can be
displayed on the PFD to show you
what the aircraft is doing in relation to
the world. It is an indication of the
aircraft flight path. It is not a director.
The green symbol, sometimes
called “The Bird”, represents the
aircraft. The attitude indicator
represents the world.
Let’s look the FPV in a bit more
detail. To begin with we will look at
the indication for an aircraft in level
flight with no drift. For training
purposes we will exaggerate the
angles.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 93/97
The aircraft heading and track are
the same so the FPV and the track
diamond are in line with the heading
marker. These indications mean that
the aircraft is not drifting.
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 94/97
The aircraft is flying level with a
pitch attitude of 9 degrees. The FPV
is on the horizon line so at present
the flight path angle is zero, i.e. the
aircraft is in level flight.
Now let’s enter a descent and see
what happens to the FPV.
PPiittcchhAAttttiittuuddee
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 95/97
The FPV will move down to
indicate the angle at which the aircraft
is descending through the air. This is
known as the Flight Path Angle.
Now lets introduce some drift to
the left.
PPiittcchhAAttttiittuuddee
FFlliigghhttPPaatthhAAnnggllee
EFIS MENU
PFD Presentation 96/97
As a result of wind from the right
the aircraft is drifting to the left.
Let’s now look at a typical example
of how the FPV indication would look
for an aircraft established on an
approach.
PPiittcchhAAttttiittuuddee
FFlliigghhttPPaatthhAAnnggllee
EFIS MENU PFD Presentation 97/97
The aircraft is fully established on
an ILS approach. Notice that the FPV
is in line with the track diamond
indicating left drift.
The FPV is below the horizon line
in a 3 degree descent angle.
3 Degree
Descent Angle
NEXT
MMoodduullee ccoommpplleetteedd
EFIS MENU PFD Presentation 98/97
LLIISSTTOOFFSSUUBBJJEECCTTSS
EXIT
AUDIO GLOSSARY FCOM
RETURN
PPFFDDBBAASSIICCSS
FFMMAA
FFDDCCOONNTTRROOLLSS
AATTTTIITTUUDDEEIINNDDIICCAATTIIOONN
FFDDBBAARRSS
SSPPEEEEDDIINNDDIICCAATTIIOONN
AALLTTIITTUUDDEE&&VV//SSIINNDDIICCAATTIIOONNSS
HHEEAADDIINNGGIINNDDIICCAATTIIOONN
IILLSSIINNDDIICCAATTIIOONN
FFPPVV

show616

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guanshyy

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王忠元

hao hao hao hao  hao!

ca300300

study study

airportcn

good................

chenruilang

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mywny

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yaokai

先顶后下，多谢楼主