AIM

帅哥

February 14, 2008

Administration

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Aeronautical

Information

Manual

Official Guide to

Basic Flight Information and ATC Procedures

An electronic version of this publication is on the internet at

http://www.faa.gov/atpubs

This web version contains Change 1

and Errata, dated 7/31/2008

AIM

Record of Changes

Change Number Change Filed Comments

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Administration

FEBRUARY 14, 2008

AERONAUTICAL

INFORMATION

MANUAL

Change 1

July 31, 2008

DO NOT DESTROY

BASIC DATED

ERRATA SHEET

SUBJECT: Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), Effective July 31, 2008.

This errata sheet transmits a revised Page Control Chart and pages for AIM Change 1, effective

July 31, 2008.

REMOVE PAGES DATED INSERT PAGES DATED

Page Control Chart . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 Page Control Chart . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

-5-4-9 through 5-4-16 . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08 5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

Attachment

AIM 7/31/08

Explanation of Changes E of Chg-1

Aeronautical Information Manual

Explanation of Changes

Effective: July 31, 2008

a. 1-1-20. Wide Area Augmentation System

(WAAS)

Updates WAAS information concerning LP and service

levels.

b. 1-2-3. Use of Area Navigation (RNAV)

Equipment on Conventional Procedures and Routes

Revises paragraph to reflect current operational policy.

c. 2-3-14. Aircraft Arresting Devices

Revises paragraph;

Adds photo of engineered materials arresting system

(EMAS) on airports; and

Changes paragraph title to Aircraft Arresting Systems.

d. FIG 2-3-35. Direction Sign Array with

Location Sign on Far Side of Intersection

Adjusts the graphic to correct printer oversight in the

format of the arrows.

e. 4-1-14. Automatic Flight Information Service

(AFIS) -Alaska FSSs Only

Adds a new paragraph that establishes and explains the use

of the AFIS service that is provided by 11 of the FSSs in

Alaska. ATCS responsibilities and instructions for use by

pilots are also provided.

f. 5-2-8. Instrument Departure Procedures (DP) -

Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP) and Standard

Instrument Departures (SID)

Adds information concerning low, close-in obstacles on

departures.

g. 5-3-7. Holding

Updates depiction of holding airspeed restrictions.

h. 5-4-5. Instrument Approach Procedure Charts

Adds additional references;

Removes inaccurate information;

Clarifies that some WAAS receivers are not approved for

LP procedures; and

Updates information concerning the WAAS Approach ID.

i. 5-4-9. Procedure Turn

Adds additional information concerning circling missed

approach; and

Changes paragraph title to Procedure Turn and Hold-in-

lieu of Procedure Turn.

j. 5-4-20. Approach and Landing Minimums; and

5-4-21. Missed Approach

Adds additional information concerning circling missed

approach.

k. 7-5-5. Unmanned Aircraft

Provides updated UAS terminology; and

Changes paragraph title to Unmanned Aircraft Systems.

l. 10-2-4. Emergency Medical Service (EMS)

Multiple Helicopter Operations

Adds new paragraph updating WAAS information

concerning LP and service levels.

m. Appendix 4. Abbreviations/Acronyms

The acronyms AFIS, AGL, LP, NGA, NIDS, NM, and

UAS will be added to the appendix. NIMA will be

removed.

n. Entire publication

Editorial/format changes made throughout the manual.

AIM 7/31/08

Page Control Chart

AIM Change 1

Page Control Chart

July 31, 2008

REMOVE PAGES DATED INSERT PAGES DATED

Checklist of Pages CK-1 through CK-6 . . . . 2/14/08 Checklist of Pages CK-1 through CK-6 . . . . 7/31/08

Table of Contents i through vii . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Table of Contents i through vii . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

Table of Contents viii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Table of Contents viii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

Table of Contents ix and x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Table of Contents ix and x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

1-1-37 through 1-1-41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 1-1-37 through 1-1-41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

1-2-5 through 1-2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 1-2-5 and 1-2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

2-3-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

2-3-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

2-3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

2-3-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 2-3-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

4-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

4-1-8 through 4-1-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-1-8 through 4-1-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

4-5-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-5-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

4-5-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-5-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

4-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

4-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 4-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

5-2-5 through 5-2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-2-5 through 5-2-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

5-3-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-3-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

5-3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

5-4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

5-4-6 and 5-4-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-6 and 5-4-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

5-4-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

5-4-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

5-4-18 through 5-4-51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 5-4-18 through 5-4-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

7-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 7-5-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

7-5-2 through 7-5-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 7-5-2 through 7-5-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

10-2-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 10-2-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

10-2-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 10-2-16 and 10-2-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

Appendix 4-1 through 4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Appendix 4-1 through 4-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

PCG-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 PCG-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

PCG A-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 PCG A-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08

PCG A-4 through A-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 PCG A-4 through A-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

Index I-1 through I-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/14/08 Index I-1 through I-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7/31/08

帅哥

Weather Observing Programs, 7-1-24 Wind Shear, 7-1-45 Microwave Landing System, 1-1-13 Approach Azimuth Guidance, 1-1-13 Data Communications, 1-1-14 Elevation Guidance, 1-1-14 Operational Flexibility, 1-1-15 Range Guidance, 1-1-14 Military Operations Areas, 3-4-2 Military Training Routes, 3-5-1 IFR, 3-5-2 VFR, 3-5-2 Minimum, Fuel Advisory, 5-5-6 Minimum Safe Altitudes, 5-4-6 Minimum Vectoring Altitudes, 5-4-17 Minimums Approach, 5-4-45 Instrument Landing Systems, 1-1-10 Landing, 5-4-45 Missed Approach, 5-4-47 MLS. See Microwave Landing System MOA. See Military Operations Areas Mode C, 4-1-15 Mountain Flying, 7-5-3 Mountain Wave, 7-5-4 Mountainous Areas, 5-6-7 MSA. See Minimum Safe Altitudes Multicom, 4-1-6 MVA. See Minimum Vectoring Altitudes N National Forests, 7-4-1 National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), 5-4-6 National Parks, 7-4-1 National Refuges, 7-4-1 National Security Areas, 3-5-9 National Weather Service, Aviation Products, 7-1-1 NAVAID Identifier Removal During Maintenance, 1-1-15 Maintenance, 1-1-15 Performance, User Report, 1-1-16 Service Volumes, 1-1-4 with Voice, 1-1-16 Navigation, Aids, 1-1-1 Nondirectional Radio Beacon, 1-1-1 Radio, VHF Omni-directional Range, 1-1-1 Navigation Reference System (NRS), 5-1-14 Navigational Aids, Radio Distance Measuring Equipment, 1-1-3 Doppler Radar, 1-1-24 Identifier Removal During Maintenance, 1-1-15 Instrument Landing System, 1-1-7 Localizer-Type Directional Aid, 1-1-8 Long Range Navigation, 1-1-16 Microwave Landing System, 1-1-13 Navaid Service Volumes, 1-1-4 NAVAIDs with Voice, 1-1-16 Performance, User Report, 1-1-16 Simplified Directional Facility, 1-1-11 Tactical Air Navigation, 1-1-3 VHF Direction Finder, 1-1-24 VHF Omni-directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation, 1-1-3 Inertial Navigation System, 1-1-24 NDB. See Nondirectional Radio Beacon Near Midair Collision, 7-6-2 NGA. See National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency NMAC. See Near Midair Collision Nondirectional Radio Beacon, 1-1-1 Nonmovement Area Boundary Markings, 2-3-18 NOTAM. See Notice to Airmen Notice to Airmen, 5-1-2 FDC NOTAM, 5-1-3 7/31/08 AIM Index I-9 [References are to page numbers] NOTAM Contractions, 5-1-4 NOTAM D, 5-1-3 NOTAM L, 5-1-3 Notice to Airmen System, 5-1-2 O Obstacle Departure Procedures, 5-2-5 Obstruction Alert, 4-1-10 Operation Raincheck, 4-1-2 Operation Take-off, 4-1-2 Operational Information System (OIS), 5-1-9 Option Approach, 4-3-19 P P-static, 7-5-9 PAN-PAN, 6-3-1 PAPI. See Precision Approach Path Indicator PAR. See Precision Approach; Precision Approach Radar Parachute Jumps, 3-2-2, 3-5-5 Phonetic Alphabet, 4-2-5 Pilot Authority, 6-1-1 Responsibility, 4-1-14, 4-4-1, 4-4-4, 5-4-50, 5-5-1, 6-1-1, 7-3-6 Pilot Control of Airport Lighting, 2-1-6 Pilot Visits to Air Traffic Facilities, 4-1-1 Pilot Weather Reports, 7-1-39 Piracy, Air, Emergency, 6-3-6 PIREPs. See Pilot Weather Reports Position Reporting, 5-3-3 Pre-departure Clearance Procedures, 5-2-1 Precipitation Static, 7-5-9 Precision Approach, 5-4-30 Precision Approach Path Indicator, 2-1-3 Precision Approach Radar, 4-5-7 Precision Approach Systems, 1-1-40 Preflight, Preparation, 5-1-1 Priority, Landing, 5-4-51 Procedure Turn, 5-4-26 Limitations, 5-4-27 Procedures Arrival, 5-4-1 En Route, 5-3-1 Instrument Approach, 5-4-24 Interception, 5-6-2 Prohibited Areas, 3-4-1 Publications, Aeronautical, 9-1-1 Pulsating Visual Approach Slope Indicator, 2-1-5 R Radar Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System, 4-5-2 Airport Route Surveillance Radar, 4-5-7 Airport Surveillance Radar, 4-5-7 Approach Control, 5-4-3 Approaches, 5-4-30 Capabilities, 4-5-1 Doppler, 1-1-24 Limitations, 4-5-1 Monitoring of Instrument Approaches, 5-4-31 Precision Approach, 4-5-7 Precision Approach Radar, 4-5-7 Surveillance, 4-5-7 Vector, 5-5-3 Radar Assistance to VFR Aircraft, 4-1-11 Radar Beacon, Phraseology, 4-1-17 Radar Sequencing and Separation, VFR Aircraft, TRSA, 4-1-13 Radar Traffic Information Service, 4-1-8 Radio, Communications, 4-2-1 Altitudes, 4-2-6 Contact Procedures, 4-2-1 Directions, 4-2-6 Inoperative Transmitter, 4-2-7 Phonetic Alphabet, 4-2-5 Receiver Inoperative, 4-2-7 Speeds, 4-2-6 Student Pilots, 4-2-4 Technique, 4-2-1 Time, 4-2-6 Transmitter and Receiver Inoperative, 4-2-7 VFR Flights, 4-2-8 RCLS. See Runway Centerline Lighting Receiver, VOR, Check, 1-1-2 7/31/08 AIM Index I-10 [References are to page numbers] REIL. See Runway End Identifier Lights Release Time, 5-2-4 Remote Airport Advisory (RAA), 3-5-1, 4-1-4 Remote Airport Information Service (RAIS), 3-5-1, 4-1-4 Required Navigation Performance (RNP), 1-2-1, 5-4-21 Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Operations, 5-1-19, 5-5-7 Rescue Coordination Center Air Force, 6-2-5 Alaska, 6-2-5 Coast Guard, 6-2-5 Joint Rescue, Hawaii, 6-2-5 Reservations, Airport, 4-1-21 Responsibility Controller, 5-3-8, 5-4-50, 5-5-1 Pilot, 4-1-14, 4-4-1, 4-4-4, 5-4-50, 5-5-1, 6-1-1, 7-3-6 Restricted Areas, 3-4-1 Restrictions Departure, 5-2-4 Flight, Temporary, 3-5-2 RNAV. See Area Navigation RNP. See Required Navigation Performance Route Coded Departure Route, 4-4-3 Course Changes, 5-3-7 Route System, 5-3-5 Runway Aiming Point Markings, 2-3-2 Centerline Markings, 2-3-2 Closed Lighting, 2-3-18 Marking, 2-3-18 Demarcation Bar, 2-3-4 Designators, 2-3-2 Holding Position Markings, 2-3-12 Markings, 2-3-1 Separation, 4-4-9 Shoulder Markings, 2-3-3 Side Stripe Markings, 2-3-3 Signs, Distance Remaining, 2-3-29 Threshold Bar, 2-3-4 Threshold Markings, 2-3-3 Touchdown Zone Markers, 2-3-2 Runway Centerline Lighting System (RCLS), 2-1-5 Runway Edge Light Systems, 2-1-5 Runway End Identifier Lights, 2-1-5 Runway Friction Advisories, 4-3-8 Runway Friction Reports, 4-3-8 Runway Visual Range, 7-1-37 Runways, Use, 4-3-6 RVR. See Runway Visual Range S Safety Alert, 5-5-3 Alerts, 3-2-1 Aircraft Conflict, 3-2-1 Mode C Intruder, 3-2-1 Terrain/Obstruction, 3-2-1 Aviation, Reporting, 7-6-1 Seaplane, 7-5-6 Safety Alert, 4-1-10 Aircraft Conflict Alert, 4-1-11 Obstruction Alert, 4-1-10 Terrain Alert, 4-1-10 SAR. See Search and Rescue SCAT-I DGPS. See Special Category I Differential GPS SCATANA. See Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids Scuba Diving, Decompression Sickness, 8-1-4 SDF. See Simplified Directional Facility Seaplane, Safety, 7-5-6 Search and Rescue, 6-2-2, 6-2-5 Security, National, 5-6-1 Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids, 5-6-2 See and Avoid, 5-5-4 Separation IFR, Standards, 4-4-7 Runway, 4-4-9 Visual, 4-4-9, 5-5-5 Wake Turbulence, 7-3-7 Side-Step Maneuver, 5-4-45 7/31/08 AIM Index I-11 [References are to page numbers] Signs Airport, 2-3-1 Half-Way, 7-5-5 Simplified Directional Facility, 1-1-11 Sinus Block, 8-1-4 Special Category I Differential GPS (SCAT-I DGPS), 1-1-41 Special Instrument Approach Procedures, 1-1-41, 5-4-26 Special Traffic Management Programs, 4-1-21 Special Use Airspace, 3-4-1 Alert Areas, 3-4-2 Controlled Firing Areas, 3-4-2 Military Operations Areas, 3-4-2 Prohibited Areas, 3-4-1 Restricted Areas, 3-4-1 Warning Areas, 3-4-1 Special VFR Clearances, 4-4-3 Speed, Adjustments, 4-4-7, 5-5-4 Standard Instrument Departures, 5-2-5 Standard Terminal Arrival, 5-4-1 STAR. See Standard Terminal Arrival Supplemental Weather Service Locations, 4-1-1 Surface Painted Holding Position Signs, 2-3-12 Surveillance Approach, 5-4-30 Surveillance Radar, 4-5-7 Surveillance Systems, 4-5-1 SWSL. See Supplemental Weather Service Locations T TACAN. See Tactical Air Navigation Tactical Air Navigation, 1-1-3 Takeoffs, Intersection, 4-3-8 Taxi Clearance, 5-2-1 During Low Visibility, 4-3-16 Taxi Into Position And Hold, Taxi, 5-2-1 Taxiway Centerline Markings, 2-3-7 Closed Lighting, 2-3-18 Marking, 2-3-18 Edge Markings, 2-3-7 Geographic Position Markings, 2-3-10 Holding Position Markings, 2-3-12 Markings, 2-3-1, 2-3-7 Shoulder Markings, 2-3-7 Surface Painted Direction Signs, 2-3-10 Surface Painted Location Signs, 2-3-10 Taxiway Centerline Lead-Off Lights, 2-1-6 Taxiway Lights, 2-1-9 Centerline, 2-1-9 Clearance Bar, 2-1-9 Edge, 2-1-9 Runway Guard, 2-1-9 Stop Bar, 2-1-9 TCAS. See Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System TDWR. See Terminal Doppler Weather Radar TDZL. See Touchdown Zone Lights TEC. See Tower En Route Control Telephone Information Briefing Service, 7-1-19 Temporary Flight Restrictions, 3-5-2 Terminal Arrival Area (TAA), 5-4-7 Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR), 4-3-7, 7-1-50 Terminal Radar Service Areas, 3-5-9 Terminal Radar Services for VFR Aircraft, 4-1-12 Terminal Weather Information For Pilots System (TWIP), 7-1-55 Terrain Alert, 4-1-10 TIBS. See Telephone Information Briefing Service Time Clearance Void, 5-2-4 Release, 5-2-4 TIPH. See Taxi Into Position And Hold TIS-B. See Traffic Information Service-Broadcast TLS. See Transponder Landing System Touchdown Zone Lights (TDZL), 2-1-6 Tower, Antenna, 7-5-1 Tower En Route Control, 4-1-14 Traffic Advisories, 5-5-4 Local Flow Traffic Management Program, 5-4-2 Traffic Advisory Practices, Airports Without Operating Control Towers, 4-1-2 7/31/08 AIM Index I-12 [References are to page numbers] Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System, 4-4-10 Traffic Control Light Signals, 4-3-11 Traffic Information Service (TIS), 4-4-11, 4-5-8 Traffic Information Service-Broadcast, 4-4-11 Traffic Patterns, 4-3-2 Transcribed Weather Broadcast, 7-1-19 Transponder Landing System (TLS), 1-1-41 Transponder Operation, 4-1-15 Automatic Altitude Reporting, 4-1-15 Code Changes, 4-1-16 Emergency, 6-2-1 Ident Feature, 4-1-16 Mode C, 4-1-15 Under Visual Flight Rules, 4-1-17 VFR, 4-1-17 Tri-Color Visual Approach Slope Indicator, 2-1-4 TRSA. See Terminal Radar Service Areas Turbulence, Wake, 7-3-1 Air Traffic Separation, 7-3-7 Helicopters, 7-3-6 Pilot Responsibility, 7-3-6 Vortex Behavior, 7-3-2 Vortex Generation, 7-3-1 Vortex Strength, 7-3-1 TWEB. See Transcribed Weather Broadcast TWIP. See Terminal Weather Information For Pilots System U Ultralight Vehicles, 3-2-2 Unicom, 4-1-6 Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) Reports, 7-6-3 Unmanned Aircraft, 7-5-2 Urgency, 6-3-1 V VASI. See Visual Approach Slope Indicator VCOA. See Visual Climb Over the Airport VDP. See Visual Descent Points Vector, Radar, 5-5-3 Vehicle Roadway Markings, 2-3-16 Vertical Navigation, 5-1-11 VFR Corridors, 3-5-7 VFR Flights in Terminal Areas, 4-3-13 VFR Flyways, 3-5-5 VFR Military Training Routes, 3-5-2 VFR Transition Routes, 3-5-7 VFR-on-Top, 5-5-6 VHF, Direction Finder, 1-1-24 VHF Omni-directional Range, 1-1-1 VHF Omni-directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation, 1-1-3 Visual Approach, 5-4-49, 5-5-5 Clearing Procedures, 4-4-10 Glideslope Indicators, 2-1-2 Separation, 4-4-9, 5-5-5 Visual Approach Slope Indicator, 2-1-2 Visual Climb Over the Airport (VCOA), 5-2-7 Visual Descent Points, 5-4-17 Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), 5-2-5 VNAV. See Vertical Navigation Void Times, Clearance, 5-2-4 Volcanic, Ash, 7-5-7 Volcanic Activity Reporting, Forms. See Appendix 2 VOR See also VHF Omni-directional Range Receiver Check, 1-1-2 VOR Receiver Checkpoint Markings, 2-3-16 VORTAC. See VHF Omni-directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation VR. See VFR Military Training Routes W Waivers, 4-1-23 Wake, Turbulence, 7-3-1 Warning Areas, 3-4-1 Weather Deviations in Oceanic Controlled Airspace, 7-1-36 ICAO, Weather Formats, 7-1-60 Weather System Processor (WSP), 4-1-23, 4-3-7, 7-1-51 WSP. See Weather System Processor U.S. Department Of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration

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VOR TEST SIGNAL(See VOT.) VORTAC- A navigation aid providing VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth, and TACAN distance measuring equipment (DME) at one site. (See DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT.) (See NAVIGATIONAL AID.) (See TACAN.) (See VOR.) (Refer to AIM.) VORTICES- Circular patterns of air created by the movem ent of an airfoil through the air when generating lift. As an airfoil moves through the atmosphere in sustained flight, an area of area of low pressure is created above it. The air flowing from the high pressure area to the low pressure area around and about the tips of the airfoil tends to roll up into two rapidly rotating vortices, cylindrical in shape. These vortices are the most predominant parts of aircraft wake turbulence and their rotational force is dependent upon the wing loading, gross weight, and speed of the generating aircraft. The vortices from medium to heavy aircraft can be of extremely high velocity and hazardous to smaller aircraft. (See AIRCRAFT CLASSES.) (See WAKE TURBULENCE.) (Refer to AIM.) VOT- A ground facility which emits a test signal to check VOR receiver accuracy. Some VOTs are available to the user while airborne, and others are limited to ground use only. (See AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) (Refer to AIM.) VR(See VFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES.) VSCS(See VOICE SWITCHING AND CONTROL SYSTEM.) VTA(See VERTEX TIME OF ARRIVAL.) VTOL AIRCRAFT(See VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING AIRCRAFT.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG W-1 W WA(See AIRMET.) (See WEATHER ADVISORY.) WAAS(See WIDE-AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM.) WAKE TURBULENCE- Phenomena resulting from the passage of an aircraft through the atmosphere. The term includes vortices, thrust stream turbulence, jet blast, jet wash, propeller wash, and rotor wash both on the ground and in the air. (See AIRCRAFT CLASSES.) (See JET BLAST.) (See VORTICES.) (Refer to AIM.) WARNING AREA(See SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE.) WAYPOINT- A predetermined geographical posi- tion used for route/instrument approach definition, progress reports, published VFR routes, visual reporting points or points for transitioning and/or circumnavigating controlled and/or special use airspace, that is defined relative to a VORTAC station or in terms of latitude/longitude coordinates. WEATHER ADVISORY- In aviation weather forecast practice, an expression of hazardous weather conditions not predicted in the area forecast, as they affect the operation of air traffic and as prepared by the NWS. (See AIRMET.) (See SIGMET.) WHEN ABLE- When used in conjunction with ATC instructions, gives the pilot the latitude to delay compliance until a condition or event has been reconciled. Unlike “pilot discretion,” when instruc- tions are prefaced “when able,” the pilot is expected to seek the first opportunity to comply. Once a maneuver has been initiated, the pilot is expected to continue until the specifications of the instructions have been met. “When able,” should not be used when expeditious compliance is required. WIDE-AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM (WAAS)- The WAAS is a satellite navigation system consisting of the equipment and software which augments the GPS Standard Positioning Service (SPS). The WAAS provides enhanced integrity, accuracy, availability, and continuity over and above GPS SPS. The differential correction function provides improved accuracy required for precision approach. WILCO- I have received your message, understand it, and will comply with it. WIND GRID DISPLAY- A display that presents the latest forecasted wind data overlaid on a map of the ARTCC area. Wind data is automatically entered and updated periodically by transmissions from the National Weather Service. Winds at specific altitudes, along with temperatures and air pressure can be viewed. WIND SHEAR- A change in wind speed and/or wind direction in a short distance resulting in a tearing or shearing effect. It can exist in a horizontal or vertical direction and occasionally in both. WING TIP VORTICES(See VORTICES.) WORDS TWICEa. As a request: “Communication is difficult. Please say every phrase twice.” b. As information: “Since communications are difficult, every phrase in this message will be spoken twice.” WORLD AERONAUTICAL CHARTS(See AERONAUTICAL CHART.) WS(See SIGMET.) (See WEATHER ADVISORY.) WST(See CONVECTIVE SIGMET.) (See WEATHER ADVISORY.) 7/31/08 AIM Index I-1 INDEX [References are to page numbers] A Abbreviations/Acronyms, Appendix 4-1 Accident, Aircraft, Reporting, 7-6-1 Accident Cause Factors, 7-5-1 Adherence to Clearance, 4-4-5 ADIZ. See Air Defense Identification Zones ADS-B. See Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast Advisories Braking Action, 4-3-7 Inflight Aviation Weather, 7-1-9 Minimum Fuel, 5-5-6 Runway Friction, 4-3-8 Traffic, 5-5-4 Aerobatic Flight, 8-1-7 Aeronautical Charts, 9-1-1 Publications, 9-1-1 Aeronautical Light Beacons, 2-2-1 AHRS. See Attitude Heading Reference System Air Ambulance Flights, 4-2-4 Air Defense Identification Zone, Land-Based, 5-6-1 Air Defense Identification Zones, 5-6-1, 5-6-7 Air Route Surveillance Radar, 4-5-7 Air Route Traffic Control Centers, 4-1-1 Air Traffic Control Aircraft Separation, 4-4-1 Clearances, 4-4-1 Pilot Services, 4-1-1 Air Route Traffic Control Centers, 4-1-1 Airport Reservations, 4-1-21 Approach Control Service, Arriving VFR Aircraft, 4-1-2 Automatic Terminal Information Service, 4-1-7 Communications, Release of IFR Aircraft, Airports without Operating Control Tower, 4-1-1 Control Towers, 4-1-1 Flight Service Stations, 4-1-1 Ground Vehicle Operations, 4-1-6 Hazardous Area Reporting Service, 4-1-18 IFR Approaches, 4-1-6 Operation Raincheck, 4-1-2 Operation Take-off, 4-1-2 Radar Assistance to VFR Aircraft, 4-1-11 Radar Traffic Information Service, 4-1-8 Recording and Monitoring, 4-1-1 Safety Alert, 4-1-10 Terminal Radar Services for VFR Aircraft, 4-1-12 Tower En Route Control, 4-1-14 Traffic Advisory Practices, Airports Without Operating Control Towers, 4-1-2 Transponder Operation, 4-1-15 Unicom, Use for ATC Purposes, 4-1-7 Unicom/Multicom, 4-1-6 Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System, 4-1-15, 4-5-2 Aircraft Arresting Devices, 2-3-30 Call Signs, 4-2-3 Lights, Use in Airport Operations, 4-3-19 Unmanned, 7-5-2 VFR, Emergency Radar Service, 6-2-1 Aircraft Conflict Alert, 4-1-11 Airport Aids, Marking, 2-3-1 Holding Position, 2-3-12 Pavement, 2-3-1 Holding Position, 2-3-1 Other, 2-3-1 Runway, 2-3-1 Taxiway, 2-3-1 Airport Advisory/Information Services, 3-5-1 Lighting Aids, 2-1-1 Local Airport Advisory (LAA), 4-1-3 Operations, 4-3-1 Communications, 4-3-12 Exiting the Runway, After Landing, 4-3-17 Flight Check Aircraft, In Terminal Areas, 4-3-20 Flight Inspection, 4-3-20 Gate Holding, Departure Delays, 4-3-13 Intersection Takeoffs, 4-3-8 Low Approach, 4-3-11 Low Level Wind Shear/Microburst Detection Systems, 4-3-7 Option Approach, 4-3-19 Signals, Hand, 4-3-20 Taxi During Low Visibility, 4-3-16 Traffic Control Light Signals, 4-3-11 Traffic Patterns, 4-3-1, 4-3-2 Use of Aircraft Lights, 4-3-19 Use of Runways, 4-3-6 VFR Flights in Terminal Areas, 4-3-13 VFR Helicopter at Controlled Airports, 4-3-13 7/31/08 AIM Index I-2 [References are to page numbers] With Operating Control Tower, 4-3-1 Without Operating Control Tower, 4-3-5 Remote Airport Advisory (RAA), 3-5-1, 4-1-4 Remote Airport Information Service (RAIS), 3-5-1, 4-1-4 Signs, 2-3-1, 2-3-19 Destination, 2-3-28 Direction, 2-3-25 Information, 2-3-29 Location, 2-3-23 Mandatory Instruction, 2-3-20 Runway Distance Remaining, 2-3-29 Airport Reservations, 4-1-21 Airport Surface Detection Equipment -Model X (ASDE-X), 4-5-7 Airport Surveillance Radar, 4-5-7 Airspace, 3-1-1 Basic VFR Weather Minimums, 3-1-1 Class D, 3-2-8 Class E, 3-2-9 Class G, 3-3-1 Controlled, 3-2-1 Advisories, Traffic, 3-2-1 Alerts, Safety, 3-2-1 Class A, 3-2-2 Class B, 3-2-2 Class C, 3-2-4 IFR Requirements, 3-2-1 IFR Separation, 3-2-1 Parachute Jumps, 3-2-2 Ultralight Vehicles, 3-2-2 Unmanned Free Balloons, 3-2-2 VFR Requirements, 3-2-1 Flight Levels, 3-1-2 General Dimensions, Segments, 3-1-1 Military Training Routes, 3-5-1 Other Areas, 3-5-1 Parachute Jumping, 3-5-5 Special Use, 3-4-1 Temporary Flight Restrictions, 3-5-2 Terminal Radar Service Areas, 3-5-9 VFR Cruising Altitudes, 3-1-2 VFR Routes, Published, 3-5-5 Class B Airspace, VFR Transition Routes, 3-5-7 VFR Corridors, 3-5-7 VFR Flyways, 3-5-5 Airway, 5-3-5 Airways, Course Changes, 5-3-7 Alcohol, 8-1-1 Alert, Safety, 4-1-10, 5-5-3 Alert Areas, 3-4-2 Alignment of Elements Approach Slope Indicator, 2-1-5 Alphabet, Phonetic, 4-2-5 ALS. See Approach Light Systems Altimeter Density Altitude, 7-5-4 Errors, 7-2-3 Setting, 7-2-1 High Barometric Pressure, 7-2-4 Low Barometric Pressure, 7-2-4 Altitude Automatic Reporting, 4-1-15 Effects, 8-1-3 Hypoxia, 8-1-3 High Altitude Destinations, 5-1-16 Mandatory, 5-4-6 Maximum, 5-4-6 Minimum, 5-4-6 Ambulance, Air, 4-2-4 Amended Clearances, 4-4-2 Approach Advance Information, Instrument Approach, 5-4-4 Approach Control, 5-4-3 Clearance, 5-4-23 Contact, 5-4-51, 5-5-2 Direction Finding, Emergency, 6-2-1 Instrument, 5-5-2 Instrument Approach Procedure, Charts, 5-4-4 Instrument Approach Procedures, 5-4-24 Low, 4-3-11 Minimums, 5-4-45 Missed, 5-4-47, 5-5-2 No-Gyro, 5-4-31 Option, 4-3-19 Overhead Approach Maneuver, 5-4-51 Precision, 5-4-30 Surveillance, 5-4-30 Visual, 5-4-49, 5-5-5 Approach Control Service, VFR Arriving Aircraft, 4-1-2 Approach Light Systems, 2-1-1 Approaches IFR, 4-1-6 Parallel Runways, ILS/MLS, 5-4-32 Radar, 5-4-30 Timed, 5-4-27 7/31/08 AIM Index I-3 [References are to page numbers] Area Navigation (RNAV), 1-2-1, 5-1-13, 5-3-6, 5-5-7 Area Navigation (RNAV) Routes, 5-3-6 Area Navigation (RNAV) Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR), 5-4-1 ARFF (Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting) Emergency Hand Signals, 6-5-1 ARFF (Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting) Radio Call Sign, 6-5-1 Arresting Devices, Aircraft, 2-3-30 ARSR. See Air Route Surveillance Radar ARTCC. See Air Route Traffic Control Centers Ash, Volcanic, 7-5-7 ASOS. See Automated Surface Observing System ASR. See Airport Surveillance Radar; Surveillance Approach ATCRBS. See Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System ATCT. See Control Towers ATIS. See Automatic Terminal Information Service Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS), 1-1-24 Authority, Statutory, 1-1-1 Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), 4-3-24, 7-1-26 Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS), 4-3-24, 7-1-24 Automated Weather Sensor System (AWSS), 7-1-26 Automatic Altitude Reporting, 4-1-15 Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast, 4-4-11 Automatic Flight Information Service (AFIS) - Alaska FSSs Only. See AFIS Automatic Terminal Information Service, 4-1-7 AWOS. See Automated Weather Observing System B Balloons, Unmanned, 7-5-2 Free, 3-2-2 Beacon Aeronautical Light, 2-2-1 Code, 2-2-1 Marker, 1-1-9 Nondirectional Radio, 1-1-1 Beacons, Airport/Heliport, 2-1-8 Bird Bird Strike Reduction, 7-4-1 Reporting, 7-4-1 Hazards, 7-4-1 Migratory, 7-4-1 Bird/Other Wildlife Strike Reporting, Form. See Appendix 1 Block Island Reporting Service, 4-1-19 Braking Action Advisories, 4-3-7 Braking Action Reports, 4-3-7 Briefing, Preflight, 7-1-6 C Call Signs Aircraft, 4-2-3 Ground Station, 4-2-4 Cape Code Radar Overwater Flight Following, 4-1-19 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 8-1-5 CAT. See Clear Air Turbulence CDR. See Coded Depature Route Changeover Points, 5-3-8 Charted Visual Flight Procedures, 5-4-50 Charts, Aeronautical, 9-1-1 Class A Airspace, 3-2-2 Definition, 3-2-2 Operating Rules, 3-2-2 Pilot/Equipment Requirements, 3-2-2 Class B Airspace, 3-2-2 ATC Clearances, 3-2-3 Definition, 3-2-2 Flight Procedures, 3-2-3 Mode C Veil, 3-2-3 Operating Rules, 3-2-2 Pilot/Equipment Requirements, VFR Operations, 3-2-2 Proximity Operations, 3-2-4 Separation, 3-2-3 VFR Transition Routes, 3-5-7 Class C Airspace, 3-2-4 Air Traffic Services, 3-2-5 Aircraft Separation, 3-2-5 Definition, 3-2-4 7/31/08 AIM Index I-4 [References are to page numbers] Operating Rules, 3-2-4 Outer Area, 3-2-5 Pilot/Equipment Requirements, 3-2-4 Secondary Airports, 3-2-6 Class D Airspace, 3-2-8 Definition, 3-2-8 Operating Rules, 3-2-8 Pilot/Equipment Requirements, 3-2-8 Separation for VFR Aircraft, 3-2-9 Class E Airspace, 3-2-9 Definition, 3-2-9 Operating Rules, 3-2-9 Pilot/Equipment Requirements, 3-2-9 Separation for VFR Aircraft, 3-2-9 Types, 3-2-9 Vertical Limits, 3-2-9 Class G Airspace, 3-3-1 IFR Requirements, 3-3-1 VFR Requirements, 3-3-1 Clear Air Turbulence, 7-1-45 Clearance Abbreviated IFR Departure, 5-2-2 Adherence, 4-4-5 Air Traffic, 5-5-1 Air Traffic Control, 4-4-1 Amended, 4-4-2 Approach, 5-4-23 IFR, VFR-on-Top, 4-4-4 IFR Flights, 4-4-5 Issuance, Pilot Responsibility, 4-4-4 Items, 4-4-1 Altitude Data, 4-4-2 Clearance Limit, 4-4-1 Departure Procedure, 4-4-1 Holding Instructions, 4-4-2 Route of Flight, 4-4-1 Pre-Taxi, 5-2-1 Prefix, 4-4-1 Taxi, 5-2-1 VFR Flights, 4-4-5 Void Times, 5-2-4 Clearances, Special VFR Clearances, 4-4-3 Clearing Procedures, Visual, 4-4-10 CNF. See Computer Navigation Fix Coded Depature Route, 4-4-3 Collision, Avoidance, Judgment, 8-1-8 Communication, Radio Contact, Reestablishing, 6-4-2 Two-way Failure, 6-4-1 IFR Conditions, 6-4-1 Transponder Usage, 6-4-2 VFR Conditions, 6-4-1 Communications ARTCC, 5-3-1 Additional Reports, 5-3-4 Position Reporting, 5-3-3 Distress, 6-3-1 Radio, 4-2-1 Phonetic Alphabet, 4-2-5 Release, 4-1-1 Urgency, 6-3-1 Computer Navigation Fix (CNF), 1-1-33 Conflict Alert, Aircraft, 4-1-11 Contact Approach, 5-4-51 Contact Procedures, 4-2-1 Initial Contact, 4-2-1 Control of Lighting Systems, 2-1-6 Control Towers, 4-1-1 Controlled Firing Areas, 3-4-2 Controller, Responsibility, 5-3-8, 5-4-50, 5-5-1 COP. See Changeover Points CORONA, 7-5-9 Course Lights, 2-2-1 CVFP. See Charted Visual Flight Procedures D Decompression Sickness, 8-1-4 Density Altitude, Effects, 7-5-4 Departure, Restrictions, 5-2-4 Departure Control, 5-2-5 Departures, Instrument, 5-5-6 DF. See Direction Finder Direct User Access Terminal System, 7-1-3 Direction Finder, VHF, 1-1-24 Discrete Emergency Frequency, 6-5-1 Distance Measuring Equipment, 1-1-3, 1-1-9, 5-3-12 Distress, 6-3-1 Ditching Procedures, 6-3-3 DME. See Distance Measuring Equipment 7/31/08 AIM Index I-5 [References are to page numbers] Doppler Radar, 1-1-24 DUATS. See Direct User Access System E Ear Block, 8-1-3 EFAS. See En Route Flight Advisory Service ELT. See Emergency Locator Transmitters Emergency, 6-1-1 Air Piracy, 6-3-6 Airborne Aircraft Inspection, 7-5-8 Aircraft, Overdue, 6-2-5 Body Signals, 6-2-6 Direction Finding Instrument Approach, 6-2-1 Ditching Procedures, 6-3-3 Explosives Detection, FAA K-9 Team Program, 6-2-4 Fuel Dumping, 6-3-7 Inflight Monitoring and Reporting, 6-2-4 Intercept and Escort, 6-2-2 Locator Transmitters, 6-2-2 Obtaining Assistance, 6-3-2 Pilot Authority, 6-1-1 Pilot Responsibility, 6-1-1 Request Assistance Immediately, 6-1-1 Search and Rescue, 6-2-5 Services, 6-2-1 Radar Service for VFR Aircraft in Difficulty, 6-2-1 Survival Equipment, 6-2-6 Transponder Operation, 6-2-1 VFR Search and Rescue Protection, 6-2-6 Emergency Locator Transmitter, 6-2-2 En Route Flight Advisory Service, 7-1-8 Escort, 6-2-2 Explosives, FAA K-9 Detection Team Program, 6-2-4 F Final Guard, 3-5-1 Fitness, Flight Alcohol, 8-1-1 Emotion, 8-1-2 Fatigue, 8-1-2 Hypoxia, 8-1-3 Stress, 8-1-2 Flight Aerobatic, 8-1-7 Fitness, 8-1-1 Illusions, 8-1-5 Over National Forests, 7-4-1 Over National Parks, 7-4-1 Over National Refuges, 7-4-1 Safety, Meteorology, 7-1-1 Vision, 8-1-6 Flight Check Aircraft, 4-3-20 Flight Information Services, 7-1-21 Flight Inspections Aircraft, 4-3-20 Flight Management System, 1-2-3, 5-1-11 Flight Management System Procedures, 5-4-1 Flight Plan Change, 5-1-18 Proposed Departure Time, 5-1-18 Closing DVFR, 5-1-19 VFR, 5-1-19 Composite, VFR/IFR, 5-1-9 DVFR Flights, 5-1-9 Explanation of IFR, 5-1-14 Explanation of VFR, 5-1-8 Form 7233-1, 5-1-8, 5-1-15 IFR, Canceling, 5-1-19 IFR Flights, 5-1-10 VFR Flights, 5-1-7 Flight Restrictions, Temporary, 3-5-2 Flight Service Stations, 4-1-1 Flights, Outside the United States, 5-1-17 Flying, Mountain, 7-5-3 FMS. See Flight Management System FMSP. See Flight Management System Procedures Forms Bird Strike Incident/Ingestion Report, Appendix 1-1 Volcanic Activity Reporting Form, Appendix 2-1 Frequency, Instrument Landing System, 1-1-10 FSS. See Flight Service Stations Fuel Dumping, 6-3-7 G Gate Holding, 4-3-13 GBAS. See Ground Based Augmentation System 7/31/08 AIM Index I-6 [References are to page numbers] Glideslope Runway Centerline Lighting System (RCLS), 2-1-5 Visual Indicators, 2-1-2 Global Navigation Satellite System, 1-1-40, 5-1-11 Global Positioning System, 1-1-24 Database, 1-1-31 Equipment, 1-1-31 GPS Approach Procedures, 1-1-31 GLS. See GNSS Landing System GNSS. See Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS Landing System (GLS), 1-1-40 GPS. See Global Positioning System GPS Approach Procedures, 1-1-31 Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS), 1-1-41 Ground Station, Call Signs, 4-2-4 Ground Vehicle Operations, 4-1-6 Gulf of Mexico Grid System, 10-1-6 H Half-Way Signs, 7-5-5 Hand Signals, 4-3-20 Hazard Antenna Tower, 7-5-1 Bird, 7-4-1 Flight Obstructions to Flight, 7-5-1 Potential, 7-5-1 VFR in Congested Areas, 7-5-1 Ground Icing Conditions, 7-5-12 Mountain Flying, 7-5-3 Overhead Wires, 7-5-2 Unmanned Balloons, 7-5-2 Volcanic Ash, 7-5-7 Hazardous Area Reporting Service, 4-1-18 HDTA. See High Density Traffic Airports Helicopter IFR Operations, 10-1-1 Landing Area Markings, 2-3-19 VFR Operations at Controlled Airports, 4-3-13 Special Operations, 10-2-1 Wake Turbulence, 7-3-6 High Density Traffic Airports, 4-1-21 Hold, For Release, 5-2-4 Holding, 5-3-8 Holding Position Markings, 2-3-1, 2-3-12 for Instrument Landing Systems, 2-3-12 for Taxiway/Taxiway Intersections, 2-3-12 Holding Position Signs, Surface Painted, 2-3-12 Hypoxia, 8-1-3 I Icing Terms, 7-1-42 IFR, 4-4-4 Operations, To High Altitude Destinations, 5-1-16 Procedures, Use When Operating VFR, 5-1-2 IFR Approaches, 4-1-6 Military Training Routes, 3-5-2 Separation Standards, 4-4-7 ILS. See Instrument Landing System In-Runway Lighting, 2-1-5 Taxiway Centerline Lead-off Lights, 2-1-6 Taxiway Centerline Lead-On Lights, 2-1-6 Touchdown Zone Lighting, 2-1-6 Incident, Aircraft, Reporting, 7-6-1 Inertial Navigation System, 1-1-24 Inertial Reference Unit (IRU), 1-1-24, 5-1-11 Initial Contact, 4-2-1 INS. See Internal Navigation System Instrument Departure Procedures (DP), 5-2-5 Instrument Landing System, 1-1-7 Category, 1-1-10 Compass Locator, 1-1-10 Course, Distortion, 1-1-11 Distance Measuring Equipment, 1-1-9 Frequency, 1-1-10 Glide Path, 1-1-8 Glide Slope, 1-1-8 Critical Area, 1-1-11 Holding Position Markings, 2-3-12 Inoperative Components, 1-1-10 Localizer, 1-1-7 Critical Area, 1-1-11 Locators, Compass, 1-1-7 Marker Beacon, 1-1-9 Minimums, 1-1-10 Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC), 5-2-5 Integrated Terminal Weather System, 4-3-7 7/31/08 AIM Index I-7 [References are to page numbers] Intercept, 6-2-2 Interception Procedures, 5-6-2 Signals, 5-6-5 Interchange Aircraft, 4-2-4 Intersection Takeoffs, 4-3-8 IR. See IFR Military Training Routes IRU. See Inertial Reference Unit ITWS. See Integrated Terminal Weather System K K-9 Explosives Detection Team, 6-2-4 L LAHSO. See Land and Hold Short Operations Land and Hold Short Lights, 2-1-6 Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO), 4-3-9 Landing Minimums, 5-4-45 Priority, 5-4-51 Laser Beam Exposure Questionnaire, Appendix 3-1 Laser Operations, 7-5-10 Law Enforcement Operations Civil, 5-6-4 Military, 5-6-4 LDA. See Localizer-Type Directional Aid Leased Aircraft, 4-2-4 Lifeguard, 4-2-4 Light Signals, Traffic Control, 4-3-11 Lighting Aeronautical Light Beacons, 2-2-1 Aids Airport, 2-1-1 Approach Light Systems, 2-1-1 Control of Lighting Systems, 2-1-6 In-Runway Lighting, 2-1-5 Pilot Control of Airport Lighting, 2-1-6 Runway End Identifier Lights, 2-1-5 Taxiway Lights, 2-1-9 Airport/Heliport Beacons, 2-1-8 Airport, Radio Control, 4-1-6 Code Beacon, 2-2-1 Course, 2-2-1 Navigation, 2-2-1 Obstruction, 2-2-1 LLWAS. See Low Level Wind Shear Alert System Local Airport Advisory (LAA), 3-5-1, 4-1-3 Local Flow Traffic Management Program, 5-4-2 Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance, 1-1-37 Localizer-Type Directional Aid, 1-1-8 Locator, Compass, 1-1-10 Long Island Sound Reporting Service, 4-1-18 Long Range Navigation, 1-1-16 Chain, 1-1-17 Receiver, 1-1-22 LORAN. See Long Range Navigation Low Approach, 4-3-11 Low Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS), 4-3-7, 7-1-49 Low Level Wind Shear/Microburst Detection Systems, 4-3-7 LPV. See Localizer Perfomance with Vertical Guidance M MAYDAY, 6-3-1 Medical Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 8-1-5 Decompression Sickness, 8-1-4 Facts, Pilots, 8-1-1 Flight, Ear Block, 8-1-3 Illness, 8-1-1 Medication, 8-1-1 Sinus Block, 8-1-4 Meteorology, 7-1-1 ATC InFlight Weather Avoidance, 7-1-35 Automated Surface Observing System, 7-1-26 Categorical Outlooks, 7-1-19 Clear Air Turbulence, 7-1-45 Cloud Heights, Reporting, 7-1-38 Direct User Access Terminal System, 7-1-3 Drizzle, Intensity, 7-1-39 En Route Flight Advisory Service, 7-1-8 FAA Weather Services, 7-1-1 ICAO, Weather Formats, 7-1-60 Icing, Airframe, 7-1-41 Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories, 7-1-9 Inflight Weather Broadcasts, 7-1-20 Microbursts, 7-1-45 7/31/08 AIM Index I-8 [References are to page numbers] National Weather Service, Aviation Products, 7-1-1 Pilot Weather Reports, 7-1-39 Precipitation, Intensity, 7-1-39 Preflight Briefing, 7-1-6 Runway Visual Range, 7-1-37 Telephone Information Briefing Service, 7-1-19 Thunderstorms, 7-1-55 Flying, 7-1-56 Transcribed Weather Broadcast, 7-1-19 Turbulence, 7-1-44 Visibility, Reporting, 7-1-39 Weather, Radar Services, 7-1-31

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TRACK [ICAO]- The projection on the earth's surface of the path of an aircraft, the direction of which path at any point is usually expressed in degrees from North (True, Magnetic, or Grid). TRAFFICa. A term used by a controller to transfer radar identification of an aircraft to another controller for the purpose of coordinating separation action. Traffic is normally issued: 1. In response to a handoff or point out, 2. In anticipation of a handoff or point out, or 3. In conjunction with a request for control of an aircraft. b. A term used by ATC to refer to one or more aircraft. TRAFFIC ADVISORIES- Advisories issued to alert pilots to other known or observed air traffic which may be in such proximity to the position or intended route of flight of their aircraft to warrant their attention. Such advisories may be based on: a. Visual observation. Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG T-5 b. Observation of radar identified and nonidenti- fied aircraft targets on an ATC radar display, or c. Verbal reports from pilots or other facilities. Note 1:_The word “traffic” followed by additional information, if known, is used to provide such advisories; e.g., “Traffic, 2 o'clock, one zero miles, southbound, eight thousand.” Note 2:_Traffic advisory service will be provided to the extent possible depending on higher priority duties of the controller or other limitations; e.g., radar limitations, volume of traffic, frequency congestion, or controller workload. Radar/ nonradar traffic advisories do not relieve the pilot of his/her responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft. Pilots are cautioned that there are many times when the controller is not able to give traffic advisories concerning all traffic in the aircraft's proximity; in other words, when a pilot requests or is receiving traffic advisories, he/she should not assume that all traffic will be issued. (Refer to AIM.) TRAFFIC ALERT (aircraft call sign), TURN (left/right) IMMEDIATELY, (climb/descend) AND MAINTAIN (altitude). (See SAFETY ALERT.) TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOID- ANCE SYSTEM- An airborne collision avoidance system based on radar beacon signals which operates independent of ground-based equipment. TCAS-I generates traffic advisories only. TCAS-II generates traffic advisories, and resolution (collision avoid- ance) advisories in the vertical plane. TRAFFIC INFORMATION(See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.) TRAFFIC IN SIGHT- Used by pilots to inform a controller that previously issued traffic is in sight. (See NEGATIVE CONTACT.) (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.) TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ADVISOR (TMA)- A computerized tool which assists Traffic Management Coordinators to efficiently schedule arrival traffic to a metered airport, by calculating meter fix times and delays then sending that information to the sector controllers. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ALERT- A term used in a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) issued in conjunction with a special traffic management program to alert pilots to the existence of the program and to refer them to either the Notices to Airmen publication or a special traffic management program advisory message for program details. The contrac- tion TMPA is used in NOTAM text. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT UNIT- The entity in ARTCCs and designated terminals directly involved in the active management of facility traffic. Usually under the direct supervision of an assistant manager for traffic management. TRAFFIC NO FACTOR- Indicates that the traffic described in a previously issued traffic advisory is no factor. TRAFFIC NO LONGER OBSERVED- Indicates that the traffic described in a previously issued traffic advisory is no longer depicted on radar, but may still be a factor. TRAFFIC PATTERN- The traffic flow that is prescribed for aircraft landing at, taxiing on, or taking off from an airport. The components of a typical traffic pattern are upwind leg, crosswind leg, downwind leg, base leg, and final approach. a. Upwind Leg- A flight path parallel to the landing runway in the direction of landing. b. Crosswind Leg- A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its upwind end. c. Downwind Leg- A flight path parallel to the landing runway in the direction opposite to landing. The downwind leg normally extends between the crosswind leg and the base leg. d. Base Leg- A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its approach end. The base leg normally extends from the downwind leg to the intersection of the extended runway centerline. e. Final Approach. A flight path in the direction of landing along the extended runway centerline. The final approach normally extends from the base leg to the runway. An aircraft making a straight-in approach VFR is also considered to be on final approach. (See STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH VFR.) (See TAXI PATTERNS.) (See ICAO term AERODROME TRAFFIC CIRCUIT.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) (Refer to AIM.) TRAFFIC SITUATION DISPLAY (TSD)- TSD is a computer system that receives radar track data from all 20 CONUS ARTCCs, organizes this data into a mosaic display, and presents it on a computer screen. Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG T-6 The display allows the traffic management coordina- tor multiple methods of selection and highlighting of individual aircraft or groups of aircraft. The user has the option of superimposing these aircraft positions over any number of background displays. These background options include ARTCC boundaries, any stratum of en route sector boundaries, fixes, airways, military and other special use airspace, airports, and geopolitical boundaries. By using the TSD, a coordinator can monitor any number of traffic situations or the entire systemwide traffic flows. TRAJECTORY- A URET representation of the path an aircraft is predicted to fly based upon a Current Plan or Trial Plan. (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL.) TRAJECTORY MODELING- The automated pro- cess of calculating a trajectory. TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST- A continuous recording of meteorological and aeronau- tical information that is broadcast on L/MF and VOR facilities for pilots. (Provided only in Alaska.) (Refer to AIM.) TRANSFER OF CONTROL- That action whereby the responsibility for the separation of an aircraft is transferred from one controller to another. (See ICAO term TRANSFER OF CONTROL.) TRANSFER OF CONTROL [ICAO]- Transfer of responsibility for providing air traffic control service. TRANSFERRING CONTROLLER- A controller/ facility transferring control of an aircraft to another controller/facility. (See ICAO term TRANSFERRING UNIT/CONTROLLER.) TRANSFERRING FACILITY(See TRANSFERRING CONTROLLER.) TRANSFERRING UNIT/CONTROLLER [ICAO]- Air traffic control unit/air traffic controller in the process of transferring the responsibility for providing air traffic control service to an aircraft to the next air traffic control unit/air traffic controller along the route of flight. Note:_See definition of accepting unit/controller. TRANSITIONa. The general term that describes the change from one phase of flight or flight condition to another; e.g., transition from en route flight to the approach or transition from instrument flight to visual flight. b. A published procedure (DP Transition) used to connect the basic DP to one of several en route airways/jet routes, or a published procedure (STAR Transition) used to connect one of several en route airways/jet routes to the basic STAR. (Refer to DP/STAR Charts.) TRANSITION POINT- A point at an adapted number of miles from the vertex at which an arrival aircraft would normally commence descent from its en route altitude. This is the first fix adapted on the arrival speed segments. TRANSITION WAYPOINT- The waypoint that defines the beginning of a runway or en route transition on an RNAV SID or STAR. TRANSITIONAL AIRSPACE- That portion of controlled airspace wherein aircraft change from one phase of flight or flight condition to another. TRANSMISSOMETER- An apparatus used to determine visibility by measuring the transmission of light through the atmosphere. It is the measurement source for determining runway visual range (RVR) and runway visibility value (RVV). (See VISIBILITY.) TRANSMITTING IN THE BLIND- A transmis- sion from one station to other stations in circumstances where two-way communication cannot be established, but where it is believed that the called stations may be able to receive the transmission. TRANSPONDER- The airborne radar beacon receiver/transmitter portion of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) which automati- cally receives radio signals from interrogators on the ground, and selectively replies with a specific reply pulse or pulse group only to those interrogations being received on the mode to which it is set to respond. (See INTERROGATOR.) (See ICAO term TRANSPONDER.) (Refer to AIM.) TRANSPONDER [ICAO]- A receiver/transmitter which will generate a reply signal upon proper interrogation; the interrogation and reply being on different frequencies. TRANSPONDER CODES(See CODES.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG T-7 TRIAL PLAN- A proposed amendment which utilizes automation to analyze and display potential conflicts along the predicted trajectory of the selected aircraft. TRSA(See TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA.) TSD(See TRAFFIC SITUATION DISPLAY.) TURBOJET AIRCRAFT- An aircraft having a jet engine in which the energy of the jet operates a turbine which in turn operates the air compressor. TURBOPROP AIRCRAFT- An aircraft having a jet engine in which the energy of the jet operates a turbine which drives the propeller. TURN ANTICIPATION- (maneuver anticipation). TVOR(See TERMINAL-VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE STATION.) TWEB(See TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST.) TWO-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS FAIL- URE(See LOST COMMUNICATIONS.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG U-1 U UDF(See DIRECTION FINDER.) UHF(See ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY.) ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY- The frequency band between 300 and 3,000 MHz. The bank of radio frequencies used for military air/ground voice communications. In some instances this may go as low as 225 MHz and still be referred to as UHF. ULTRALIGHT VEHICLE- An aeronautical vehicle operated for sport or recreational purposes which does not require FAA registration, an airworthiness certificate, nor pilot certification. They are primarily single occupant vehicles, although some two-place vehicles are authorized for training purposes. Operation of an ultralight vehicle in certain airspace requires authorization from ATC. (Refer to 14 CFR Part 103.) UNABLE- Indicates inability to comply with a specific instruction, request, or clearance. UNASSOCIATED- A radar target that does not display a data block with flight identification and altitude information. (See ASSOCIATED.) UNDER THE HOOD- Indicates that the pilot is using a hood to restrict visibility outside the cockpit while simulating instrument flight. An appropriately rated pilot is required in the other control seat while this operation is being conducted. (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) UNFROZEN- The Scheduled Time of Arrival (STA) tags, which are still being rescheduled by traffic management advisor (TMA) calculations. The aircraft will remain unfrozen until the time the corresponding estimated time of arrival (ETA) tag passes the preset freeze horizon for that aircraft's stream class. At this point the automatic rescheduling will stop, and the STA becomes “frozen.” UNICOM- A nongovernment communication facil- ity which may provide airport information at certain airports. Locations and frequencies of UNICOMs are shown on aeronautical charts and publications. (See AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.) (Refer to AIM.) UNPUBLISHED ROUTE- A route for which no minimum altitude is published or charted for pilot use. It may include a direct route between NAVAIDs, a radial, a radar vector, or a final approach course beyond the segments of an instrument approach procedure. (See PUBLISHED ROUTE.) (See ROUTE.) UNRELIABLE (GPS/WAAS)- An advisory to pilots indicating the expected level of service of the GPS and/or WAAS may not be available. Pilots must then determine the adequacy of the signal for desired use. UPWIND LEG(See TRAFFIC PATTERN.) URET(See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL.) URGENCY- A condition of being concerned about safety and of requiring timely but not immediate assistance; a potential distress condition. (See ICAO term URGENCY.) URGENCY [ICAO]- A condition concerning the safety of an aircraft or other vehicle, or of person on board or in sight, but which does not require immediate assistance. USAFIB(See ARMY AVIATION FLIGHT INFORMATION BULLETIN.) USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL (URET)- User Request Evaluation Tool is an automated tool provided at each Radar Associate position in selected En Route facilities. This tool utilizes flight and radar data to determine present and future trajectories for all active and proposal aircraft and provides enhanced, automated flight data management. UVDF(See DIRECTION FINDER.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG V-1 V VASI(See VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR.) VCOA(See VISUAL CLIMB OVER AIRPORT.) VDF(See DIRECTION FINDER.) VDP(See VISUAL DESCENT POINT.) VECTOR- A heading issued to an aircraft to provide navigational guidance by radar. (See ICAO term RADAR VECTORING.) VERIFY- Request confirmation of information; e.g., “verify assigned altitude.” VERIFY SPECIFIC DIRECTION OF TAKEOFF (OR TURNS AFTER TAKEOFF)- Used by ATC to ascertain an aircraft's direction of takeoff and/or direction of turn after takeoff. It is normally used for IFR departures from an airport not having a control tower. When direct communication with the pilot is not possible, the request and information may be relayed through an FSS, dispatcher, or by other means. (See IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.) VERTEX- The last fix adapted on the arrival speed segments. Normally, it will be the outer marker of the runway in use. However, it may be the actual threshold or other suitable common point on the approach path for the particular runway configura- tion. VERTEX TIME OF ARRIVAL- A calculated time of aircraft arrival over the adapted vertex for the runway configuration in use. The time is calculated via the optimum flight path using adapted speed segments. VERTICAL NAVIGATION (VNAV)– A function of area navigation (RNAV) equipment which calculates, displays, and provides vertical guidance to a profile or path. VERTICAL SEPARATION- Separation established by assignment of different altitudes or flight levels. (See SEPARATION.) (See ICAO term VERTICAL SEPARATION.) VERTICAL SEPARATION [ICAO]- Separation between aircraft expressed in units of vertical distance. VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING AIR- CRAFT- Aircraft capable of vertical climbs and/or descents and of using very short runways or small areas for takeoff and landings. These aircraft include, but are not limited to, helicopters. (See SHORT TAKEOFF AND LANDING AIRCRAFT.) VERY HIGH FREQUENCY- The frequency band between 30 and 300 MHz. Portions of this band, 108 to 118 MHz, are used for certain NAVAIDs; 118 to 136 MHz are used for civil air/ground voice communications. Other frequencies in this band are used for purposes not related to air traffic control. VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTION- AL RANGE STATION(See VOR.) VERY LOW FREQUENCY- The frequency band between 3 and 30 kHz. VFR(See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.) VFR AIRCRAFT- An aircraft conducting flight in accordance with visual flight rules. (See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.) VFR CONDITIONS- Weather conditions equal to or better than the minimum for flight under visual flight rules. The term may be used as an ATC clearance/instruction only when: a. An IFR aircraft requests a climb/descent in VFR conditions. b. The clearance will result in noise abatement benefits where part of the IFR departure route does not conform to an FAA approved noise abatement route or altitude. c. A pilot has requested a practice instrument approach and is not on an IFR flight plan. Note:_All pilots receiving this authorization must comply with the VFR visibility and distance from cloud criteria in 14 CFR Part 91. Use of the term does not relieve controllers of their responsibility to separate aircraft in Class B and Class C airspace or TRSAs as required by FAAO JO 7110.65. When Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG V-2 used as an ATC clearance/instruction, the term may be abbreviated “VFR;” e.g., “MAINTAIN VFR,” “CLIMB/DESCEND VFR,” etc. VFR FLIGHT(See VFR AIRCRAFT.) VFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES- Routes used by the Department of Defense and associated Reserve and Air Guard units for the purpose of conducting low-altitude navigation and tactical training under VFR below 10,000 feet MSL at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots IAS. VFR NOT RECOMMENDED- An advisory provided by a flight service station to a pilot during a preflight or inflight weather briefing that flight under visual flight rules is not recommended. To be given when the current and/or forecast weather conditions are at or below VFR minimums. It does not abrogate the pilot's authority to make his/her own decision. VFR-ON-TOP- ATC authorization for an IFR aircraft to operate in VFR conditions at any appropriate VFR altitude (as specified in 14 CFR and as restricted by ATC). A pilot receiving this authorization must comply with the VFR visibility, distance from cloud criteria, and the minimum IFR altitudes specified in 14 CFR Part 91. The use of this term does not relieve controllers of their responsibil- ity to separate aircraft in Class B and Class C airspace or TRSAs as required by FAAO JO 7110.65. VFR TERMINAL AREA CHARTS(See AERONAUTICAL CHART.) VFR WAYPOINT(See WAYPOINT.) VHF(See VERY HIGH FREQUENCY.) VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE/TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION(See VORTAC.) VIDEO MAP- An electronically displayed map on the radar display that may depict data such as airports, heliports, runway centerline extensions, hospital emergency landing areas, NAVAIDs and fixes, reporting points, airway/route centerlines, bound- aries, handoff points, special use tracks, obstructions, prominent geographic features, map alignment indicators, range accuracy marks, minimum vector- ing altitudes. VIS IBILITY- The ability, as determ ined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent lighted objects by night. Visibility is reported as statute miles, hundreds of feet or meters. (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) (Refer to AIM.) a. Flight Visibility- The average forward horizon- tal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night. b. Ground Visibility- Prevailing horizontal visi- bility near the earth's surface as reported by the United States National Weather Service or an accredited observer. c. Prevailing Visibility- The greatest horizontal visibility equaled or exceeded throughout at least half the horizon circle which need not necessarily be continuous. d. Runway Visibility Value (RVV)- The visibility determined for a particular runway by a transmis- someter. A meter provides a continuous indication of the visibility (reported in miles or fractions of miles) for the runway. RVV is used in lieu of prevailing visibility in determining minimums for a particular runway. e. Runway Visual Range (RVR)- An instrumen- tally derived value, based on standard calibrations, that represents the horizontal distance a pilot will see down the runway from the approach end. It is based on the sighting of either high intensity runway lights or on the visual contrast of other targets whichever yields the greater visual range. RVR, in contrast to prevailing or runway visibility, is based on what a pilot in a moving aircraft should see looking down the runway. RVR is horizontal visual range, not slant visual range. It is based on the measurement of a transmissometer made near the touchdown point of the instrument runway and is reported in hundreds of feet. RVR is used in lieu of RVV and/or prevailing visibility in determining minimums for a particular runway. 1. Touchdown RVR- The RVR visibility readout values obtained from RVR equipment serving the runway touchdown zone. Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG V-3 2. Mid-RVR- The RVR readout values obtained from RVR equipment located midfield of the runway. 3. Rollout RVR- The RVR readout values obtained from RVR equipment located nearest the rollout end of the runway. (See ICAO term FLIGHT VISIBILITY.) (See ICAO term GROUND VISIBILITY.) (See ICAO term RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE.) (See ICAO term VISIBILITY.) VISIBILITY [ICAO]- The ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent lighted objects by night. a. Flight Visibility-The visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight. b. Ground Visibility-The visibility at an aero- drome as reported by an accredited observer. c. Runway Visual Range [RVR]-The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centerline of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centerline. VISUAL APPROACH- An approach conducted on an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan which authorizes the pilot to proceed visually and clear of clouds to the airport. The pilot must, at all times, have either the airport or the preceding aircraft in sight. This approach must be authorized and under the control of the appropriate air traffic control facility. Reported weather at the airport must be ceiling at or above 1,000 feet and visibility of 3 miles or greater. (See ICAO term VISUAL APPROACH.) VISUAL APPROACH [ICAO]- An approach by an IFR flight when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not completed and the approach is executed in visual reference to terrain. VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.) VISUAL CLIMB OVER AIRPORT (VCOA)- A departure option for an IFR aircraft, operating in visual meteorological conditions equal to or greater than the specified visibility and ceiling, to visually conduct climbing turns over the airport to the published “climb-to” altitude from which to proceed with the instrument portion of the departure. VCOA procedures are developed to avoid obstacles greater than 3 statute miles from the departure end of the runway as an alternative to complying with climb gradients greater than 200 feet per nautical mile. These procedures are published in the `Take-Off Minimums and (Obstacle) Departure Procedures' section of the Terminal Procedures Publications. (See AIM.) VISUAL DESCENT POINT- A defined point on the final approach course of a nonprecision straight-in approach procedure from which normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced, provided the approach threshold of that runway, or approach lights, or other markings identifiable with the approach end of that runway are clearly visible to the pilot. VISUAL FLIGHT RULES- Rules that govern the procedures for conducting flight under visual conditions. The term “VFR” is also used in the United States to indicate weather conditions that are equal to or greater than minimum VFR requirements. In addition, it is used by pilots and controllers to indicate type of flight plan. (See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.) (See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) (See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) (Refer to AIM.) VISUAL HOLDING- The holding of aircraft at selected, prominent geographical fixes which can be easily recognized from the air. (See HOLDING FIX.) VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS- Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or better than specified minima. (See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.) (See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) (See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.) VISUAL SEPARATION- A means employed by ATC to separate aircraft in terminal areas and en route airspace in the NAS. There are two ways to effect this separation: a. The tower controller sees the aircraft involved and issues instructions, as necessary, to ensure that the aircraft avoid each other. b. A pilot sees the other aircraft involved and upon instructions from the controller provides his/her own Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG V-4 separation by maneuvering his/her aircraft as necessary to avoid it. This may involve following another aircraft or keeping it in sight until it is no longer a factor. (See SEE AND AVOID.) (Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.) VLF(See VERY LOW FREQUENCY.) VMC(See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) VOICE SWITCHING AND CONTROL SYSTEM- The VSCS is a computer controlled switching system that provides air traffic controllers with all voice circuits (air to ground and ground to ground) necessary for air traffic control. (See VOICE SWITCHING AND CONTROL SYSTEM.) (Refer to AIM.) VOR- A ground-based electronic navigation aid transmitting very high frequency navigation signals, 360 degrees in azimuth, oriented from magnetic north. Used as the basis for navigation in the National Airspace System. The VOR periodically identifies itself by Morse Code and may have an additional voice identification feature. Voice features may be used by ATC or FSS for transmitting instructions/ information to pilots. (See NAVIGATIONAL AID.) (Refer to AIM.)

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TRACEABLE PRESSURE STANDARD- The facility station pressure instrument, with certifica- tion/calibration traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Traceable pressure standards may be mercurial barometers, commis- sioned ASOS or dual transducer AWOS, or portable pressure standards or DASI. TRACK- The actual flight path of an aircraft over the surface of the earth. (See COURSE.) (See FLIGHT PATH.) (See ROUTE.) (See ICAO term TRACK.)

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TOWER EN ROUTE CONTROL SERVICE- The control of IFR en route traffic within delegated airspace between two or more adjacent approach control facilities. This service is designed to expedite traffic and reduce control and pilot communication requirements. TOWER TO TOWER(See TOWER EN ROUTE CONTROL SERVICE.) TPX-42- A numeric beacon decoder equipment/ system. It is designed to be added to terminal radar systems for beacon decoding. It provides rapid target identification, reinforcement of the primary radar target, and altitude information from Mode C. (See AUTOMATED RADAR TERMINAL SYSTEMS.) (See TRANSPONDER.)

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TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTING(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.) TOWER- A terminal facility that uses air/ground communications, visual signaling, and other devices to provide ATC services to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an airport or on the movement area. Authorizes aircraft to land or takeoff at the airport controlled by the tower or to transit the Class D airspace area regardless of flight plan or weather conditions (IFR or VFR). A tower may also provide approach control services (radar or nonradar). (See AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE.) (See APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY.) (See APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE.) (See MOVEMENT AREA.) (See TOWER EN ROUTE CONTROL SERVICE.) (See ICAO term AERODROME CONTROL TOWER.) (Refer to AIM.)

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TOUCHDOWN [ICAO]- The point where the nominal glide path intercepts the runway. Note:_Touchdown as defined above is only a datum and is not necessarily the actual point at which the aircraft will touch the runway. TOUCHDOWN RVR(See VISIBILITY.) TOUCHDOWN ZONE- The first 3,000 feet of the runway beginning at the threshold. The area is used for determination of Touchdown Zone Elevation in the development of straight-in landing minimums for instrument approaches. (See ICAO term TOUCHDOWN ZONE.) TOUCHDOWN ZONE [ICAO]- The portion of a runway, beyond the threshold, where it is intended landing aircraft first contact the runway. TOUCHDOWN ZONE ELEVATION- The highest elevation in the first 3,000 feet of the landing surface. TDZE is indicated on the instrument approach procedure chart when straight-in landing minimums are authorized. (See TOUCHDOWN ZONE.)

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TOTAL ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME [ICAO]- For IFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over that designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the destination aerodrome, to arrive over the destination aerodrom e. For VFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over the destination aerodrome. (See ICAO term ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME.) TOUCH-AND-GO- An operation by an aircraft that lands and departs on a runway without stopping or exiting the runway. TOUCH-AND-GO LANDING(See TOUCH-AND-GO.) TOUCHDOWNa. The point at which an aircraft first makes contact with the landing surface. b. Concerning a precision radar approach (PAR), it is the point where the glide path intercepts the landing surface. (See ICAO term TOUCHDOWN.) Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08 PCG T-4

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TIME GROUP- Four digits representing the hour and minutes from the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) clock. FAA uses UTC for all operations. The term “ZULU” may be used to denote UTC. The word “local” or the time zone equivalent shall be used to denote local when local time is given during radio and telephone communications. When written, a time zone designator is used to indicate local time; e.g. “0205M” (Mountain). The local time may be based on the 24-hour clock system. The day begins at 0000 and ends at 2359. TMA(See TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ADVISOR.) TMPA(See TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ALERT.) TMU(See TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT UNIT.) TODA [ICAO]- (See ICAO Term TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE.) TORA [ICAO]- (See ICAO Term TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE.) TORCHING- The burning of fuel at the end of an exhaust pipe or stack of a reciprocating aircraft engine, the result of an excessive richness in the fuel air mixture.