RMIT飞行训练课件－Instrument Flight 仪表飞行

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RMIT Flight Training Instrument Flight
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 1 Brief 17
INSTRUMENT FLIGHT
Aim: To learn to correctly fly an aircraft accurately, solely by reference to the aircraft
instruments.
Application:
- To exit cloud upon inadvertent entry.
- Precision control coordination.
- Practice towards a NVFR or CIR.
Definitions:
 Rate One Turn
- Completion of 360 in 2 minutes. (3/sec) AoB = 10% IAS + 7
 Instrument Scan
- Method used to cross reference the instruments, checking our performance.
Principles:
Always trust your instruments!
 Instrument Interpretation
- Power + Attitude = Performance (AH - fly by attitude)
TACHO - gives power information
Pitch - AH, ALT, ASI, VSI all give pitch information
Bank - AH, T&B, DG all give bank information
Yaw - only the Balance Ball gives yaw information
 Aircraft Control
- Maintain smooth coordination of power and flight controls
- AH and TACHO used to set up initial configuration, then other instruments used
to cross-reference and to confirm performance is being achieved.
- To change configuration:
 CHANGE - adopt required power and attitude
 CHECK - check performance being achieved
 HOLD - if correct; or
 ADJUST - if required
 TRIM - as required.
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VS
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
AH – Artificial Horizon (Vacuum gyro).
TACHO – Power (measured in rpm).
DG – Directional gyro (Vacuum gyro).
T&B – Turn Coordinator (electrical gyro).
ALT – Altimeter (Static System).
VSI – Vertical Speed Indicator (Static System).
ASI – Air Speed Indicator (Pitot Static System).
RMIT Flight Training Instrument Flight
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 2 Brief 17
Instrument Scan – Selective Radial Scan
In the absence of the natural horizon the pilot can interpret the instrument
information to determine the configuration and performance of the aircraft.
The primary source of attitude information is the Artificial Horizon (AH).
The other instruments will support the AH by giving performance information
relevant to the particular flight manoeuvre.
The correct method of instrument flying is to use the AH as the master instrument
and to refer to the appropriate performance instruments according to the
manoeuvre. This method is called the Selective Radial Scan.
Considerations:
 Sensory Illusions
- Vestibular Organs:
 3 semi-circular organs in the inner ear which detect accelerations by moving tiny
hair follicles.
 Constant velocity or gradual change in velocity is not detected.
- Somatogravic Illusion:
 Acceleration / deceleration causes sensations of up/down pitch. Worst at night
doing a go-around.
- Spatial Disorientation:
 disagreement of senses
 Slow roll to left not detected by senses. Correct with right bank. Senses detect
the right bank and instruments show S&L!
 Causes vertigo/leans.
 Partial Panel Failure
- Detect failed instruments by cross-checking other instruments. Use inverted V
scan.
- DG fails, supplement with magnetic compass. Remember ONUS and SAND
errors.
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VS
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VS
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
RMIT Flight Training Instrument Flight
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 3 Brief 17
Air Exercise:
CRUISE – To correctly configure the aircraft from a climb to the cruise the pilot must
consider the normal technique of ASPT.
Attitude – Change the AH to the correct straight and level attitude and hold.
- Scan the DG, ALT and T&B for correct S&L criteria (Constant direction,
altitude and in balance).
Speed - Scan ASI for acceleration to cruise speed.
Power - Reduce RPM to cruise power.
Trim - Trim to the attitude on the AH.
CLIMB – To adopt the climb configuration from the cruise the pilot will use PAST.
Power – Increase the power to climb settings referring to AH and TACHO.
Attitude - Scan the AH and adopt the climb attitude monitoring the DG and T&B for
direction and balance.
Speed - Scan AH, DG and ASI and adjust if require to achieve the speed.
Trim - Trim to the attitude on the AH.
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VS
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
To maintain straight and level the
primary scan is AH to ALT to AH to DG
to AH.
The secondary scan instruments are
the ASI, T&B and VSI, which should
be included in the primary scan every
few scans.
Once the power is set the other engine
instruments and radio should only be
scanned when necessary.
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VS
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
To maintain the climb, the primary scan is
AH to ASI to AH to DG to AH.
The secondary scan instruments are ALT,
VSI and T&B, which should be included in
the primary scan every few scans. The
altimeter should become part of the primary
scan approaching the assigned altitude.
Power, once set, and the other engine
instruments and radio should only be
referenced when necessary.
RMIT Flight Training Instrument Flight
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 4 Brief 17
DESCENT – To adopt the descent configuration from the cruise the pilot will use
PAST.
Power - Reduce the power to 1900 rpm referring to AH and TACHO.
Attitude - Scan the AH and adopt the descent attitude monitoring DG and T&B for
direction and balance.
Speed - Scan AH, DG, ASI and VSI and check speed and ROD, adjust if necessary.
Trim - Trim only if necessary (speed should be the same as cruise with no trim
change.
TURNS - To turn the aircraft the pilot must use the correct entry technique of
Bank, Balance and Back pressure.
Bank - Roll on bank to 17 degrees (rate one) referring to the AH.
Balance - Refer to T&B and balance with rudder.
Back Pressure - set attitude referring to AH, ALT and VSI.
To maintain the descent, the primary scan is
AH to ASI to AH to DG to AH.
The secondary scan instruments are ALT,
VSI and T&B, which should be included in
the primary scan every few scans. The
altimeter should become part of the primary
scan approaching the assigned altitude.
Power, once set to achieve 500 fpm, and the
other engine instruments and radio should
only be referenced when necessary.
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VS
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VS
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
To maintain the turn the primary scan is
AH to ALT / VSI to AH.
The secondary scan instruments are the
T&B and DG, which should be included in
the primary scan every few scans. The DG
should become part of the primary scan
approaching the assigned heading.
The ASI, TACHO and other instruments
are not referenced, as the manoeuvre is
transient.
RMIT Flight Training Instrument Flight
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 5 Brief 17
CLIMBING / DESCENDING TURNS - To enter a turn whilst climbing or descending
the pilot must use the same entry technique as the level turn except that the attitude
must be adjusted to maintain indicated airspeed instead of altitude.
Bank - Roll on bank to 17 degrees (rate one) referring to the AH.
Balance - Refer to T&B and balance with rudder.
Back Pressure - set attitude to maintain speed referring to AH and ASI.
Airmanship:
- Avoid flying into cloud – if you do, conduct a 180 rate one turn to exit.
- Smooth and positive control inputs.
- Use correct scan techniques.
- Do not chase performance instruments…SET ATTITUDE!
- Instrument Taxi checks.
- Correct hand-over/takeover procedure.
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
V
SI
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
To maintain the climbing or descending turn,
the primary scan is AH to ASI to AH.
The secondary scan instruments are the T&B,
ALT, VSI and DG, which should be included in
the primary scan every few scans. The DG
and ALT should become part of the primary
scan approaching the assigned heading or
altitude.
The TACHO and other instruments are only
referenced when necessary.