RMIT飞行训练课件－Circuits Mass Brief

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Circuits Mass Brief
Aim
• To safely take-off, fly a complete circuit
and land in a coordinate and correct
manner, understanding all the factors
involved.
Application
• To take-off and land in a coordinated and
organised manner with other aircraft traffic
present.
• To practise landing / take-off
Overview
• Revision
• Definitions
• Principles /
Airmanship
– Circuit
• Considerations
– Wind
– Flap
– Weight
– Surface
– Temperature
– The approach
– The landing
• Airmanship
Revision
• Climbing PAST
• Climbing Turns BBB
• S&L ASPT – ALAP
• Medium Level Turns BBB
• Descending PAST
• Descending Turns BBB
• Stalling symptoms
Definitions
Circuit
• A rectangular pattern flown around the runway in
use. The standard circuit is in a left-hand
direction with all turns made to the left. However
right-hand circuits are used at some airports.
Definitions
The various legs of a circuit:
Definitions
Take-Off Distance
• the distance from the start of the take-off
run to the point where the aircraft reaches
50ft AGL.
Landing Distance
• the distance from 50ft above the runway
landing threshold to where the aircraft
comes to a complete stop.
Definitions
Go-Around
• where the aircraft conducts a “baulked
approach” and executes a climb to rejoin
the circuit prior to touching down.
Definitions
Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW)
• maximum permissible weight according to
the POH, at which the aircraft may takeoff.
C172 MTOW = 1111kg
Maximum Landing Weight (MLW)
• maximum permissible weight at which an
aircraft may land
C172 MLW = 1111kg
Principles / Air Exercise
1. Line up on the centre line, apply full
power smoothly, and keep straight with
the rudder
1
Principles / Air Exercise
2. At 50 KIAS, pull back on the control
column slightly, to get the weight off the
nose wheel of the aircraft.
2
Principles / Air Exercise
3. At 55 KIAS, rotate and set the climb
attitude and allow the aircraft to
accelerate to flying speed (60 KIAS).
3
Principles / Air Exercise
4. Climb out at 80 KIAS
4
Principles / Air Exercise
5. At 200 feet, check the flaps are up and
trim to maintain 80 KIAS
5
Principles / Air Exercise
6. At 500 feet, Start a climbing turn to the
left, remember B B B
6
Principles / Air Exercise
7. At 1000 feet, Level off and turn
downwind
7
Principles / Air Exercise
8. Abeam upwind end of the runway start
the pre-landing checks (BOUMFAH)
8
Principles / Air Exercise
9. Turn onto base. Allow for drift, count traffic on
base and final, do a radio call:
“All stations (Point Cook), (EWZ) turns base,
runway (17), (touch and go), number (1)”
9
Principles / Air Exercise
10. On base. Power back to 1500RPM, maintain
1000ft to allow speed to come back. Extend first
stage flap below 110KIAS, and second when in
white arc. Trim for 75 KIAS.
10
Principles / Air Exercise
11.At around 500 to 600 feet turn final
(Remember B B B), allow speed to reduce
to 70 KIAS
11
Principles / Air Exercise
12.At 300 feet, select full flap, allow speed to
drop back to 65 KIAS, trim.
12
Considerations
• The Landing
AIRPORT BOUNDARY:
Scan the full length of
the runway
FAR END THRESHOLD DISAPPEARS:
Reduce power to idle
Apply back pressure to stop the nose
dropping
Maintain S+L
referencing horizon,
increasing back
pressure as required
“sink” onto the runway
Further positive back
pressure tocontrol final
and raise the dash to
the horizon
DON’T RELAX!
Maintain directional control
with the rudders and brake
as required
Considerations
• The approach
ON PROFILE BELOW PROFILE ABOVE PROFILE
Considerations
• Off-Profile Landing
High / Fast
Power
Low / Slow
Power
Considerations
• Wind
Nil
Wind
Tailwind
Headwind
Rate of Climb does NOT change with wind
  4
  6
  2
1000’
1000’
1000’
2 Nm
1 Nm
3 Nm
Considerations
• Wind
Tailwind
Nil
Wind
Headwind
  4
  4
  6
  2
Considerations
• Wind
Take-Off into wind
provides:
• A Bigger angle
• Best obstacle clearance
• Shortest ground run
• Lowest ground speed
• Best directional control
Landing into wind
provides:
• A Bigger angle
• Steeper approach
• Shortest ground run
• Lowest ground speed
Considerations
• Flap
Take-off with flap
provides:
• More Lift so you can
fly at a slower speed
• Slower rotate speed
• Shorter ground run
• Better obstacle
clearance
• Used for short T/O
Landing with flap
provides:
• More Lift so you can
fly at a slower speed
• Reduced stall speed
• More drag
• Bigger angle of
descent
• Better visibility
Considerations
• Weight
– Heavy
– Light
• Surface
– Hard, level, asphalt
– Soft, up-slope, grass
• Temperature
– High temperature
– Low temperature
Considerations
• Recapping
– Wind
– Flap
– Weight
– Surface
– Temperature
Airmanship
• Lookout
• Smooth use of controls and power
• Checks completed and correct
• Follow procedures for MBZ, GAAP or CTA
• Accurate aircraft handling
• Correct handover/takeover procedure
Review
• What are the five legs of a circuit?
• What is a baulked approach?
• In which direction is a standard circuit
flown?
• If you are too high and fast on final, what
would your actions be?
• If you are too low and slow on final, what
would your actions be?