PILOT AUTHORITY AND AIRCRAFT PROTECTIONS

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PILOT AUTHORITY AND AIRCRAFT
PROTECTIONS
Air Line Pilots Association
Airworthiness Performance Evaluation and Certification Committee
Captain Ron Rogers, Chairman
March 1, 1999
CONTENTS
PILOT AUTHORITY AND AIRCRAFT PROTECTIONS --------------------------------------- 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.0 ARGUMENT --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
3.0 ON-GROUND SENSING------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
3.1 Recommendation---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
4.0 STALL PROTECTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
4.1 Recommendation---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
5.0 ENGINE CONTROLS---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
5.1 Effects Of Additional Thrust On Climb Performance------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
5.2 The Effects Of Additional Thrust Capability On Cfit Recovery Capability------------------------------------10
5.3 The Effect Of Additional Thrust On Recovery From Windshear--------------------------------------------------11
5.3.1 The Effects of Additional Thrust in Windshear Recovery for the Airbus A-320 (Takeoff) ------------12
5.3.2 The Effects of Additional Thrust in Windshear Recovery for the Boeing B-777 (Takeoff)------------12
5.3.3 The Effects of Additional Thrust in Windshear Recovery for the Boeing B-777 (Approach)---------13
5.4 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
6.0 FLIGHT ENVELOPE PROTECTIONS -------------------------------------------------------13
6.1 Design Error ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
6.2 Flight Envelope Protection Design Philosophies ---------------------------------------------------------------------14
6.2.1 Conventional Flight Envelope Protections-------------------------------------------------------------------------14
6.2.2 Hard Flight Envelope Protections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
6.2.3 Soft Flight Envelope Protections -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
6.2.4 Flight Envelope Protection Overrides -------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
6.2.5 Flight Envelope Authority----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
6.3 Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
6.3.1 Flight Test------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
6.3.2 CFIT Maneuver------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
6.4 Aircraft Flight Control Design----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
6.4.1 Aircraft With Conventional Flight Controls-----------------------------------------------------------------------17
6.4.2 FBW Aircraft With ÒHardÓ Protection Features------------------------------------------------------------------18
6.4.3 FBW Aircraft With ÒSoftÓ Protection Features-------------------------------------------------------------------19
6.4.4 CFIT Recovery Conclusions/Recommendations-----------------------------------------------------------------19
6.4.5 Conclusions-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
6.4.6 Recommendations---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
6.5 High Speed Upset Recovery------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
6.5.1 Aircraft With Conventional Flight Controls-----------------------------------------------------------------------21
6.5.2 FBW Aircraft With ÒHardÓ Protection Features------------------------------------------------------------------22
6.5.3 FBW Aircraft With ÒSoftÓ Protection Features-------------------------------------------------------------------24
6.6 Flight Envelope Protection Conclusions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
7.0 FUTURE TRENDS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
8.0 CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS--------------------------------------------------25
8.1 Conclusions---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
8.2 Recommendations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
Revision 14.0 3
Appendix A Effects Of Additional Thrust On Windshear Recovery---------------------------28
Evaluation of Engine Effects on Takeoff Performance in Windshear using the A320
Simulator----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
I. Overview----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
II. Equipment Description----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
III. Data Acquisition-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
IV. Findings / Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
V. Conclusions / Recommendations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
Evaluation of Engine Effects on Takeoff Performance in Windshear in the B-777----32
I. Overview----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
II. Equipment Description----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
III. Data Acquisition-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
IV. Findings / Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
V. Conclusions / Recommendations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34
Evaluation of Engine Effects on Windshear Recoveries in the B-777 --------------------35
I. Overview----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
II. Equipment Description----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
III. Data Acquisition-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
IV. Findings / Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
V. Conclusions / Recommendations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
Appendix B Flight Test Results Of The Controlled Flight Into Terrain Avoidance
Maneuver In Fly-By-Wire Transports----------------------------------------------------------------37
I. Abstract-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
II. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
A. Purpose of Flight Test-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
B. Ground Proximity Warning Systems -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
C. CFIT Escape Maneuvers----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
1. AIRCRAFT WITH CONVENTIONAL FLIGHT CONTROLS --------------------------------------------38
2. FBW AIRCRAFT WITH ÒHARDÓ PROTECTION FEATURES ----------------------------------------39
3. FBW AIRCRAFT WITH ÒSOFTÓ PROTECTION FEATURES-----------------------------------------39
III. Test Plan--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
A. Test Articles/Locations------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
1. Airbus A-330-200----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
2. Boeing B-777-300 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
B. Maneuvers/Test Points------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
C. Test Methods ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
IV. Discussion of Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
A. Airbus A330-200--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
Pilot Comments----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46
Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
Recommendations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
B. Boeing B-777-300------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
Pilot Comments----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
Conclusions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
V. Lessons Learned ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
A. Simulation---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
B. Aircraft Flight Test -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
C. General--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
VI. Conclusions/Reccommendations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53