NORTH ATLANTIC MNPS AIRSPACE OPERATIONS MANUAL Edition 2008

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NORTH ATLANTIC MNPS AIRSPACE OPERATIONS MANUAL
Edition 2008
NEW YORK
GANDER
SHANWICK
REYKJAVIK
60ºW 50ºW 40ºW 30ºW
60ºN
70ºN
80ºN
50ºN
40ºN
30ºN
20ºN
60ºN
50ºN
40ºN
30ºN
20ºN
SANTA MARIA
Published on behalf of the North Atlantic Systems Planning Group (NAT SPG)
by the European and North Atlantic Office of ICAO
NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL
EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY
A printed or electronic copy of this Manual, plus any associated documentation, is provided to the
recipient as is and without any warranties as to its description, condition, quality, fitness for purpose or
functionality and for use by the recipient solely for guidance only. Any implied conditions terms or
warranties as to the description, condition, quality, fitness for purpose or functionality of the software
and associated documentation are hereby excluded.
The information published by ICAO on this document is made available without warranty of any kind;
the Organization accepts no responsibility or liability whether direct or indirect, as to the currency,
accuracy or quality of the information, nor for any consequence of its use.
The designations and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of
any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICAO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city
or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
First published December 1979
Second edition September 1980
Third edition December 1981
Fourth edition October 1984
Fifth edition June 1988
Sixth edition December 1993
Seventh edition December 1997
Eighth edition April 1999
Ninth edition September 2000
Edition 2005 September 2005
Edition 2008 August 2008
There is no objection to the reproduction of extracts of information contained in this Document if the
source is acknowledged.
NAT MNPS i Edition 2008
NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL
FOREWORD
This Document is for guidance only. Regulatory material relating to North
Atlantic aircraft operations is contained in relevant ICAO Annexes,
PANS/ATM (Doc.4444), Regional Supplementary Procedures (Doc.7030),
State AIPs and current NOTAMs, which should be read in conjunction
with the material contained in this Document.
The NAT MNPS – Edition 2008 is an updated version of Guidance Material first published in 1979
and is primarily for the information of pilots and dispatchers planning and conducting operations in
North Atlantic (NAT) Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications (MNPS) Airspace.
The Manual has been produced with the approval and on behalf of the North Atlantic Systems
Planning Group (NAT SPG); a North Atlantic regional planning body established under the auspices
of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). This Group is responsible for developing the
required operational procedures; specifying the necessary services and facilities and; defining the
aircraft and operator approval standards employed in the NAT Region.
Edited by European and North Atlantic Office of ICAO
3 bis, Villa Emile Bergerat
92522 Neuilly-sur-Seine Cedex – France
Tel: +33 1 4641 8585
Fax : +33 1 4641 8500
Email: icaoeurnat@paris.icao.int
http://www.paris.icao.int/
This Document will be made available to users from a number of web sites including the NAT
Programme Co-ordination Office (PCO) web site: http://www.nat-pco.org/ . The PCO web site will
also include, any errata (changes) or addenda (additions) to the current edition of the Manual. The
Manual will be reissued on a yearly basis in August. Details of additional Internet access will be
promulgated through the Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) of NAT ATS Provider States.
Further material, for the information of States of Registry and Aircraft Operating Agencies, dealing
primarily with planning and management aspects of NAT MNPS operations, is contained in ICAO
‘Consolidated Guidance and Information Material concerning Air Navigation in the North Atlantic
Region’ (NAT Doc 001), published by the European and North Atlantic Office of ICAO and available
at http://www.nat-pco.org/.
To assist with the editing of this Manual and to ensure the currency and accuracy of future editions it
would be appreciated if readers would submit their comments/suggestions for possible
amendments/additions, to the ICAO EUR/NAT Office at the above Email address.
The NATSPG has also commissioned the UK National Air Traffic Services to produce an interactive
DVD ROM, “On the Right Track”, which contains general information on Air Traffic Control in the
North Atlantic Region and which highlights many of the common operational errors and discusses
their causes. This DVD ROM, like this Manual, is aimed at pilots, dispatchers and others concerned
in operations on the North Atlantic. It is available at no charge to bona fide operators on application
to: customerhelp@nats.co.uk.
NAT MNPS ii Edition 2008
NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL
As part of the continuing development within the operating environment of NAT MNPS Airspace,
various trials take place in the NAT from time to time. Some of these trials require the assistance of
operators and pilots. For a listing of current trials (if any) and participation details etc., reference
should be made to the AIS documentation of NAT ATS Provider States. Details may also be found on
the above-mentioned PCO web site.
NORTH ATLANTIC MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
AIRSPACE
The vertical dimension of MNPS Airspace is between FL285 and FL420 (i.e. in terms of normally
used cruising levels, from FL290 to FL410 inclusive).
The lateral dimensions include the following Control Areas (CTAs):
REYKJAVIK, SHANWICK, GANDER and SANTA MARIA OCEANIC plus
the portion of NEW YORK OCEANIC which is North of 27°N but excluding the area
which is west of 60°W & south of 38°30'N
Some idea of these dimensions can be obtained from the maps in Chapters 2 and 3. However, for
specific dimensions, reference should be made to ICAO Regional Supplementary Procedures
(Doc.7030) - NAT/RAC (available at http://www.nat-pco.org/).
Pilots MUST NOT fly across the North Atlantic within MNPS Airspace, nor at flight levels 290 to 410
inclusive anywhere within the NAT Region, unless they are in possession of the appropriate
Approval(s) issued by the State of Registry or the State of the Operator.
The North Atlantic is the busiest oceanic airspace in the world. In 2007 approximately 425,000 flights
crossed the North Atlantic. For the most part in the North Atlantic, Direct Controller Pilot
Communications (DCPC) and Radar Surveillance are unavailable. Aircraft separation assurance and
hence safety are nevertheless ensured by demanding the highest standards of horizontal and vertical
navigation performance/accuracy and of operating discipline. Within NAT MNPS Airspace a formal
Approval Process by the State of Registry of the aircraft or the State of the Operator ensures that
aircraft meet defined MNPS Standards and that appropriate crew procedures and training have been
adopted.
NAT MNPS iii Edition 2008
NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL
AMENDMENTS TO THE NAT MNPS MANUAL
Changes from Edition 2005 (September 2005) incorporated in Edition 2008 – (August 2008)
• the implementation of new and revised route structures and air space management within and
adjacent to NAT MNPS airspace;
• the continued development and implementation of Datalink and SATCOM Voice for ATS
communications in the Region;
• changes and additions to “Single LRNS Routes” in the NAT MNPSA.
• the implementation of minor but significant changes to oceanic clearance request and
readback procedures;
• the need for a re-emphasis of the requirement for adherence to Assigned Mach;
• the need to reference the current development of the Performance Based Navigation
philosophy;
• the recognised need to clarify and re-emphasise some of the detailed NAT MNPSA navigation
procedures;
• the implementation of common worldwide oceanic in-flight contingency and lateral offset
procedures promulgated in ICAO Doc.4444-PANS ATM;
• the development and publication of the “Oceanic Errors Safety Bulletin (OESB)” and a
recommended Example Check List to be used by crews flying through the NAT MNPSA;
• an expressed user requirement for a consolidation of guidance relating to Flight Planning
through the NAT MNPSA (one-stop-shopping).
NAT MNPS iv Edition 2008
NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
ACARS Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System
ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System
ACC Area Control Centre
ADC Air Data Computer
ADF Automatic Direction Finding
ADS Automatic Dependant Surveillance
AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network
AIC Aeronautical Information Circular
AIP Aeronautical Information Publication
AIRAC Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control
AIS Aeronautical Information Service
ARINC ARINC - formerly Aeronautical Radio Incorporated
ASR Aviation Safety Report
ATA Actual Time of Arrival
ATC Air Traffic Control
ATM Air Traffic Management
ATS Air Traffic Services
AWPR Automatic Waypoint Position Reporting
BOTA Brest Oceanic Transition Area
BRNAV Basic Area Navigation
CAR Caribbean
CDL Configuration Deviation List
CDR ConDitional Route
CDU Control Display Unit
CMA Central Monitoring Agency
Conflict A situation that occurs when it is predicted that the spacing between aircraft,
an aircraft and a defined airspace, or an aircraft and terrain, may or will
reduce below the prescribed minimum.
CPDLC Controller Pilot Data Link Communications
CTA Control Area
DCPC Direct Controller/Pilot Communications
DME Distance Measuring Equipment
DR Dead Reckoning
DVD ROM Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory
ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter
ETA Estimated Time of Arrival
ETOPS Extended Range Twin-engine Aircraft Operations
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NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL
EUR Europe
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FANS 1/A Future Air Navigation System 1 or A. (Respectively, Boeing and Airbus
Proprietary Air-Ground ATC Data Link Communications Systems)
FDE Fault Detection and Exclusion
FIR Flight Information Region
FL Flight Level
FLAS Flight Level Allocation Scheme
FMC Flight Management Computer
FMS Flight Management System
GLONASS Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System
GMU GPS (Height) Monitoring Unit
GNE Gross Navigation Error
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GP General Purpose
GPS Global Positioning System
HF High Frequency
HMU Height Monitoring Unit
HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator
IATA International Air Transport Association
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
IFR Instrument Flight Rules
INS Inertial Navigation System
IRS Inertial Reference System
JAA Joint Aviation Authorities
kHz Kilohertz
LAT Latitude
LONG Longitude
LRNS Long Range Navigation System
MASPS Minimum Aircraft System Performance Specification
MEL Minimum Equipment List
MET Meteorological
MHz Megahertz
MMEL Master Minimum Equipment List
MNPS Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications
MTT Minimum Time Track
NAM North America
NAR North American Route
NAT North Atlantic
NAT SPG North Atlantic Systems Planning Group
NAT MNPS vi Edition 2008
NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL
NDB Non Directional Beacon
NERS North Atlantic European Routing Scheme
NM Nautical Mile
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOTA Northern Oceanic Transition Area
NOTAM Notice to Airmen
OAC Oceanic Area Control Centre
OCA Oceanic Control Area
Oceanic Entry Point That point on the FIR boundary where the aircraft enters the first oceanic
control area
Oceanic Exit Point That point on the FIR boundary where the aircraft leaves the last oceanic
control area
OTS Organized Track System
PRM Preferred Route Message
Procedural Control Term used to indicate that information derived from an ATS surveillance
system is not required for the provision of air traffic control service. (PANSATM)
RA Resolution Advisory (per ACAS/TCAS)
RAIM Receiver-Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
RMI Radio Magnetic Indicator
RNP Required Navigation Performance
R/T Radio Telephony
RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum
SAM South America
SELCAL Selective Calling
SID Standard Instrument Departure
SLOP Strategic Lateral Offset Procedures
SOTA Shannon Oceanic Transition Area
SSB Single Sideband
SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar
Strategic Control As used in this manual, control techniques employed in an environment where
the level of surveillance and intervention capability requires that each oceanic
clearance be planned and issued prior to the flight’s entry into oceanic
airspace, in order to provide safe separation between known traffic from
oceanic entry to oceanic exit.
TA Traffic Advisory (per ACAS/TCAS)
Tactical Control As used in this manual, control techniques employed in an environment where
the surveillance and intervention capabilities allow conflicts between flights
to be resolved nearer the time they would occur, rather than prior to the
oceanic clearance being issued.
TAS True Airspeed
TCAS Traffic (Alert and) Collision Avoidance System
TLS Target Level of Safety
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NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL
TMI Track Message Identification
UTC Co-ordinated Universal Time
VHF Very High Frequency
VOR VHF Omni-directional Range
WAH When Able Higher
WATRS West Atlantic Route System
WPR Waypoint Position Report
NAT MNPS viii Edition 2008
NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL
NAT MNPS ix Edition 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY........................................................................................................................................I
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................ II
AMENDMENTS TO THE NAT MNPS MANUAL ....................................................................................................IV
GLOSSARY OF TERMS...............................................................................................................................................V
CHAPTER 1: OPERATIONAL APPROVAL AND AIRCRAFT SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR
FLIGHT IN THE NAT MNPS AIRSPACE ................................................................................. 1
1.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 APPROVAL..................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 NAVIGATION REQUIREMENTS FOR UNRESTRICTED MNPS AIRSPACE OPERATIONS ................. 2
Longitudinal Navigation................................................................................................................................... 2
Lateral Navigation ............................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 ROUTES FOR USE BY AIRCRAFT NOT EQUIPPED WITH TWO LRNSs................................................ 3
Routes for Aircraft with Only One LRNS ......................................................................................................... 3
Routes for Aircraft with Short-Range Navigation Equipment Only.................................................................. 4
1.5 SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE PENETRATION OF MNPS AIRSPACE BY NON-MNPS
APPROVED AIRCRAFT................................................................................................................................. 4
1.6 SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NON-RVSM APPROVED AIRCRAFT................................................ 4
To Climb/Descend Through RVSM Levels....................................................................................................... 4
To Operate at RVSM Levels............................................................................................................................. 4
1.7 PERFORMANCE MONITORING ................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2: THE ORGANISED TRACK SYSTEM (OTS)............................................................................. 6
2.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 CONSTRUCTION OF THE ORGANISED TRACK SYSTEM (OTS)............................................................ 6
General processes ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Collaborative Decision Making Process............................................................................................................ 7
2.3 THE NAT TRACK MESSAGE ........................................................................................................................ 7
2.4 OTS CHANGEOVER PERIODS...................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 3: OTHER ROUTES AND ROUTE STRUCTURES WITHIN OR ADJACENT TO NAT
MNPS AIRSPACE....................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 OTHER ROUTES WITHIN NAT MNPS AIRSPACE................................................................................... 13
3.3 ROUTE STRUCTURES ADJACENT TO NAT MNPS AIRSPACE............................................................. 13
North American Routes (NARs)...................................................................................................................... 13
US East Coast Transitions ............................................................................................................................... 14
Canadian Domestic Track Systems ................................................................................................................. 14
Routes between North America and the Caribbean area.................................................................................. 14
Irish/UK Domestic Route Structures ............................................................................................................... 14
North Atlantic European Routing Scheme (NERS)......................................................................................... 14
Shannon Oceanic Transition Area (SOTA) and Northern Oceanic Transition Area (NOTA)....................... 14
Brest Oceanic Transition Area (BOTA) .......................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 4: FLIGHT PLANNING................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 FLIGHT PLAN REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................................ 17
General............................................................................................................................................................ 17
Routings.......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Flight Levels ................................................................................................................................................... 18
ATC Flight Plans ............................................................................................................................................ 18
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4.2 FLIGHT PLANNING REQUIREMENTS ON SPECIFIC ROUTES............................................................. 19
Flights Planning on the Organised Track System............................................................................................ 19
Flights Planning on Random Route Segments in a Generally Eastbound or Westbound Direction at/or South
of 70°N ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
Flights Planning on a Generally Eastbound or Westbound Direction on Random Route Segments North of
70°N................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Flights Planning on Random Routes in a Generally Northbound or Southbound Direction............................ 20
Flights Planning to Enter or Leave the NAT Region via the European or North American Regions.............. 20
Flights Planning to Operate Without Using HF Communications................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 5: OCEANIC ATC CLEARANCES................................................................................................ 22
5.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 CONTENTS OF CLEARANCES ................................................................................................................... 23
5.3 OCEANIC CLEARANCES FOR WESTBOUND FLIGHTS ROUTING VIA 61°N 010°W........................ 24
5.4 OCEANIC CLEARANCES FOR FLIGHTS INTENDING TO OPERATE WITHIN THE NAT REGION
AND SUBSEQUENTLY ENTER THE EUR OR NAM REGIONS .............................................................. 24
5.5 OCEANIC CLEARANCES FOR RANDOM FLIGHTS INTENDING TO OPERATE WITHIN THE NAT
REGION AND SUBSEQUENTLY ENTER REGIONS OTHER THAN NAM OR EUR............................. 25
5.6 OCEANIC FLIGHTS ORIGINATING FROM THE CAR OR SAM REGIONS AND ENTERING NAT
MNPS AIRSPACE VIA THE NEW YORK OCA.......................................................................................... 25
5.7 ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH OCEANIC CLEARANCES....................................................................... 25
ATC System Loop Errors ............................................................................................................................... 25
Waypoint Insertion Errors ............................................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 6: COMMUNICATIONS AND POSITION REPORTING PROCEDURES .............................. 27
6.1 ATS COMMUNICATIONS........................................................................................................................... 27
HF Voice Communications ............................................................................................................................. 27
SELCAL.............................................................................................................................................. 27
VHF Voice Communications.......................................................................................................................... 28
SATCOM Voice Communications .................................................................................................................. 29
Datalink Communications ............................................................................................................................... 29
6.2 INTER-PILOT AIR-TO-AIR VHF FACILITY 123.45 MHz and EMERGENCY FREQUENCY 121.5 MHz
........................................................................................................................................................................ 29
6.3 POSITION REPORTING............................................................................................................................... 30
Time and Place of Position Reports................................................................................................................. 30
Contents of Position Reports ........................................................................................................................... 30
Standard Message Types ................................................................................................................................ 30
Addressing of Position Reports ....................................................................................................................... 31
6.4 “WHEN ABLE HIGHER” (WAH) REPORTS............................................................................................... 31
6.5 METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS.................................................................................................................. 32
6.6 HF COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE............................................................................................................. 32
General Provisions.......................................................................................................................................... 33
Communications Procedures for Use in the Event of an On-board HF Equipment Failure ............................ 34
Communications Procedures for Use during Poor HF Propagation Conditions .............................................. 34
Rationale for Lost Communications Operational Procedures.......................................................................... 35
Tactical ATC Environment .................................................................................................................. 35
Procedural ATC Environment .............................................................................................................. 35
Operational Procedures following Loss of HF Communications Prior to Entry into the NAT ....................... 35
On-Board HF Communications Equipment Failure ............................................................................. 35
“HF Blackout....................................................................................................................................... 36
Operational Procedures following Loss of HF Communications after Entering the NAT .............................. 36
Summary of Operational Procedures Required following Loss of Air/Ground ATS Communications in the
NAT Region.................................................................................................................................................... 37
6.7 OPERATION OF TRANSPONDERS............................................................................................................. 37
6.8 AIRBORNE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS (ACAS) ..................................................................... 37
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CHAPTER 7: APPLICATION OF MACH NUMBER TECHNIQUE............................................................. 38
7.1 DESCRIPTION OF TERMS.......................................................................................................................... 38
7.2 OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................................................... 38
7.3 PROCEDURES IN NAT OCEANIC AIRSPACE .......................................................................................... 38
7.4 PROCEDURE AFTER LEAVING OCEANIC AIRSPACE........................................................................... 39
CHAPTER 8: MNPS FLIGHT OPERATION & NAVIGATION PROCEDURES........................................ 40
8.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... 40
8.2 GENERAL PROCEDURES........................................................................................................................... 42
Importance of Accurate Time .......................................................................................................................... 42
The Use of a Master Document ....................................................................................................................... 42
Position Plotting.............................................................................................................................................. 43
Provision of Step-Climbs................................................................................................................................ 44
Relief Crew Members..................................................................................................................................... 44
8.3 PRE-FLIGHT PROCEDURES....................................................................................................................... 44
Inertial Navigation Systems............................................................................................................................ 44
Initial Insertion of Latitude and Longitude........................................................................................... 44
System Alignment ............................................................................................................................... 45
GNSS (GPS) Systems..................................................................................................................................... 45
Satellite Availability............................................................................................................................ 45
Satellite Navigation Prediction............................................................................................................. 45
Operational Control Restrictions .......................................................................................................... 46
Loading of Initial Waypoints ........................................................................................................................... 46
Flight Plan Check ........................................................................................................................................... 47
Leaving the Ramp........................................................................................................................................... 48
8.4 IN FLIGHT PROCEDURES.......................................................................................................................... 48
Initial flight ..................................................................................................................................................... 48
ATC Oceanic Clearance ................................................................................................................................. 48
Approaching the Ocean .................................................................................................................................. 49
Entering the MNPS Airspace and Reaching an Oceanic Waypoint................................................................. 49
Routine Monitoring ........................................................................................................................................ 50
Approaching Landfall..................................................................................................................................... 50
8.5 SPECIAL IN-FLIGHT PROCEDURES.......................................................................................................... 50
Strategic Lateral Offset Procedures (SLOP).................................................................................................... 50
Monitoring during Distractions from Routine ................................................................................................. 51
Avoiding Confusion between Magnetic and True Track Reference................................................................ 52
Navigation in the Area of Compass Unreliability............................................................................................ 52
Deliberate Deviation from Track..................................................................................................................... 52
8.6 POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES ..................................................................................................................... 52
Inertial Navigation System Accuracy Check ................................................................................................... 52
8.7 HORIZONTAL NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING............................................................. 53
CHAPTER 9: RVSM FLIGHT IN MNPS AIRSPACE..................................................................................... 54
9.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................... 54
Pre-Flight ........................................................................................................................................................ 54
In-Flight - Before Operating in MNPS Airspace ............................................................................................. 55
In-Flight – Entering and Flying in MNPS Airspace ........................................................................................ 55
9.2 EQUIPMENT FAILURES .............................................................................................................................. 56
9.3 VERTICAL NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING................................................................... 56
CHAPTER 10: PROCEDURES IN THE EVENT OF NAVIGATION SYSTEM DEGRADATION OR
FAILURE ..................................................................................................................................... 58
10.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................... 58
Detection of Failures....................................................................................................................................... 58
Methods of Determining which System is Faulty............................................................................................ 58
Action if the Faulty System Cannot be Identified............................................................................................ 59
Guidance on What Constitutes a Failed System.............................................................................................. 59
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Inertial System Failures .................................................................................................................................. 59
GPS Failures ................................................................................................................................................... 59
Satellite Fault Detection Outage........................................................................................................... 59
Fault Detection Alert ............................................................................................................................ 60
10.2 LOSS OF NAVIGATION/FMS CAPABILITY.............................................................................................. 60
One System Fails Before Take-Off.................................................................................................................. 60
One System Fails Before the OCA Boundary is Reached ............................................................................... 61
One System Fails After the OCA Boundary is Crossed................................................................................... 61
The Remaining System Fails After Entering MNPS Airspace ........................................................................ 62
Complete Failure of Navigation Systems Computers ...................................................................................... 62
CHAPTER 11: SPECIAL PROCEDURES FOR IN-FLIGHT CONTINGENCIES ........................................ 63
11.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... 63
11.2 GENERAL PROCEDURES........................................................................................................................... 63
11.3 SPECIAL PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................................. 63
Initial Action................................................................................................................................................... 64
Subsequent Action .......................................................................................................................................... 64
11.4 DEVIATIONS AROUND SEVERE WEATHER........................................................................................... 64
11.5 WAKE TURBULENCE................................................................................................................................. 65
11.6 ACAS/TCAS ALERTS AND WARNINGS ................................................................................................... 66
CHAPTER 12: CHECK LISTS FOR PILOTS OPERATIONING IN NAT MNPS AIRSPACE.................... 67
12.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 67
12.2 SPECIAL NAT MNPSA ITEMS .................................................................................................................... 67
12.3 SAMPLE NAT MNPS CHECK LIST............................................................................................................ 68
Flight Planning................................................................................................................................................ 68
Preflight .......................................................................................................................................................... 68
Taxi and prior to take-off................................................................................................................................ 68
Climb Out ....................................................................................................................................................... 68
Prior to Oceanic entry..................................................................................................................................... 69
After Oceanic Entry........................................................................................................................................ 69
Approaching Waypoints ................................................................................................................................. 69
Overhead Waypoints....................................................................................................................................... 69
10-Minute Plot (Approximately 2° of Longitude after Waypoint) .................................................................. 69
Midpoint ......................................................................................................................................................... 69
Coast In........................................................................................................................................................... 69
Descent ........................................................................................................................................................... 69
Destination/Block In ....................................................................................................................................... 69
Other Issues .................................................................................................................................................... 70
Detail of and rationale for the sample checklist.................................................................................... 70
CHAPTER 13: GUARDING AGAINST COMPLACENCY .............................................................................. 77
13.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... 77
13.2 OPERATIONAL HEIGHT ERRORS ............................................................................................................. 77
13.3 LATERAL NAVIGATION ERRORS............................................................................................................. 79
More Common Causes Of Lateral Navigation Errors...................................................................................... 79
Rare Causes Of Lateral Navigation Errors ...................................................................................................... 80
13.4 LESSONS TO BE LEARNED........................................................................................................................ 80
CHAPTER 14: THE PREVENTION OF DEVIATIONS FROM TRACK AS A RESULT OF WAYPOINT
INSERTION ERRORS ................................................................................................................ 82
14.1 THE PROBLEM............................................................................................................................................. 82
14.2 THE CURE..................................................................................................................................................... 82
CHAPTER 15: GUIDANCE FOR DISPATCHERS............................................................................................ 84
15.1 General............................................................................................................................................................ 84
15.2 Regulatory Requirements and Consequential Routing Limitations................................................................. 84
State Approvals (MNPS/RVSM)..................................................................................................................... 84
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Minimum Equipage (Navigation/Altimetry/Communications) ....................................................................... 84
Special non-compliance routings..................................................................................................................... 85
15.3 Route Planning................................................................................................................................................ 85
Lateral separation minima & resulting route definition conventions............................................................... 85
OTS – Rationale, Structure, CDM & Track Message...................................................................................... 85
Random Routings ........................................................................................................................................... 86
Adjacent Airspace, Route Structures, Links & Constraints ............................................................................. 86
15.4 Altitude & Speed ............................................................................................................................................ 86
Flight Levels ................................................................................................................................................... 86
Mach Number ................................................................................................................................................. 87
15.5 ATC FPL Completion..................................................................................................................................... 87
15.6 Dispatch Functions ......................................................................................................................................... 87
General............................................................................................................................................................ 87
Flight Planning................................................................................................................................................ 88
Route Planning .................................................................................................................................... 88
Flight Levels........................................................................................................................................ 89
Communications.................................................................................................................................. 90
MEL Compliance ................................................................................................................................ 90
ETOPS/LROPS ................................................................................................................................... 91
CDM TOOLS...................................................................................................................................... 91
Flight Monitoring............................................................................................................................................ 91
Oceanic ATC Clearances..................................................................................................................... 91
Transponder Use.................................................................................................................................. 92
Re-Routes. ........................................................................................................................................... 92
En route Contingencies........................................................................................................................ 92
Dispatcher guidance for NAT RVSM operations. ........................................................................................... 92
References ........................................................................................................................................... 92
Flight Planning .................................................................................................................................... 92
En route Equipage Failures................................................................................................................... 93
ATTACHMENT 1 - SAMPLE OF ERROR INVESTIGATION FORM.................................................................. 87
ATTACHMENT 2 - ALTITUDE DEVIATION REPORT FORM............................................................................ 89
ATTACHMENT 3 - WAKE TURBULENCE REPORT FORM............................................................................... 90
ATTACHMENT 4 – ICAO FPL COMPLETION FOR A NAT FLIGHT................................................................ 92
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................................... 103