FAR, AIM, NTSB

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Kyle Black
Carol Cushman
 The FAR / AIM–What is
it?
 What is (are) the FAR(s)?
 Federal Aviation
Regulations
 What is the AIM?
 Aeronautical Information
Manual
 Take a look at the “Suggested Study List” near
the beginning of the book…
 See “Recreational / Private”
 Definitions and
abbreviations…
 If you’re not sure what
something is or what it
may mean (since we all
know lawyers speak in plain
language), chances are, it
may be here! 
 What is found under
FAR Part 43?
 Requirements for:
 Maintenance
 Preventative
Maintenance
 Rebuilding & Alteration
 What is included in this part?
 Requirements concerning the issuance of pilot, flight
instructor, and ground instructor certificates and
authorizations
 Privileges and limitations of certificates
 What does thismean?
 It will be your “road map” for earning your pilot
certificate!
 May not act as PIC (Pilot in Command) unless
you:
 Hold a valid Pilot Certificate issued under Part 61
 Have a photo ID that is in your physical possession or
readily accessible in aircraft
 Drier’s License, Government Identification, U.S. Armed
Forces ID card, Official Passport, etc.
 Have in possession or readily accessibleMedical
Certificate (few exceptions)
 Duration 61.23 (d)
 Classes and Durations (exercising the privileges of
each):
 1st Class
 2nd Class
 3rd Class
 What are the durations of each?
 As a private pilot will you need a type rating?
Why or why not?
 Required when a person acts as pilot in command of:
 Large Aircraft
 Part 1.1 States definition of “Large aircraft” as:
 Aircraft ofmore than 12,500 pounds,maximumcertificated
takeoff weight
 Turbojet-powered airplanes
 Other Administrator-specified aircraft
 Without additional training, you also cannot act
as PIC of:
 Complex Airplanes
 High-Performance Airplanes
 Pressurized Aircraft capable of operating at high
altitudes
 Tailwheel (Conventional) Airplanes
 Glider
 So, you think once you have your license you’re done?
Hahaha…guess again!
 Every 24 calendarmonths you must log 1 hour of
ground and 1 hour of flight training before acting as
PIC. It must include:
 Review of current general operating and flight rules of part
91.
 Review ofmaneuvers at discretion of person giving review
 Must obtain a logbook endorsement
 Before acting as PIC of an aircraft carrying passengers you
must have logged:
 Day Currency:
 3 Takeoffs and Landings within preceding 90 days
 Solemanipulator of controls
 Same category, class, and type of aircraft
 Night Currency:
 3 takeoffs and landings to full stop within preceding 90 days
 Solemanipulator of controls
 Same category, class, and type of aircraft
 Landingsmust bemade 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise
 Any person who hasmade a change of
permanent address and after 30 days has not
notified the FAAmay not exercise the privileges
of his/her certificate.
 Student Pilots
 Solo Requirements 61.87
 General Limitations 61.89
 Solo Cross Country Flight Requirements 61.93
 Operations in Class B Airspace
 Student pilots must:
 Receive and log ground and flight training for specific
Class B airspace
 Receive a logbook endorsement
 A private pilotmay not act as pilot in command
of an aircraft carrying passengers or property for
compensation or hire; normay that person, for
compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of
an aircraft
 Unless…
 A Private Pilotmay, for compensation or hire, act
as PIC of an aircraft in connection with any
business or employment if:
 The flight is incidental to the business or employment
 Aircraft does not carry passengers or property for
compensation or hire
 Private pilotmay not pay lass than the pro rata
share of the operating expenses of a flight with
passengers, provided the expenses involve only:
 Fuel
 Oil
 Airport Expenditures
 Rental Fees
 Private pilot may act as PIC of a charitable, nonprofit, or
community event described in 91.146 and the sponsors
comply with 91.146
 Private pilot may be reimbursed for aircraft operating
expenses directly related to search and locations operations
provided the expenses only involve:
 Fuel
 Oil
 Airport Expenditures
 Rental Fees
 Operation Sanctioned under the direction and control of:
 Local, State, or Federal agency or
 Organization which conducts search and location operations (CAP…)
 Private pilot who is an aircraft salesman and who
has at least 200 hours of logged flight timemay
demonstrate an aircraft in flight to a prospective
buyer.
 Private pilot whomeets 61.69 requirementsmay
act as PIC of an aircraft towing a glider or
unpowered ultra light vehicle
Part 91 of the FARs covers the general operating
rules, privileges, limitations, and requirements to
fly an aircraft for general aviation purposes.
Part 91 is very extensive, but we will cover only the
most important regulations that you will be
required to know for your written exam.
 You will be required to have a deeper level of, and a
broader range of, regulation knowledge for your
Practical Exam.
The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly
responsible for, and is the final authority as to,
the operation of that aircraft.
 In emergencies, a pilot may deviate fromthe FARs to
the extent needed to maintain the safety of the
airplane and passenger.
 A written report of any deviations fromFARs should
be filed with the FAA upon request.
The airworthiness certificate, the FAA registration
certificate, and the aircraft flightmanual or
operating limitationsmust be aboard the aircraft.
 The acronym ARROWcan be used as amemory
aid.
 No pilot of a civil aircraftmay allow any object to
be dropped from that aircraft in flight that
creates a hazard to persons of property.
 BUT,
 This section does not prohibit the dropping of any object
if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or
damage to persons or property.
 Pilots are required to familiarize themselves with
all available information concerning the flight
prior to every flight, and especially to determine:
 For any flight, runway lengths at airports of intended
use and the airplane’s takeoff and landing
requirements, and
 For IFR flights or those not in the vicinity of an airport,
 Weather reports and forecasts, fuel requirements,
alternatives available, and known traffic delays
 During takeoff and landing, and while en route,
each required flight crewmember shall keep
his/her safety belt fastened while at his/her
station.
 If shoulder harnesses are available theymust be
used for takeoff and landing, and anymovement
on the surface.
 Pilotsmust ensure that each occupant is briefed
on how to use the dsaftey belts and, if installed,
shoulder harnesses.
 Pilotsmust notify all occupants to fasten their
safety belts before taxiing, taking off, or landing.
 A passenger who has not reached his/her second
birthdaymay be held by an adult.
 No personmay operate an aircraft in formation
flight except by prior arrangement with the pilot
in command of each aircraft in the formation.
 Aircraft in distress have the right-of-way over all
other aircraft.
 When two aircraft are approaching head on or
nearly so, the pilot of each aircraft should turn to
his/her right, regardless of category of aircraft.
 When two aircraft of different categories are
converging, the right-of-way depends upon who
has the leastmaneuverability. Thus, the rightof-
way belongs to:
 Balloons over
 Gliders over
 Airships
 Airplanes or Rotorcraft
 When aircraft of the same category are converging at
approximately the same altitude, except head on or
nearly so, the aircraft to the other’s right has the rightof-
way.
 If an airplane of the same category as yours is approaching from
your right side, it has the right of way.
 When two or more aircraft are approaching an airport for
the purpose of landing, the aircraft at the lower altitude
has the right-of-way.
 This rule shall not be abused by cutting in front of or overtaking
another aircraft.
 An aircraft towing or refueling another aircraft has the
right-of-way over all engine-driven aircraft.
 The speed limit is 250 kt. (288mph) when flying
below 10,000 ft.MSL and in Class B airspace.
 When flying under Class B airspace or in VFR
corridors through Class B airspace, the speed
limit is 200 kt. (230mph)
 When at or below 2,500 ft. AGL and within 4 NM
of the primary airport of Class C or Class D
airspace, the speed limit is 200 kt. (230mph)
 Over congested areas (cities. Towns, settlements, or
open-air assemblies), a pilot must maintain an altitude of
1,000 ft. above the highest obstacle within a horizontal
radius of 2,000 ft. of the airplane.
 The minimumaltitude over other than congested areas
is 500 ft. AGL.
 Over open water or sparsely populated areas, an airplanemay not be
operated closer than 500 ft. to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.
 Altitude in all areas must be sufficient to permit an
emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or
property on the surface if a power unit fails.
 Prior to takeoff, the altimeter should be set to
the current local altimeter setting. If the current
local altimeter of an airplane setting is not
available, use the departure airport elevation.
 The altimeter of an airplane is requires to be set
to 29.92 at or above 18,000 ft.MSL, to guarantee
vertical separation of airplanes above 18,000 ft.
MSL.
 When ATC clearance is obtained, no pilto may
deviate from that clearance, except in an emergency,
unless an amended clearance is obtained, of the
deviation is in response to a traffic alert and collision
avoidance systemresolution advisory. IF you feel a
rule deviation will occur, you should immediately
advise ATC.
 If you receive priority fromATC in an emergency,
you must, upon request, file a detailed report within
48 hours to the chief of that ATC facility even if no
rule has been violated
 During an in-flight emergency, the pilot in
commandmay deviate from the FARs to the
extent necessary to handle the emergency.
 The pilot should notify ATC about the deviation as
soon as possible.
 If priority is given, a written report (if requested) must
be submitted in 48 hours.
 Restricted areas are a type of special use airspace
within which your rights to fly is limited.
 Restricted areas have unusual and often invisible hazards
to aircraft (i.e., balloons, military operations, etc.)
 Although restricted areas are not always in use during the
times posted in the legend of sectional charts, permission
to fly in that airspacemust be obtained fromthe
controlling agency. The controlling agency is listed for
each restricted area at the bottomof sectional charts.
 Since Class A airspace requires operations under
IFR at specific flight levels assigned by ATC, VFR
flights are prohibited above 18,000 ft.MSL
 During the day, FARs require fuel sufficient to fly
to the first point of intended landing and then for
an additional 30min., assuming normal cruise
speed.
 At night, sufficient fuel to fly an additional 45
min. is required.
 Charts that list all of the VFR weatherminimums
for the different types of airspace that we talked
about two class periods ago.
 An airplane may be operated clear of clouds in Class G
airspace at night below 1,200 ft. AGL when the
visibility is less than 3 SMbut more than 1 SMin an
airport traffic pattern and within½NM of the runway.
 With some exceptions, special VFR clearance can be
requested in Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E
airspace areas. You must remain clear of clouds and
have visibility of at least 1 statute mile.
 Flight under special VFR clearance at night is only
permitted if the pilot has an instrument rating and
the aircraft is IFR equipped.
 Special VFR is an ATC clearance obtained fromthe
control tower. If there is no control tower, obtain
the clearance fromthe appropriate ATC facility.
 Specified altitudes are required for VFR cruising
flight atmore than 3,000 ft. AGL and below 18,000 ft.
MSL.
 The altitude prescribed is based upon the magnetic course
(not magnetic heading).
 The altitude prescribed is in ft. above mean sea level.
 For magnetic courses of 0 degrees to 180 degrees, use an
odd thousand-footMSL altitude plus 500 ft. (e.g., 3500 ft.,
5500 ft., 7500 ft.)
 For magnetic course of 180 degrees to 359 degrees, use an
even thousand-footMSL altitude plus 5oo ft. (e.g., 4500 ft.,
6500 ft., 8500 ft.)
 The aircraft’s airworthiness certificate,
registration certificate, and operating limitations
must be aboard an aircraft during flight.
 Airworthiness certificatemust be displayed in a
place for all occupants of the aircraft to view the
document.
 ELT batteriesmust be replaced (or rechargeable)
after 1 cumulative hour of use or after 50%of
their useful life expires.
 ELTsmay only be tested on the ground during
the first 5minutes after the hour. No airborne
checks are allowed.
 Airplanes operating (on the ground or in the air)
between sunset and sunrisemust display lighted
position (navigation) lights, excepet in Alaska.
 Pilots and Crewmembersmay not operated an
airplane at cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 ft.
MSL up to and including 14,000 ft.MSL for more
than 30 min. without supplemental oxygen.
 Pilots and crewmembers must use supplemental
oxygen at cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 ft.
MSL up to and including 15,000 ft.MSL
 All occupants must be provided oxygen in an
airplane operated at cabin pressure altitudes above
15,000 ft.MSL
 All aircraftmust have and use an altitude
encoding transponder when operating:
 Within Class A airspace
 Within Class B airspace
 Within 30 NM of the Class B airspace primary airport
 Within and above Class C airspace
 Above 10,000 ft.MSL except at and below 2,500 ft.
AGL
 Aerobatic flight includes all intentional maneuvers that:
 Are not necessary for normal flight
 Involve an abrupt change in the airplane attitude
 Aerobatic flight is prohibited:
 When visibility is less than 3 SM;
 Then altitude is less than 1,500 ft. above the ground;
 Within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B,
Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport;
 Within 4 NMof the centerline of any Federal airway; or
 Over and congested area or over an open-air assembly of people.
 With certain exception, each occupant of an
aircraftmust wear an approved parachute during
intentionalmaneuvering exceeding:
 60 degrees of bank
 A pitch attitude of 30 degrees
 The owner or operator of an aircraft is primarily
responsible for maintaining that aircraft in an airworthy
condition and for complying with all Airworthiness
Directives (AD).
 An operator is a person who uses, or causes to use or
authorizes to use, an aircraft for the purpose of air
navigation, including the piloting of an aircraft, with or
without the right of legal control (i.e., owner, lessee, or
otherwise.)
 Thus, the pilot in command is also responsible for ensuring that
the aircraft is maintained in an airworthy condition and that
there is compliance with all ADs.
 Must have appropriate entries in aircraft
logbooks of work done, and approval for return
to service.
 Annual inspections expire on the last day of the
12th calendarmonth after the previous annual
inspection.
 All aircraft that are used for compensation or hire
including flight instructionmust be inspected on
a 100-hr. basis in addition to the annual
inspection
 No personmay use an ATC transponder unless it
has been tested and inspected within the
preceding 24 calendarmonths.
 An airplanemust not be flown unless an Annual
Inspection has been preformed in the last 12
calendarmonths.
 The inspection should be properly documented
in the aircraft logs.
 Airworthiness of an airplane should be
determined by a preflight inspection and a
review of themaintenance records.
 Has A LOT of information on the FAA’s recommend procedures
for every phase of flight or topic.
 Navigation Aids
 Area Navigation, RNP, GPS
 Aeronautical Lighting and other Airport Visual Aids
 Obstruction Lighting
 Airspace
 Air Traffic Control – Radio Phraseology, Clearances, etc.
 Emergency Procedures
 Safety of Flight
 Wake Turbulence
 Medical Factors
 Publications
 Regulations related to aircraft accidents and
incidents, and the reporting requirements of
those accidents.
 Even when no injuries occur to occupants, an airplane
accident resulting in substanial damage must be
reported to the nearest NTSB field office immediately.
 The following must be reported:
 Inability of a crewmember to performnormal duties because of
in-flight injury or illness.
 In-flight fire
 Flight control systemmalfunction or failure
 An overdue airplane believe to be involved in an accident
 An airplane collision in flight
 Turbine (jet) failures
 Aircraft wreckagemay not be disturbed prior to
NTSB custody of the scene, except to:
 Remove persons injured or trapped
 Protect the wreckage fromfurther damage
 Protect the public frominjury
 The operator of an aircraft shall file a report on
Board Form6120.1/2 within 10 days after an
accident.
 A reportmust be filed within 7 days if an overdue
aircraft is still missing.
 A report on an incident for which immediate
notification is required (830.5) shall be filed only
when requested by an authorized representative
of the Board.