Benefits of Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP)

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© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Benefits of Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
Dr. Hassan Shahidi, Suzanne Porter
The MITRE Corporation
4 October 2005
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Implementation of RNAV and RNP 􀀴􀀴TodayFutureVisionMoving Toward:•Reduced Separation•Increased Benefits•Seamless Global OperationsGround-BasedPrimary NavigationSatnavPrimary NavigationRNAV and RNPOptimize Benefits:•CNS technologies•Airspace design•Traffic Flow ManagementIncreased AirspaceEfficiencyHighly OptimizedUse of AirspaceLimited Design Current GroundNavaids Flexibility“curved”pathsSeamlessVerticalPathWaypoints RNAVRNP
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Benefits Analysis ProcessModel Pre-and Post-ImplementationPerformanceMeasurePre-ImplementationPerformanceIdentifyPotential Benefit Mechanisms Associated with Proposed Post-Implementation OperationsEstimatePost-ImplementationBenefitMeasure Post-ImplementationPerformanceProcedure Implementation
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
RNAV and RNP Benefit Areas
•Safety and Productivity Benefits
–Reduced pilot-controller communications
–Reduced chance of operational errors
–Reduced workload
•Flight Profile Benefits
–Continuous Climbs/Descents
•Route Tracking Benefits
–Flight distance and/or time improvements
–Airspace design benefits
–Environmental benefits
–Predictability and situational awareness
•Efficiency Benefits
–Improved pace of departures
–Increased capacity
•Access and De-confliction Benefits
–Reduced delay and cancellations
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Safety and Productivity Benefits
•Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport
–Amount of two-way communications reduced up to:
•40%for TRACON departure controller with RNAV SIDs
•50%for TRACON approach controller with RNAV STARs
–Amount of information reduced up to:
•60%for TRACON departure controller with RNAV SIDs
•22%for Tower controller with RNAV SIDs
•29%for TRACON approach controller with RNAV STARs
•Dallas Fort Worth International Airport
–Amount of communications reduced up to:
•40%for TRACON departure controller with RNAV SIDs
–Amount of information reduced up to:
•60%for TRACON departure controller with RNAV SIDs
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Flight Profile Benefits
•Continuous Departure Climb and Fuel Burn Benefit–Example: ATL024681012141618050001000015000Altitude (ft MSL)FrequencyPre Implementation(1
March 2005)Post Implementation(3 May 2005)Post Implementation(29, 30 June 2005)Average Time to Climb 100 ft (s)
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Route Tracking Benefits
•Miles flown benefit
–Example: ATL
•Flight distance benefit found for ‘downwind’, or loop, departures
–Flights departing west and then looping back around to the east
•Up to 0.7 nautical miles per flight saved in favorable conditions
–VMC conditions, RNAV off the runwayBaseline: March 1Initial post implementation: May 3
2 month post implementation: June 29-30
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Route Tracking Benefits (concluded)Monday March 21, 2005 All Day Tracks(Revised RNAV SID)Thursday March 10, 2005 All Day Tracks(Prior to New RNAV SID)Target Area for Noise Containment•Environmental benefit–Example: LAS
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Efficiency Benefits
•Departure Separation –Example: ATL•Inter-Departure Time–Delay reduction benefit020406080100120140024487296120144168192216240Separation Time (s)Number of Departures020406080100120140160Inter-Departure Time- North Complex -
Pre ImplementationInter-Departure Time- North Complex -Post ImplementationPre-ImplementationPost-Implementation 020406080100120140024487296120144168192216240Separation Time (s)Number of Departures0500010000150002000025000300003500040000Inter-Departure Time- North Complex -
Pre ImplementationNormal(57.3, 5.5)57 seconds020406080100120140160180024487296120144168192216240Separation Time (s)Number of Departures0500010000150002000025000300003500040000Inter-Departure Time- North Complex -
Post ImplementationNormal(53.1, 5.4)53 secondsMetric: Most frequently applied departure separation time
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Efficiency Benefits (concluded)24.721.619.819.219.720.619.217.317.818.1101214161820222426Aug-2004Nov-2004Feb-2005May-2005Aug-2005Average Taxi-out Time (
min)VMC/PEAK/WESTVMC/PEAK/EASTAtlanta Taxi Time Trends: Average during peak periodsSince RNAV
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Efficiency Benefits
•redictability of ground track facilitates aircraft handoff from Atlanta TRACON (A80) to Atlanta Center (ZTL)•ZTL receives aircraft earlier and is able to facilitate climb outHYZMNAircraft used to have to wait until HYZMN to be handed off Centernew handoff
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
FISEL RNAVFRWAY & CAYSL RNAVHILEY RNAVAR21AR19AR22AR17AR15AR16AR18BGDOGMCO and FL West Coast ArvsVirginia Keys Traffic (Mostly southbound) AR16 Northbound over ILMAR18 Northbound over DIW
En Route-Terminal RNAV Integration Plus Six New RNAV STARS(MIA,FLL,BCT,PBI,MCO)􀂉Traffic volume increase November through March􀂉Airspace complexity results in delays and extended routings
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
RNAV Integration Benefits•Reduced distance on STARs and Preferential Routes•Reduced reroutes•Reduced miles in trail •Reduced vectoring and speed control •Reduced delays Washington and Jacksonville Center En Route Benefits Miami and Jacksonville Center En Route (Miami-Palm Beach Jet Arrivals)Miami Center Caribbean En Route Benefits (Jets)STAR route length reduction (Miami, Palm Beach and Ft. Lauderdale)$1.6 M $5.9 M$4.1 M $6.2MMiami, Palm Beach and Orlando departure and en route delay reduction $0.4 M Airspace and RNAVYearly Benefitapproximately $18MAnnualized Benefits
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
RNAV Transition Routes
•Request of the Aircraft Owner’s Pilot’s Association (AOPA)
•Better access to Class “B” and Class “C” airspace
•Reduced mileage and Increased stratification en route due to Lower Minimum En Route Altitudes (MEA) based on GPSPlan View
3-D View
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
RNP SAAAR Approach Benefits
•Capacity enhancement at busy airports
–Parallel, converging runway operations
•De-confliction of operations
•Delay reduction
•Schedule integrity
•Improved safety through vertically guided procedures
•Access for general aviation operations
•Reduced reliance on conventional navaids and procedures
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
RNP SAAAR ApplicationsParallel without TransitionDe-confliction of Adjacent AirportsSimultaneous ConvergingParallel with Visual TransitionParallel without TransitionRunway Access and Risk ManagementDe-confliction of Adjacent AirportsSimultaneous ConvergingParallel with Visual Transition750’-<4300’36313631363116L9Airport #1Airport #236Conventional36RNP SAAAR3636RNP SAAAR2400’-<4300’Parallel
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Benefits of Adjacent Airport De-Confliction
Results based on analysis of historical records of delays and cancellations (ASPM 2003) during certain weather and wind conditions.
Example: New York
Delays
(minutes per year)
Cancellations
(per year)
Cost(per year)
Airport Departures Arrivals Departures Arrivals
JFK 5,105 1,953 34 more46 more$1,000,000
LGA 10,925 10,051 153 more151 more$2,700,000
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Need for Improvements at Palm Springs 13R Approach trackswith RNP 13R 31L Approach trackswith RNP 31L •VOR GPS -B Non precision approach •Only approach available •Minima 2300 and 3•Visual approaches•Descending maneuver can be dangerous especially at night
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
RNP SAAAR Procedure Benefits: PSP
Alaska Airlines Special–Turned on 14 January 2005–Flown by 737-400 / 700 / 900•Flown 197 Times / Approx. 20% of the time Safety enhancement–Replaces unreliable non-precision approach into the valley–Stabilized Flight Director / Autopilot guidance to the runway with constant descent path–Increased Pilot Situational Awareness–Reduced Pilot Workload–Less Missed Approach / Rejected LandingsCost Savings–Reduced minima, averting cancellations & diversions•13R DA 701’ and ¾•31L DA 684’ and 1•21 Flights “saved” so far–Reduced time & distance (30-40 miles)•$50 per minute (ASA estimates)•$34 per mile past airport (ASA estimates)
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
0.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9ATL-STARsATL-SIDsORD-STARsORD-SIDsIAD-STARsIAD-SIDsPHL-SIDsPHL-STARsEWR-STARsPHX-SIDsEWR-SIDsMSP-STARsLAS-SIDsFLL-SIDsIAH-SIDsMSP-SIDsLAX-STARsFLL-STARsLGA-STARsLGA-SIDsDFW-SIDsLAX-SIDsDTW-STARsIAH-STARsDTW-SIDsPHX-STARsLAS-STARsSFO-STARsCVG-SIDsJFK-STARsDFW-STARsCLT-STARsSEA-STARsSLC-SIDsBOS-STARsOverall Score
Conclusions•Implementation of RNAV procedures will be prioritized•RNP SAAAR approaches and other RNP implementation is benefits drivenIDTask NameStart36Issue "Mature" Operational Qualification criteriaFri 1/23/0437Operator Application Preparation PhaseMon 1/26/0438Aircraft type(s), equipment configurations, intended RNP SAAAR operations, sMon 1/26/0439Aircraft operating procedures for RNP SAAARMon 1/26/0440TrainingMon 1/26/0441Company/General Operations Manual Mon 1/26/0442MELsMon 1/26/0443Maintenance Mon 1/26/0444DispatchMon 1/26/0445Other operational guidance: procedures, checklistsMon 1/26/0446Formal Application PhaseTue 1/27/0447Operator sends application package to CHDOTue 1/27/0448CHDO performs cursory reviews of operator's package Tue 1/27/0449CHDO Application ApprovalWed 1/28/0450CHDO sends aircraft qual component to TEAM Thu 1/29/0451Document Compliance PhaseMon 1/26/0452Aircraft Qualification ProcessMon 1/26/0456Approval Coordination ProcessMon 6/7/0463CHDO Demonstration and Inspection PhaseFri 9/10/0464CHDO evaluates operator qualification subject to noted limitations from AFS-40Fri 9/10/0465CHDO Certification/Approval PhaseMon 9/13/0466CHDO issues Ops Specs/letter of approval to conduct RNP SAAAR (with aMon 9/13/0467If approved, Ops Specs/LOA issued listing SAAAR procedures approMon 9/13/0468Determine that all procedures' SAAAR requirements (AFS-410 websitMon 9/13/0469If special procedure, add operator to approved list of operatorsTue 9/14/0470Issue ops specsThu 9/30/0471CONTROLLERTue 10/7/0372Training (in particular missed approaches-not vectoring)Tue 3/2/0473Human Factors analysisTue 10/7/0374Merging and spacing techniques/toolsTue 10/7/0375FACILITYTue 10/7/0376RequirementsTue 10/7/0377Identify role of ground navaids, if anyTue 10/7/037879SAAAR Trials BeginFri 10/1/0480Ongoing: AFS-400/AIR-130 maintain list of compliant operatorsTue 10/7/03AFS-400OperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorCHDOCHDOCHDOPOIAWOPOI/CHDOATP-500ATP-500ATP-500AFS-420AIR-130/AFS-4108/3110/1211/231/42/153/285/96/208/19/1210/2412/5SepJanMaySepJaIDTask NameStart36Issue "Mature" Operational Qualification criteriaFri 1/23/0437Operator Application Preparation PhaseMon 1/26/0438Aircraft type(s), equipment configurations, intended RNP SAAAR operations, sMon 1/26/0439Aircraft operating procedures for RNP SAAARMon 1/26/0440TrainingMon 1/26/0441Company/General Operations Manual Mon 1/26/0442MELsMon 1/26/0443Maintenance Mon 1/26/0444DispatchMon 1/26/0445Other operational guidance: procedures, checklistsMon 1/26/0446Formal Application PhaseTue 1/27/0447Operator sends application package to CHDOTue 1/27/0448CHDO performs cursory reviews of operator's package Tue 1/27/0449CHDO Application ApprovalWed 1/28/0450CHDO sends aircraft qual component to TEAM Thu 1/29/0451Document Compliance PhaseMon 1/26/0452Aircraft Qualification ProcessMon 1/26/0456Approval Coordination ProcessMon 6/7/0463CHDO Demonstration and Inspection PhaseFri 9/10/0464CHDO evaluates operator qualification subject to noted limitations from AFS-40Fri 9/10/0465CHDO Certification/Approval PhaseMon 9/13/0466CHDO issues Ops Specs/letter of approval to conduct RNP SAAAR (with aMon 9/13/0467If approved, Ops Specs/LOA issued listing SAAAR procedures approMon 9/13/0468Determine that all procedures' SAAAR requirements (AFS-410 websitMon 9/13/0469If special procedure, add operator to approved list of operatorsTue 9/14/0470Issue ops specsThu 9/30/0471CONTROLLERTue 10/7/0372Training (in particular missed approaches-not vectoring)Tue 3/2/0473Human Factors analysisTue 10/7/0374Merging and spacing techniques/toolsTue 10/7/0375FACILITYTue 10/7/0376RequirementsTue 10/7/0377Identify role of ground navaids, if anyTue 10/7/037879SAAAR Trials BeginFri 10/1/0480Ongoing: AFS-400/AIR-130 maintain list of compliant operatorsTue 10/7/03AFS-400OperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorCHDOCHDOCHDOPOIAWOPOI/CHDOATP-500ATP-500ATP-500AFS-420AIR-130/AFS-4108/3110/1211/231/42/153/285/96/208/19/1210/2412/5SepJanMaySepJaIDTask NameStart36Issue "Mature" Operational Qualification criteriaFri 1/23/0437Operator Application Preparation PhaseMon 1/26/0438Aircraft type(s), equipment configurations, intended RNP SAAAR operations, spMon 1/26/0439Aircraft operating procedures for RNP SAAARMon 1/26/0440TrainingMon 1/26/0441Company/General Operations Manual Mon 1/26/0442MELsMon 1/26/0443Maintenance Mon 1/26/0444DispatchMon 1/26/0445Other operational guidance: procedures, checklistsMon 1/26/0446Formal Application PhaseTue 1/27/0447Operator sends application package to CHDOTue 1/27/0448CHDO performs cursory reviews of operator's package Tue 1/27/0449CHDO Application ApprovalWed 1/28/0450CHDO sends aircraft qual component to TEAM Thu 1/29/0451Document Compliance PhaseMon 1/26/0452Aircraft Qualification ProcessMon 1/26/0456Approval Coordination ProcessMon 6/7/0463CHDO Demonstration and Inspection PhaseFri 9/10/0464CHDO evaluates operator qualification subject to noted limitations from AFS-40Fri 9/10/0465CHDO Certification/Approval PhaseMon 9/13/0466CHDO issues Ops Specs/letter of approval to conduct RNP SAAAR (with aMon 9/13/0467If approved, Ops Specs/LOA issued listing SAAAR procedures approMon 9/13/0468Determine that all procedures' SAAAR requirements (AFS-410 websitMon 9/13/0469If special procedure, add operator to approved list of operatorsTue 9/14/0470Issue ops specsThu 9/30/0471CONTROLLERTue 10/7/0372Training (in particular missed approaches-not vectoring)Tue 3/2/0473Human Factors analysisTue 10/7/0374Merging and spacing techniques/toolsTue 10/7/0375FACILITYTue 10/7/0376RequirementsTue 10/7/0377Identify role of ground navaids, if anyTue 10/7/037879SAAAR Trials BeginFri 10/1/0480Ongoing: AFS-400/AIR-130 maintain list of compliant operatorsTue 10/7/03AFS-400OperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorCHDOCHDOCHDOPOIAWOPOI/CHDOATP-500ATP-500ATP-500AFS-420AIR-130/AFS-4108/3110/1211/231/42/153/285/96/208/19/1210/2412/5SepJanMaySepJaIDTask NameStart36Issue "Mature" Operational Qualification criteriaFri 1/23/0437Operator Application Preparation PhaseMon 1/26/0438Aircraft type(s), equipment configurations, intended RNP SAAAR operations, sMon 1/26/0439Aircraft operating procedures for RNP SAAARMon 1/26/0440TrainingMon 1/26/0441Company/General Operations Manual Mon 1/26/0442MELsMon 1/26/0443Maintenance Mon 1/26/0444DispatchMon 1/26/0445Other operational guidance: procedures, checklistsMon 1/26/0446Formal Application PhaseTue 1/27/0447Operator sends application package to CHDOTue 1/27/0448CHDO performs cursory reviews of operator's package Tue 1/27/0449CHDO Application ApprovalWed 1/28/0450CHDO sends aircraft qual component to TEAM Thu 1/29/0451Document Compliance PhaseMon 1/26/0452Aircraft Qualification ProcessMon 1/26/0456Approval Coordination ProcessMon 6/7/0463CHDO Demonstration and Inspection PhaseFri 9/10/0464CHDO evaluates operator qualification subject to noted limitations from AFS-40Fri 9/10/0465CHDO Certification/Approval PhaseMon 9/13/0466CHDO issues Ops Specs/letter of approval to conduct RNP SAAAR (with aMon 9/13/0467If approved, Ops Specs/LOA issued listing SAAAR procedures approMon 9/13/0468Determine that all procedures' SAAAR requirements (AFS-410 websitMon 9/13/0469If special procedure, add operator to approved list of operatorsTue 9/14/0470Issue ops specsThu 9/30/0471CONTROLLERTue 10/7/0372Training (in particular missed approaches-not vectoring)Tue 3/2/0473Human Factors analysisTue 10/7/0374Merging and spacing techniques/toolsTue 10/7/0375FACILITYTue 10/7/0376RequirementsTue 10/7/0377Identify role of ground navaids, if anyTue 10/7/037879SAAAR Trials BeginFri 10/1/0480Ongoing: AFS-400/AIR-130 maintain list of compliant operatorsTue 10/7/03AFS-400OperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorCHDOCHDOCHDOPOIAWOPOI/CHDOATP-500ATP-500ATP-500AFS-420AIR-130/AFS-4108/3110/1211/231/42/153/285/96/208/19/1210/2412/5SepJanMaySepJaIDTask NameStart36Issue "Mature" Operational Qualification criteriaFri 1/23/0437Operator Application Preparation PhaseMon 1/26/0438Aircraft type(s), equipment configurations, intended RNP SAAAR operations, spMon 1/26/0439Aircraft operating procedures for RNP SAAARMon 1/26/0440TrainingMon 1/26/0441Company/General Operations Manual Mon 1/26/0442MELsMon 1/26/0443Maintenance Mon 1/26/0444DispatchMon 1/26/0445Other operational guidance: procedures, checklistsMon 1/26/0446Formal Application PhaseTue 1/27/0447Operator sends application package to CHDOTue 1/27/0448CHDO performs cursory reviews of operator's package Tue 1/27/0449CHDO Application ApprovalWed 1/28/0450CHDO sends aircraft qual component to TEAM Thu 1/29/0451Document Compliance PhaseMon 1/26/0452Aircraft Qualification ProcessMon 1/26/0456Approval Coordination ProcessMon 6/7/0463CHDO Demonstration and Inspection PhaseFri 9/10/0464CHDO evaluates operator qualification subject to noted limitations from AFS-40Fri 9/10/0465CHDO Certification/Approval PhaseMon 9/13/0466CHDO issues Ops Specs/letter of approval to conduct RNP SAAAR (with aMon 9/13/0467If approved, Ops Specs/LOA issued listing SAAAR procedures approMon 9/13/0468Determine that all procedures' SAAAR requirements (AFS-410 websitMon 9/13/0469If special procedure, add operator to approved list of operatorsTue 9/14/0470Issue ops specsThu 9/30/0471CONTROLLERTue 10/7/0372Training (in particular missed approaches-not vectoring)Tue 3/2/0473Human Factors analysisTue 10/7/0374Merging and spacing techniques/toolsTue 10/7/0375FACILITYTue 10/7/0376RequirementsTue 10/7/0377Identify role of ground navaids, if anyTue 10/7/037879SAAAR Trials BeginFri 10/1/0480Ongoing: AFS-400/AIR-130 maintain list of compliant operatorsTue 10/7/03AFS-400OperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorCHDOCHDOCHDOPOIAWOPOI/CHDOATP-500ATP-500ATP-500AFS-420AIR-130/AFS-4108/3110/1211/231/42/153/285/96/208/19/1210/2412/5SepJanMaySepJaIDTask NameStart36Issue "Mature" Operational Qualification criteriaFri 1/23/0437Operator Application Preparation PhaseMon 1/26/0438Aircraft type(s), equipment configurations, intended RNP SAAAR operations, sMon 1/26/0439Aircraft operating procedures for RNP SAAARMon 1/26/0440TrainingMon 1/26/0441Company/General Operations Manual Mon 1/26/0442MELsMon 1/26/0443Maintenance Mon 1/26/0444DispatchMon 1/26/0445Other operational guidance: procedures, checklistsMon 1/26/0446Formal Application PhaseTue 1/27/0447Operator sends application package to CHDOTue 1/27/0448CHDO performs cursory reviews of operator's package Tue 1/27/0449CHDO Application ApprovalWed 1/28/0450CHDO sends aircraft qual component to TEAM Thu 1/29/0451Document Compliance PhaseMon 1/26/0452Aircraft Qualification ProcessMon 1/26/0456Approval Coordination ProcessMon 6/7/0463CHDO Demonstration and Inspection PhaseFri 9/10/0464CHDO evaluates operator qualification subject to noted limitations from AFS-40Fri 9/10/0465CHDO Certification/Approval PhaseMon 9/13/0466CHDO issues Ops Specs/letter of approval to conduct RNP SAAAR (with aMon 9/13/0467If approved, Ops Specs/LOA issued listing SAAAR procedures approMon 9/13/0468Determine that all procedures' SAAAR requirements (AFS-410 websitMon 9/13/0469If special procedure, add operator to approved list of operatorsTue 9/14/0470Issue ops specsThu 9/30/0471CONTROLLERTue 10/7/0372Training (in particular missed approaches-not vectoring)Tue 3/2/0473Human Factors analysisTue 10/7/0374Merging and spacing techniques/toolsTue 10/7/0375FACILITYTue 10/7/0376RequirementsTue 10/7/0377Identify role of ground navaids, if anyTue 10/7/037879SAAAR Trials BeginFri 10/1/0480Ongoing: AFS-400/AIR-130 maintain list of compliant operatorsTue 10/7/03AFS-400OperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorOperatorCHDOCHDOCHDOPOIAWOPOI/CHDOATP-500ATP-500ATP-500AFS-420AIR-130/AFS-4108/3110/1211/231/42/153/285/96/208/19/1210/2412/5SepJanMaySepJaRNP SAAAR ImplementationIDTask 5SepJanMaySepJaIDTask ImplementationAirports Characteristics Tier 1 • Urgent capacity needs, with national impact • Converting specials to public procedures • Risk mitigation cases Tier 2 • Regional capacity impact • Access and risk mitigation enhancement Tier 3 • Predominantly future airspace de-confliction • Single runway access and risk mitigation
© 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
F083-B05-039
Session 3RNP –TheGoal ?Infrastructure