《计算机英语》参考译文和练习答案

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Section B	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． columns; rows 2． permanent; temporary 3． Clustered; nonclustered 4． CHECK; PRIMARY KEY   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． global temporary table  全局临时表 2． partitioned data  分区的数据 3． virtual table  虚拟（临时）表 4． permanent table  永久（固定）表 5． log out of a system  退出登录的系统 6． primary key  主键  7． foreign key  外键  8． database object  数据库对象  9． clustered index  簇索引  10．  local temporary table  本地临时表
Section C	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． File 2． user interface 3． Server 4． VCL   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． data module  数据模块 2． object repository  对象库 3． local database  本地（机）数据库 4． client dataset  客户端数据集 5． remote database server  远程数据库服务器   6． flat file  平面文件  7． data source  数据源  8． Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)   分布式组件对象模型
PART THREE	Network and Communication
Unit 8	Telecommunications and Information Superhighway
Section A	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Telegraph 2． dots; dashes 3． Media 4． point-to-point 5． Analog 6． Digital 7． text-based 8． modem   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． microwave radio  微波无线电 2． digital television  数字电视 3． DSL  数字用户线路 4． analog transmission  模拟传输 5． on-screen pointer  屏幕（触摸屏）上的指示（器） 6． computer terminal  计算机终端 7． radio telephone  无线电话 8． cellular telephone  蜂窝电话（移动电话） 9． decentralized network 分散的网络 10．              wire-based internal network  基于普通网线的内部网络 11．              fiber-optic cable  光缆  12．              fax machine  传真机  13．              wireless communications  无线通信  14．              point-to-point communications  点对点通信  15．              modulated electrical impulse  调制电脉冲  16．              communication(s) satellite  通信卫星  17．              telegraph key  电报电键  18．              transmission medium  传输媒体  19．              cordless telephone  无绳电话  20．              metal conductor  金属导体    III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:   Data communications is the process of transmitting and receiving data in an orderly way so the data that arrives at its destination is an accurate duplication of the data that was sent. When data travels a short distance, such as when you send data from your computer to your printer, it is referred to as local communications. When data travels a long distance, the communication is referred to as telecommunications; the prefix “tele” is derived from a Greek word that means “far” or “far off.” The difference between a short distance and a long distance is somewhat arbitrary (武断的). For example, if your computer sends data to a printer in the next room, it is regarded as local communications; if you phone the person in the next room, you are transmitting data over a telecommunications device. However, the same basic communications concepts apply to both local communications and telecommunications. Basic data communications concepts are the building blocks for understanding how data travels on a communications system. These concepts come in handy (派得上用处) when you install, configure, or upgrade a local area network. In addition, these concepts help you set up modems, fax machines, and cellular data transfers.

帅哥

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Section B	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Layering 2． Interconnected 3． Al Gore or Gore 4． Bandwidth   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． error recovery  错误恢复 2． parity function  奇偶函数 3． video on demand  视频点播 4． collision detection  冲突检测 5． protocol layering  协议层 6． architectural model  体系结构模型  7． packet switching  包交换  8． enterprise network  企业网  9． protocol suite  协议组  10．              commercial backbone  商用骨干网
Section C	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Transfer 2． Cells 3． Label 4． Integrated   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． high-definition TV  高清晰度电视 2． frame relay  帧中继 3． data rate  数据传输率 4． metropolitan area network  城域网 5． set-top box  机顶盒  6． multi-mode fiber  多模光纤  7． protocol stack  协议堆栈  8． VPI (virtual path identifier)   虚拟路径标识符
Unit 9	Computer Networks
Section A	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Ethernet 2． Limited 3． Bridges 4． Routers 5． telephone; wide 6． Broadband 7． Objects 8． public key   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． coaxial cable  同轴电缆 2． computer networking  计算机网络 3． multiple-access network  多路访问网络 4． management software  管理软件 5． broadband connection  宽带连接 6． confidential information  机密信息 7． monolithic system  单片机系统 8． star network  星型网络 9． bus network  总线型网络 10．              ring network  环形网络 11．              network resources  网络资源  12．              public key system  公钥体制  13．              public telephone network 公用电话网  14．              data encryption system  数据加密系统  15．              information superhighway  信息高速公路  16．              information age  信息时代  17．              computer security  计算机安全  18．              data network  数据网  19．              data link  数据链路  20．  access protocol  存取协议    III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:   A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and other devices dispersed (分散) over a relatively limited area and connected by a communications link that enables any device to interact with any other on the network. LANs commonly include microcomputers and shared (often expensive) resources such as laser printers and large hard disks. Most (modern) LANs can support a wide variety of computers and other devices. Each device must use the proper physical and data-link protocols for the particular LAN, and all devices that want to communicate with each other on the LAN must use the same upper-level communications protocol. Although single LANs are geographically limited (to a department or an office building, for example), separate LANs can be connected to form larger networks. Similar LANs are linked by bridges, which act as transfer points between networks; dissimilar LANs are linked by gateways, which both transfer data and convert it according to the protocols used by the receiving network. The devices on a LAN are known as nodes, and the nodes are connected by cabling through which messages are transmitted. Nodes on a LAN can be wired together in any of three basic topologies, known as bus, ring, and star.
Section B	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． backup; load balancing 2． core; access 3． scaled; distributed 4． bandwidth; configuration   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． switched internetwork  交换式内部网 2． routing protocol  路由协议 3． carrier sense  载波侦听 4． spanning tree  生成树 5． hierarchical network  分层网络 6． dynamic routing  动态路由选择  7． VLAN (virtual local area network)  虚拟局域网  8． UNI (user network interface)  用户网络接口  9． campus network  校园网  10．              modular model  模块模型

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Section C	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Server 2． Directory 3． diskless workstation 4． remote node   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． diskless workstation  无盘工作站 2． group scheduling  成组调度 3． remote node  远程节点 4． printer port  打印口 5． remote access  远程访问  6． DUN (Dial-Up Networking)  拨号联网  7． parallel port  并行端口  8． NOS (network operating system)  网络操作系统
Unit 10	Network Infrastructure
Section A	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． nodes; connections 2． bus; ring 3． Terminator 4． Hub 5． Ring 6． Logical 7． Star 8． passive; active   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． network layout  网络布局 2． physical topology  物理拓扑结构 3． logical topology  逻辑拓扑结构 4． star configuration  星型结构 5． physical network connection  物理网络连接 6． high-end active hub  高端主动式集线器 7． passive hub  被动式集线器 8． network node  网络节点 9． electrical ground  电气接地 10．              data flow  数据流 11．              wiring closet 布线室  12．              multistation access unit 多站访问单元  13．              star topology 星形拓扑结构  14．              bus topology 总线拓扑结构  15．              ring topology 环形拓扑结构  16．              network topology 网络拓扑结构  17．              centralized network management 集中式网络管理  18．              intelligent hub 智能集线器  19．              network hub 网络集线器  20．              physical network 物理网络    III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:   Ethernet, originally developed in 1973 at Xerox, is by far the most popular network technology in use today. The logical topology of an Ethernet network is always a bus. The predominant physical topology used to be a bus as well, but has been eclipsed (使暗淡) in recent years by the star topology. Because Ethernet is logically a bus, data is transmitted to every node on the network. Each node sees every transmission, and receives transmissions destined (预定的) for it based on the address of its network adapter. This approach to sharing a single cable for all transmissions is known as the multiple access method. Only one node can successfully transmit at any given time, so the nodes must agree on a way to share the cable without interfering with each other. The Ethernet standard specifies how the nodes share the bus. Before a node starts transmitting, it briefly listens to the bus for other traffic. This activity is known as carrier sensing. If another node is already transmitting, the node desiring to transmit tries again later. If there’s no other traffic on the bus, the node begins transmission. This approach avoids transmissions stepping on each other—in most cases.

帅哥

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Section B	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Transmission; Internet 2． network-level; application-level 3． Native 4． protocol stack   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． heterogeneous network  异构网络 2． packet delivery  包发送 3． IBM compatible  IBM兼容的 4． IP datagram  IP数据报 5． DOS box  DOS箱（机） 6． HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)  超文本传送协议  7． NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)  网络新闻传送协议  8． SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)   简单邮件传送协议  9． security hole  安全漏洞  10．  system crash  系统崩溃
Section C	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Internet; physical 2． Packets 3． Network 4． Full-duplex   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． physical address  物理地址 2． data transfer  数据迁移 3． header checksum  报头校验 4． stream delivery  （数据）流发送 5． virtual circuit  虚电路  6． network layer  网络层  7． full-duplex transmission  全双工传输  8． ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)   地址解释协议
Unit 11	Internet
Section A	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． client-server 2． Host 3． Multimedia 4． dedicated或dial-up; dial-up或dedicated 5． Hypertext 6． URLs或Uniform Resource Locators 7． Bandwidth 8． ARPANET   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． list server  列表服务器 2． transmission scheme  传输模式 3． data packet  数据包 4． Mbps  每秒兆字节 5． hypermedia document  超媒体文档 6． FTP  文件传输协议 7． host network  主机网络 8． dedicated access  专线访问 9． storage format  存储格式 10．              mail server  邮件服务器 11．              multimedia file  多媒体文件  12．              dial-up access  拨号访问  13．              LAN (local area network)   局域网  14．              retrieve files  检索文件  15．              ISP (Internet Service Provider)   因特网服务供应商  16．              WWW (World Wide Web)   万维网  17．              URL (Uniform Resource Locator)   统一资源定位符  18．              TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)   传输控制协议  19．              data stream  数据流  20．              log on  登录    III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:   Web pages are actually small computer programs, written in a computer language understood by Web browsers. The primary language used for Web pages is called HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language. HTML provides a way of describing exactly how a page will look when it’s published on the Web. HyperText refers to the capability of linking pages together so users can quickly navigate through material based on their own interests. (If you’ve used the Windows Help system to find the answer to a question, you’ve probably clicked several hypertext links.) Markup refers to the capability to specify position, size, font, color, and other attributes of elements on the page. Therefore, HTML is a programming language that enables you to create and link together pages, and to specify just about every detail of how the page looks when viewed by a Web browser. HTML isn’t the end of the line for markup languages. Development of several new languages is under way, to provide more powerful Web publishing capabilities. One of the most promising is XML, or Extensible Markup Language. Some experts believe it will replace HTML in the next few years.

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Section B	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Destination 2． commercial; educational; governmental 3． Plain 4． headers; footers   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． plain text  纯文本 2． destination address  3． mail-user agent  邮件用户代理 4． message transfer agent  消息传送代理 5． graphics-based file  6． analog signal 模拟信号  7． domain name 域名  8． text file 文本文件  9． text editor 文本编辑器  10．  e-mail address 电子邮件地址
Section C	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． 56K 2． Low 3． sound card 4． Reflectors   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． sound card  声卡 2． Web page  网页 3． video camera  摄像机，摄像头 4． plug-in software  嵌入软件 5． input/output port  输入∕输出端口  6． home page  主页  7． video capture card  视频捕获卡  8． chat room  聊天室
PART FOUR	IT and Our Life
Unit 12	IT and Computer Application
Section A	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Production 2． Technological 3． agricultural; industrial 4． Largest 5． Processors 6． Information-processing 7． Flattening 8． information   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． electric motor  电动机 2． desktop publishing  桌面出版系统（台式出版系统） 3． information-related services  信息相关服务 4． information-based occupation  基于信息的职业 5． information processor  信息处理 6． textual data  文本的数据 7． numerical data  数字的数据 8． audio data  音频数据 9． fibre optics  纤维光学 10．              digital thermometer  数字温度计 11．              information revolution  信息革命  12．              technological revolution  技术革命  13．              global market  全球市场  14．              IT (information technology)  信息技术  15．              multimedia product  多媒体产品  16．              information specialist  信息专家  17．              database management  数据库管理  18．              video data  视频数据  19．              information-processing system  信息处理系统  20．              telephone helpline  电话服务热线    III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:   It is frequently claimed that the most potent (强有力的) agent of change on present-day society and the economy will prove to be information technology. The so-called digital revolution whereby information—whether text, sound, or video—can be converted into, and from, binary digits (bits) and transmitted over global networks is believed to be likely to transform industries such as banking, telecommunications, and publishing. Advances in light-wave communications technology based on optical fibres have vastly increased the volume and speed of information transmission. The development of flat-panel displays (平板显示器) has allowed the computer mobility from the desk. Together these have contributed to the integration of computer and communications technology which, for the user, transcends (超越) space and makes information available on demand. As well as rich opportunities, such a major social change presents severe challenges. One is how to avoid the creation of a divided society of information “haves” and “have nots”. This is both a national and an international problem. Others relate to ownership and security of information: cyberspace (网络空间) is a new frontier where existing legal principles and practice are having to be rethought. Yet again, there are moral issues to be faced about the kinds of information which should be openly available to users of the Internet.

帅哥

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Section B	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． hardware; data 2． Layers 3． Geocoding 4． vector; raster   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． tabular data  表格数据 2． raster image  光栅图像 3． vector model  矢量模型 4． statistical analysis system  统计分析系统 5． model atmospheric circulation  模拟大气循环 6． computer-based tool  基于计算机的工具  7． geographic information system  地理信息系统  8． database operation  数据库操作  9． grid cell  网格单元  10．              closed loop  闭环
Section C	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Software 2． keyword-based 3． intelligence; computing 4． inter-operability   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． domain-specific tag  特定（指定）域标记 2． handheld terminal  手持终端设备 3． life cycle  生命周期（生存周期） 4． mobile agent toolkit  移动代理工具包 5． XML (eXtensible Markup Language) 扩展标签语言  6． data mining  数据挖掘  7． game theory  博弈论  8． keyword-based text search(ing)   基于关键字的搜索
Unit 13	e-Business
Section A	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． commercial; network 2． catalogs; engines 3． currencies; checks 4． relationship-based; purses 5． Signatures 6． cash; token 7． Public 8． Symmetric   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． user authentication  用户认证 2． electronic purse  电子钱包 3． information filter  信息过滤 4． data integrity  数据完整性 5． smart card  智能卡 6． HTML  超文本标记语言 7． symmetric key cryptosystem  对称密钥密码系统 8． message authentication code  信息鉴定码 9． unauthorized access control  未授权访问控制 10．              electronic catalog  电子目录 11．              electronic money (或cash)   电子货币  12．              search engine  搜索引擎  13．              digital signature  数字签名  14．              user interface  用户界面  15．              EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer)   电子资金转帐  16．              public key cryptosystem  公钥密码系统  17．              PDA (personal digital assistant)   个人数字助理  18．              hypertext link  超文本链接  19．              3D image  三维图像  20．              credit card  信用卡    III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:   The term electronic commerce encompasses the entire process of buying, selling, and advertising products and services using electronic communications media. But when people talk about (e-commerce) today, they're usually referring to the emerging marketplace on the Internet. (Retailers) of all kinds are now scrambling to establish themselves and reach (customers) in this new marketplace. The major obstacle to e-commerce is the problem of how to pay for (products) and services online. How can electronic (payments) be made convenient, reliable, and (secure) for consumers and retailers alike? As with every other Internet (technology), a global standard for online (transactions) must emerge before e-commerce becomes a widely accepted (practice). The drive to establish a standard for (electronic) money is well underway. Software developers, banks, and (credit) card companies are all pushing transaction systems to (online) merchants, each betting that their system will become the (standard) way to pay for things online. As a Web (storefront) owner, you must investigate all the (options) and offer as many choices to your customers as they demand, while keeping (costs) and complexities from getting out of hand.
Section B	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Four 2． e-Business 3． vendor-centric; customer-centric 4． Infrastructure   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． vendor-centric model  客户中心模式 2． Web site  网站 3． Web surfing  网上冲浪 4． middleware server  中间件服务 5． back-end platform  后端平台 6． e-Business strategy  电子商务策略  7． binary format  二进制格式  8． customer-oriented e-Business system  面向客户的电子商务系统  9． ISV (independent software vendor)  独立软件推销商  10．  information infrastructure  信息基础结构设施
Section C	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Services 2． Marketing 3． storefronts; consulting 4． advertisements; subscriptions   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． Web storefront  网上店面 2． electronic press kit  电子版发行包 3． online retail  在线零售 4． multimedia demo  多媒体演示 5． online access  联机访问  6． value-added services  增值业务  7． product promotion  产品推销  8．   communication medium  通信媒体

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Unit 14	Computer Security
Section A	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． employees 2． Hackers 3． Crackers 4． damage; manipulation 5． Worm 6． software piracy 7． access; backup 8． Passwords   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． encryption program  加密程序 2． deletion command  删除命令 3． authorized user  授权的用户 4． backup copy  备份的副本 5． voltage surge  电涌，浪涌电压 6． circuit breaker  断路器 7． electronic component  电子器件 8． data-entry error  数据输入错误 9． electronic break-in  电路中断 10．              power line  电力线，输电线 11．              detection program  检测程序  12．              power source  电源  13．              destructive computer program  破坏性计算机程序  14．              computer virus  计算机病毒  15．              software piracy  软件侵权  16．              hard-disk drive  硬盘驱动器  17．              virus checker  病毒检查程序  18．              primary storage  主存储器  19．              electronic bulletin board  电子公告板  20．  surge protector  浪涌电压保护器    III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:   A virus or other unwelcome surprise can lurk in your computer system for days or months without discovery. A time bomb is a computer program that stays in your system undetected until it is triggered by a certain event in time, such as when the computer system clock reaches a certain date. A time bomb is usually carried by a virus or Trojan horse. For example, the Michelangelo virus contains a time bomb designed to damage files on your hard disk on March 6, the birthday of artist Michelangelo. A logic bomb is a computer program that is triggered by the appearance or disappearance of specific data. For example, suppose a programmer in a large corporation believes that she is on the list of employees to be terminated during the next cost-cutting campaign. Her hostility (敌意) overcomes her ethical (道德的) judgment, and she creates a logic bomb program that checks the payroll (在职人员名单) file every day to make sure her employment status is still active. If the programmer’s status changes to “terminated,” her logic bomb activates a program that destroys data on the computer. A time bomb or logic bomb might do mischief (祸害) in your computer long before the timer goes off. If the bomb contains a virus, it could replicate and spread to other files. Meanwhile, you might send files from your computer to other computers, not knowing that they are infected.
Section B	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Macro 2． boot sector 3． Parasitic 4． Trojan或Trojan Horse   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． partition table  分区表 2． host program  主机程序 3． anti-virus software  反毒软件 4． global template  公用模板 5． virus signature  病毒特征代码 6． BBS (bulletin board system)  公告板系统  7． data corruption  数据毁损  8． MBR (master boot record)  主引导记录  9． boot sector  引导扇区  10．  macro virus  宏病毒
Section C	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Protect 2． entertainment; challenge 3． IP address 4． back doors   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． system platform  系统平台 2． install back doors  安置后门 3． email attachment  电子邮件的附件 4． vulnerability assessment tool  弱点评估工具 5． network security measure  网络安全措施  6． system maintenance personnel  系统维护人员  7． MX record  函件交换记录  8． hack a system  非法闯入系统
Unit 15	Remarks by IT Giants
Section A	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． color TVs 2． Web 3． Corporations 4． Connectivity 5． access或connectivity 6． telecommunications; telephone 7． wireless; high-bandwidth 8． Internet   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． PC-plus era  PC影响力增强的时代 2． cable modem  海底电缆 3． universal PC model  通用PC模式 4． multifunctional device  多功能设备 5． information overload  信息过载，信息超负荷 6． high-bandwidth connectivity  高带宽连通性 7． consumer electronics  消费类电器 8． investment portfolio  投资组合 9． virtual convergence  虚拟整合 10．              tablet PC  便笺簿式个人电脑 11．              voice recognition  语音识别  12．              smart television  智能电视  13．              R & D (research and development)  研究与开发  14．              surf  the  Web  在网上冲浪  15．              Auto PC  自动个人计算机  16．              e-mail colleagues  给同事发电子邮件  17．              Web-enabled cell phone  具有上网功能的手机  18．              digital technology  数字技术  19．              wireless technology  无线技术  20．  broadband communications  宽带通信    III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:   At home, you’ll be able to operate your PC by talking to it. It will automatically back up all your information, update its own software and synchronize itself with your TV, cell phone, handheld, and all the devices on your home network. The refrigerator in your kitchen will know how well stocked it is, suggest recipes based on what’s available, and order more food from your online grocer. Your TV will double as an interactive shopping mall, letting you buy advertised products or clothes you saw in a sitcom. And if you don’t want to watch TV, you’ll be able to read an electronic book that knows your favorite authors and automatically downloads their latest novels. If you decide to read one of them, your bank account will be debited. Sounds like science fiction? Just a few years ago, it was. But thanks to the microprocessor—and to all the incredible innovations in software, hardware, the Internet and telecommunications—everything I’ve described is already possible. And although you can’t yet buy all these devices at your local computer retailer, the incredible speed at which technology is advancing means that it won’t be long before they’re as commonplace as the PC.

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Section B	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． information; communication 2． e-business 3． Restructuring 4． Application   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． networking technology  网络技术 2． assembly plant  组装厂 3． state-owned enterprise  国有企业 4． economic reform  经济改革 5． supply chain  供应链 6． cable television 有线电视  7． cost control  成本控制  8． joint venture  合资企业  9． application software  应用软件  10．  inventory management  库存管理
Section C	I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1． Fundamentals 2． Opportunities 3． technology; technological 4． memory chips; microprocessors   II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1． inflection point  拐点，回折点 2． media industry  媒体业 3． mainframe computer  大型计算机 4． problem diagnosis  问题诊断 5． technological concept  技术概念 6． ATM (Automatic Teller Machine)  自动柜员机 7． memory chip 存储芯片 8．   competitive environment  竞争环境