RMIT飞行训练课件－Night Circuits Mass Brief 夜航起落航线讲解

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航空

Night Circuits
Mass Brief
Aim
• To take-off safely, complete a circuit and
land correctly at night.
Application
• To be able to safely takeoff and land at
night
Overview
• Revision
• Definitions
• Principles
– Lighting
– Regulations/requirements
• Considerations
– Illusions at night
• Air Exercise
• Airmanship
Revision
• Instrument scans
– Selective radial scan
– Main instrument in our scan is the AH
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VSI
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
L R
Definitions
• Last light
– Is the end of
daylight (EoD) and
is found in the AIP
GEN 2.7-1
– Without a night
rating, must be on
the ground 10
minutes before
EoD.
• First light
1955
Definitions
Definitions
• PAL
– Pilot Activated Lighting
– Information found in ERSA for a particular
airfield
– Point Cook Airfield has the following lighting
details:
3 SEC 3 SEC 3 SEC
1 SEC 1 SEC
Principles
• Runway Lighting
– Runway has white edge lighting with green
threshold and red end lighting.
Principles
• Aerodrome lighting
– Taxiway lighting is either green centreline or blue
sideline lights.
– Holding point is amber lighting.
– Obstacles have red flashing light at top.
Principles
• Aerodrome Required lighting (AIP ENR 1.1-87:
70.1b)
– An aircraft must not take off or land at an aerodrome
at night unless the following lighting is operating:
– For a PVT, AWK or CHTR Aircraft: Runway edge
lighting, threshold lighting, illuminated wind direction
indicator and obstacle lighting.
– NOTE if the illuminated wind direction indicator is not
available, the aircraft may continue if the wind velocity
information can be obtained from an approved
observer
Principles
• Aircraft Instruments required for NVMC (CAO 20.18 –
Appendix IV):
– Air speed indicator (must have alternate static source)
– Altimeter (must have alternate static source)
– Direct reading compass
– A clock with hours, minutes and seconds
– Outside air temperature indicator
– Attitude indicator (Artificial Horizon) (if doing NVFR Freight or
Pax charter need duplicated sources of power supply)
– A heading indicator (Directional Gyroscope) (if doing NVFR
Freight or Pax charter need duplicated sources of power supply)
– A turn and slip indicator (if doing NVFR Freight or Pax charter
need duplicated sources of power supply)
– Means of indicating power to gyros
Principles
• Electric lighting equipment for NVMC (CAO 20.18 –
Appendix V):
– Lighting shall be such that:
• Illuminated items are easily readable
• Its direct or reflected rays are shielded from pilots eyes
• There is an alternative power source if normal power is lost
• It emanates from fixed installations
• Intensity control of the lighting unless it is demonstrated that the
non-dimmed instrument lights are satisfactory under all conditions of
flight likely to be encountered.
– 1 landing light (unless doing Pax charter need 2 landing lights or
single lamp with two separately energised filaments).
– Lights in all passenger compartments
– Pilots compartment lights; suitable for reading maps and other
flight documents.
– Emergency lighting as a shockproof torch for each crew
member.
Principles
• Position and Collision lights (CAR 196):
– The following navigation lights:
• An unobstructed red light projected above and below the horizontal plane
through an angle from dead ahead to 110 degrees port (left)
• An unobstructed green light projected above and below the horizontal plane
through and angle from dead ahead to 110 degrees starboard (right)
• An unobstructed white light projecting above and below the horizontal plane
rearward through an angle of 140 degrees, equally distributed on the left and
right sides.
– The navigation lights shall be steady lights (unless CASA otherwise
directs)
– If aircraft is in flight or operating in aerodrome area, in addition to
navigation lights shall have an anti-collision flashing red light visible in all
directions within 30 degrees above and below horizontal plane of the
aircraft.
– Where the lights are flashing lights, the aircraft:
(a) shall display an additional flashing white light visible in all directions;
and
(b) may display an additional flashing red rear light;
in accordance with such requirements as CASA, having regard to Annex 8
of the Convention, specifies in Civil Aviation Orders.
Principles
• Aircraft lighting
Considerations
• Sensory Illusions
– Vestibular organs
• 3 semi-circular organs in the inner ear which detect
accelerations by moving tiny hair follicles
• Constant velocity or gradual changes in velocity is
not detected
Considerations
• Somatogravic Illusion
– Acceleration / Deceleration causes sensations
of up / down pitch. Worst at night during a goaround
or climb.
– Climb/go-around should be completed with
100% reference to aircraft instruments
Considerations
• Sensory Illusions
– Spatial Disorientation
• Disagreement of senses
• Slow roll to left not detected by senses. Correct with right
bank. Senses detect the right bank and instruments show
S&L!
• Causes vertigo/leans.
– Partial Panel Failure
• Detect failed instruments by cross-checking other
instruments. Use inverted V scan
• DG fails, supplement with magnetic compass. Remember
ONUS and SAND
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VSI
20
20
15
5
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
L R
Considerations
• Runway width Illusions
– All the following runways have the same length, but
different widths.
– Long and thin runways can give the illusion of being
too high, and wide runways give the illusion of being
too low
Considerations
• Runway Slope Illusions
– The following runways are at different slopes
– Upslope is most dangerous as the pilot would think he
is too high and fly a lower/flatter approach, which
could result in hitting trees or other obstacles
Considerations
• Distance judgement at night
– Lighted objects on a clear night can appear brighter
and closer than they really are.
– Pilot may think his approach is too high
– Pilot may think he is closer to a town then he really is
(Forced landing consideration).
• Black hole illusion
– Without visual cues, the pilot has the misperception of
proper orientation, but the runway appears to move or
remain incorrectly positioned.
– Will get a black hole illusion when we use a landing
light on a dark day.
Considerations
• Lighting Failures
– Landing light failures will be practised
– Aerodrome lighting failure consideration
• Attempt to turn on PAL
• Check PAL frequency
– Carry portable electric torch for cockpit
lighting failures.
Air Exercise
• Pre-Flight
– Conducted normally, paying particular attention to lighting.
• Start Up
– As per day, except turn on Beacon and navigation lights prior to
start. Clear prop with 3 flashes of landing light
• Taxiing
– Harder to judge aircraft speed, need to look out side windows.
– Taxi with taxi light on
• Take-Off
– Turn on Landing light on take-off (turn off taxi light)
– Leave Landing light on for circuits
– Conducted 100% visual, as per day
– Lift-off, climb out on 100% instruments
– Check +ve RoC, safe IAS, maintaining RWY HDG
– Use DG for headings in the circuit
Air Exercise
• X-Wind
– Conducted 75% instruments, 25% visual
• Downwind
– 50% instruments, 50% visual
– Pre landing checks, turn on landing light, check windsock
• Base
– 75% visual, 25% instruments
• Final
– 100% visual
– Use RWY lighting for approach guidance
Air Exercise
• Landing
– RWY lights at shoulder level, power to IDLE
– watch end lights to judge FLARE and
HOLDOFF
ON PROFILE BELOW PROFILE ABOVE PROFILE
Airmanship
• Lookout (extremely important to call your
sequence number on the base call)
• Remember instrument scans
• Trust instruments and be aware of
illusions
• Correct handover/takeover procedure
• Be familiar with aerodrome lighting

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