呼和浩特白塔机场春季鸟类的鸟击危险等级评估_英文

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动　物　学　研　究　2007 , Apr . 28 ( 2) : 161 - 166 CN 53 - 1040/ Q　ISSN 0254 - 5853
Zoological Research
X Assessing the Hazard Grade of Birdstrike in Spring at
Baita Airport , Hohhot
LI Xin1 ,2 , YANG Gui2she ng1 , 3
, J IANG Chun2yang2 , ZHANG Shi2f e ng1 ,
WANG Xiao2do ng1 , FAN Zuo2jie1 , XINGLian2lian1
(1. College of Life Science , Inner Mongolia University , Hohhot 　010021 , China ;
2. Inner Mongolia Civil Airport Group Co. Ltd . , Hohhot 　010070 , China)
　　Abstract : Between March and May 2005 , bird communities in four sample plots at Baita Airport were studied using
strips methods in Hohhot , Inner Mongolia . A total of 59 species belonging to 10 orders and 26 families were recorded.
Based on the principles of avian community ecology , the community parameters were discussed , including the comparative
importance value , distribution coefficient , density and probability of interactive encounter . By analyzing these indices ,
combined with their flight behaviors at the airport and its neighbourhood , we identified bird species that have the potential
to threaten flight security at Baita Airport ; The results showed that the 23 bird species including magpie and red falcon are
the most hazard to flight security and the eight bird species including sparrow Hawk and Greenfinch are the hazard. Fur2
thermore , we assessed the bird species’different hazard grades to flight security.
　　Key words : Birdstrike ; Hazard grade ; Hohhot ; Baita airport
呼和浩特白塔机场春季鸟类的鸟击危险等级评估
李　新1 ,2 , 杨贵生1 , 3
, 姜春扬2 , 张世峰1 , 王晓东1 , 范作杰1 , 邢莲莲1
(1. 内蒙古大学生命科学学院, 内蒙古呼和浩特　010021 ; 2. 内蒙古民航机场集团公司, 内蒙古呼和浩特　010070)
　　摘要: 2005 年3 —5 月采用样带法对呼和浩特白塔机场4 个样区的鸟类进行了调查, 共记录到鸟类59 种,
隶属于10 目26 科。通过分析春季鸟类群落中各鸟种的相对重要值、分布系数、密度和种间相遇概率等群落
特征参数, 结合鸟类在机场及周边地区的活动行为等综合因素确定影响飞机飞行安全的危险鸟类。其结果
表明: 构成飞行安全威胁有两类: 喜鹊和红隼等23 种鸟类为最危险的鸟类, 雀鹰和金翅雀等8 种鸟类为较危险
的鸟类。
　　关键词: 鸟击; 危险等级; 呼和浩特; 白塔机场
　　中图分类号: Q958112 　　　　　文献标识码: A 　　　　　　文章编号: 0254 - 5853 (2007) 02 - 0161 - 06
　　Birdstrike has been a problem since nine years af2
ter planes were first manufactured in the early 20th
century , causing severe damage to passengers and pos2
sessions. Nowadays , as a potential danger to flight se2
curity , these incidents call for greater global attention
to the effects of birdstrike . Over the last hundred
years , scientists have changed their focus from increas2
ing plane function to withstand birdstrike to ecological
investigations on birds , prompting renewed global effort
to reduce birdstrike . Recently , much progress has
been achieved in all airports and related institutions
around the world (Fang et al , 2002 ; Li et al , 2001 ;
Wang et al , 1999 ; Yang et al , 1998) . In order to
control the hazard of potential birdstrike at Baita Air2
X Received date : 2006- 12- 26 ; Accepted date : 2007- 02- 05
Foundation item: Supported by Inner Mongolia Civil Airports Group Co . Ltd.
　3 Corresponding author (通讯作者) , Tel : 13848146598 , E2mail : yanggsh @life1imu1edu1cn
收稿日期: 2006- 12- 26 ; 接受日期: 2007- 02- 05
基金项目: 内蒙古民航机场集团公司资助
第一作者简介: 李新(1979- ) , 男, 赤峰人, 硕士生, 研究方向为动物生态学。
port , Hohhot , we started an ecological investigation of
birds in a cone area between 2004 and 2005. The
study aimed to assess the species , number , ecological
distribution and daily activities of birds to generate an
integrated method of avoiding birdstrike . Furthermore ,
identifying the bird species in different seasons will
help staff to avoid and control birdstrike on a daily ba2
sis. This paper identifies bird species and their activi2
ties and habitats in spring in order to classify the haz2
ard grade in this season to flight security.
1 　Method
111 　Natural environment
Baita Airport is located in the marginal zone be2
tween urban and rural areas within the Saihan district ,
seven kilometers east of Hohhot municipal Government .
The central area of the airport is located at 110°49′24″E
latitude , 40°51′06″N longitude and 1 077 m above sea
level . The airport has a slight gradient and is higher in
the north and lower in the south. The center of the run2
way is 516 km from Wanbu Huayanjing Tower (Baita
Tower ) . This area belongs to the middle temperate con2
tinental climate zone , the average daily temperature is
618 ℃ and the daily temperature variation is approxi2
mately 10 ℃. The annual average rainfall is 36119 mm ,
evaporation is 1 839 mm , wind speed is 118 m/ s , and
the maximum depth of frozen earth is 116 m.
112 　Habitat features and settings of sample strips
11211 　Habitat features 　Four sample areas (A , B ,
C , D) were classified according to the landscape , veg2
etation type and distance to the flight area . The sketch
map (Fig. 1) was drawn to indicate the four sample ar2
eas (A , B , C , D) . Section A is the airfield area and
is mainly covered with grass. It contains five different
identified bird habitats. A construction refuse dump
full of grasses is approximately 100 m to the north of
the eastern tip of the runway. There is a sewage dis2
posal facility at the northwest tip of the parking area ,
where a sewage puddle approximately 500 m2 is formed
in spring. The floral community in Section A mainly
consists of annual grasses , like Pennisetum centrasi2
aticum , Setaria viridis , Artemisia scoparia , Potentilla
tanacetifolia , Potentilla tanacetifolia , Medicago sativ .
Wood plants , such as Picea wilsonii , Pinus tabulae2
formis , Sabina chinensis and Platycladus orientalis are
mainly distributed near the Air Traffic Control head2
quaters and Fire Department areas.
Section B is in the north of the office area and veg2
etation is mainly coniferous and broadleaf forest , includ2
ing species such as Larix principis2rupprechtii , Pinus
sylvestris var . mongolica , J uniperus rigida , Populus ×
Canadensis and Prunus davidiana . Scrub species , like
Sorbaria sorbifolia and Prunus triloba are distributed a2
mong them , of which the dominant species are Les2
pedeza davurica and Heteropappus altaicus . There is ap2
proximately 015 ha of manufactured lawn , covering 40 %
of this area. This section includes three different identi2
fied habitats.
Section C lies in a inner level area except Sections
A and B. It contains seven bird habitats. This Section
overlaps agricultural farmland and villages and is cov2
ered with artificial forest ( such as Populus simonii ,
Populus alba var . pyramidalis and pine) , a few scrub
species (such as Rosa rugosa) and agricultural crops.
The dominant plant species are Chloris virgata and
Heteropappus altaicus .
Section D is the area between inner level and cone
area . Except for large patches of village and farmland ,
water bodies , such as rivers , ponds and ditches , are
dominant in this area . The terrestrial vegetation is sim2
ilar with that in Section C , while the plants in the wet2
land are predominantly Phragmites australis , and the
plants near the water bank include Echinochloa crus2
galli , Polygonum lapathifolium and Achnatherum
splendens. Section D contains 10 different identified
bird habitats.
Fig. 1 　A sketch map of sample areas at Baita airport
11212 　Settings of sample strips 　The 25 different
bird habitats in the four sample sections (5 , 3 , 7 and
10 habitats respectively) were identified and 6 , 3 , 39
and 32 sample strips were established in the sites re2
spectively (total sample strips = 80) . The investigation
lasted three months. Investigations strip were repeated
three times a month in Sections A and B but only once
each in Sections C and D.
162 　　　　　　　动　物　学　研　究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　28 卷
113 　Investigation method
Birds were investigated according to the sample
strip method (Zheng , 1995) and the species and num2
ber of all birds seen within 50 m of both sides of a cen2
tral line were recorded using 10 ×50 binoculars.
Species was identified by combing the flight behavior
and birdcalls. Unidentified birds were photographed
using a digital camera and identified using A Field
Guide to the Birds of China (Yan , 1999) .
114 　Statistical method
Bird density , distribution , probability of interac2
tive encounter and the comparative importance values
(Luan et al , 2004) were measured. The potential haz2
ard to flight security was based on this evidence .
The density was calculated using D = N/ 2LW , of
which , N is the number of birds in the sample strip , L
is the length and W is the width of one side of the sam2
ple strip . The distribution coeffient (Hou et al , 2001)
was calculated according to ADC = ( n/ N + m/ M) ×
100 % , in which , n is the number of sample strips and
m is number of habitats where a bird occurs. N is the
total number of strips in the investigation and M is the
total number of vegetation types investigated. According
to variable distribution coefficients , birds are grouped
into three distribution types : wide distribution (nearly
100 %) , middle distribution (25 %- 100 %) and narrow
distribution (below 25 %) . The probability of interactive
encounter (Ding et al , 1989) was calculated according
to PIE = Σ( ni / N) ×[ ( N - ni ) / ( N - 1) ] , in which ,
ni is the number of bird i , and N is the total number
of birds. The comparative importance values expresses
the relative position and role of a certain species within
the community (Li et al , 2000) , which is an impor2
tant index for identifying the hazard grade of birds at
the airport . Importance values were calculated accord2
ing to IV = (comparative number + comparative time +
comparative dimension + comparative weight ) / 4 ,
where ; comparative number = ( number of individual
birds of a species/ the largest number of individual
birds of any species ) ×100 ; comparative time =
(number of investigations for a bird species/ total num2
ber of investigations ) ×100 ; comparative dimension
= (total number of sample strips which a bird was ob2
served on/ total number of sample strips ) ×100 ; com2
parative weight = (estimated weight of all birds of a
single species/ the largest weight of all birds of any
species ) ×100. The bird weight was estimated accord2
ing to Zhao ( 1995 , 2001) . The average weight of
male and female birds was the final bird weight ; IV ≥
25 was defined as the most important bird , 15 ≤IV <
25 as highly important birds , 5 ≤IV < 15 as less im2
portant birds , and IV < 5 as the least important birds
within the community.
2 　Results and analysis
211 　The composition of bird species in the com2
munity
In spring , a total of 59 species and 32 576 individ2
uals , belonging to 10 orders and 26 families were
recorded in the sampling area of the airport . Of these
species , 20 are residents , accounting for 3319 % of
species , 24 are summer migrants , accounting for
4017 %of species , five are winter migrants , accounting
for 815 %of species and 10 are visitors , accounting for
1619 % of species. The seasons , statistics , densities ,
importance values , distribution coefficients and proba2
bilities of interactive encounter are shown in Tab . 1.
The distribution coeffients across the habitats
(Tab. 1) , showed that in spring there were two widely
distributed species , Pica pica and Passer montanus ,
accounting for 314 % of the total number of species.
There were also 15 mid2distribution species , including
Falco tinnunculus and Perdix dauuricae , accounting
for 2514 % of species , and 42 narrow distribution
species , including Accipiter nisus and Falco amuren2
sis , accounting for 7112 % of species. Therefore , the
narrowly distributed birds are the main birds at the air2
port . The average density of birds in spring was 1616 /
ha . The highest density species are Corvus dauuricus ,
Corvus corone and Passer montanus with densities of
1113 , 1155 and 1128/ ha respectively. The overall
probability of interactive encounter was 01516 and the
highest probability of interactive encounter was 01217
for jackdaws.
212 　The identif ication of the hazard grade of
birds
According to Tab. 1 , 15 species , including Falco
tinnunculus and Perdix dauuricae , were classified as
the most important species , 12 are highly important
species , including Accipiter nisus and Falco amuren2
sis , 20 are less important , including Coturnix japonica
and Charadrius veredus and 12 are the least important
bird species , including Charadrius dubius and Apus a2
pus . According to the importance values combined with
the distribution , density , probability of interactive en2
counter , group behavior , whether they fly around the
2 期　　　　　　　　　　　　李　新等: 呼和浩特白塔机场春季鸟类的鸟击危险等级评估(英文) 163
Tab. 1 　The composition and hazard grade of the avian community of Baita Airport in spring
Species Distribution Quantity
Number of
individuals
Density
Transect
Quantity
Number of
Habitats
Observed in
Importance
Values
Distribution
Coefficient
( %)
Probability
of Interactive
Encounter
11Accipiter nisus
333 P 1 1 010005 1 1 181659 5125 0100003
21 Falco tinnunculus
3333 R 12 12 010061 10 9 381446 48150 0100037
31 Falco amurensis
3333 S 3 2 010015 2 2 161359 10150 0100009
41 Falco subbuteo
3333 S 4 2 010020 2 1 181345 6150 0100012
51 Perdix dauuricae
3333 R 54 13 010276 8 6 411972 34100 0100165
61 Coturnix japonica
333 R 1 1 010005 1 1 81625 5125 0100003
71 Phasianus colchicus
3333 R 20 7 010102 7 6 1121412 32175 0100061
81Vanellus cinereus
3333 S 7 5 010036 3 3 291255 15175 0100021
91 Charadrius dubius
33 S 2 1 010010 1 1 41837 5125 0100006
101 Charadrius veredus
3333 P 18 1 010092 1 1 81659 5125 0100055
111 Tringa ochropus
3333 P 1 1 010005 1 1 81816 5125 0100003
121Actitis hypoleucos
3333 S 4 2 010020 2 1 71820 6150 0100012
131Sterna hirundo
33 S 12 2 010061 2 1 121607 6150 0100037
141 Columba sp . 3333 R 388 45 011980 28 12 821204 83100 0101177
151Streptopelia orientalis
33 R 7 3 010036 3 2 251977 11175 0100021
161Streptopelia decaocto
3333 R 188 46 010959 30 13 761985 89150 0100574
171Streptopelia chinensis
33 R 9 5 010046 3 4 201083 19175 0100028
181Athene noctua
3333 R 1 1 010005 1 1 131801 5125 0100003
191Apus apus
333 S 7 1 010036 1 1 41796 5125 0100021
201Alcedo atthis
3 S 1 1 010005 1 1 41215 5125 0100003
211Upupa epops
3333 S 47 25 010240 19 9 421661 59175 0100144
221Jynx torquilla
3 S 1 1 010005 1 1 41811 5125 0100003
231 Picoides major
33 R 35 22 010179 19 9 411023 59175 0100107
241 Picus canus
33 R 4 3 010020 3 2 161675 11175 0100012
251 Calandrella cinerea
333 S 17 4 010087 3 2 71976 11175 0100052
261 Galerida cristata
33 R 1 1 010005 1 1 51216 5125 0100003
271Alauda arvensis
3333 S 50 8 010255 3 3 101890 15175 0100153
281 Hirundo rustica
3333 S 75 10 010383 9 5 181203 31125 0100230
291Motacilla alba
333 S 32 14 010163 12 11 241226 59100 0100098
301Motacilla citreola
33 S 4 1 010020 1 1 31568 5125 0100012
311Motacilla cinerea
3 S 4 2 010020 2 2 51051 10150 0100012
321Anthus richardi
3333 S 24 3 010122 3 3 71562 15175 0100074
331Anthus godlewskii
3333 S 111 6 010566 6 5 121808 27150 0100340
341Anthus hodgsoni
33 S 192 10 010980 10 5 201299 32150 0100586
351Anthus spinoletta
33 P 13 1 010066 1 1 31694 5125 0100040
361Lanius sphenocercus
3333 R 5 3 010026 2 2 181135 10150 0100015
371Sturnia cineraceus
333 S 92 24 010469 19 9 431631 59175 0100282
381 Pica pica
3333 R 1065 111 015434 63 21 1591270 162175 0103162
391 Corvus dauuricus
3333 R 22192 17 1113224 15 11 1461618 62175 0121716
401 Corvus corone
3333 R 3029 7 115454 7 5 661874 28175 0108434
411 Corvus macrorhynchos
3333 R 2002 2 110214 2 1 571131 6150 0105768
421 Prunella montanella
33 W 4 2 010020 1 1 31780 5125 0100012
431Luscinia svecicus
3 P 1 1 010005 1 1 31192 5125 0100003
441 Phoenicurus auroreus
33 S 6 6 010031 6 5 121058 27150 0100018
451Saxicola torquata
33 S 22 2 010112 2 2 51111 10150 0100067
461Oenanthe pleschanka
33 S 15 5 010077 3 2 71839 11175 0100046
471 Turdus ruficollis
3 W 4 2 010020 2 2 111059 10150 0100012
481 Turdus eunomus
33 W 13 5 010066 5 4 151038 22125 0100040
491 Ficedula parva
33 P 27 7 010138 6 3 121182 19150 0100083
501 Phylloscopus f uscatus
3 S 2 1 010010 1 1 21536 5125 0100006
511 Parus major
33 R 10 3 010051 2 2 51296 10150 0100031
164 　　　　　　　动　物　学　研　究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　28 卷
　(Tab. 1 　continued)
Species Distribution Quantity
Number of
individuals
Density
Transect
Quantity
Number of
Habitats
Observed in
Importance
Values
Distribution
Coefficient
( %)
Probability
of Interactive
Encounter
521 Passer montanus
3333 R 2500 82 112755 45 17 1111071 124125 0107086
531 Fringilla coelebs
33 P 1 1 010005 1 1 31597 5125 0100003
541 Fringilla montifringilla
33 W 5 3 010026 2 2 61034 10150 0100015
551 Carpodacus erythrinus
33 P 24 2 010122 2 2 51631 10150 0100074
561 Carduelis sinica
333 R 92 15 010469 8 8 191623 42100 0100282
571 Emberiza yessoensis
33 P 2 1 010010 1 1 31186 5125 0100006
581 Emberiza pusilla
333 W 112 9 010571 9 5 171550 31125 0100343
591 Emberiza spodocephala
33 P 1 1 010005 1 1 31403 5125 0100003
Total (59 species) 32576 1616204 0151628
3 are the least hazardous species ; 33 are the less hazardous species ; 333 are the highly hazardous species ; 3333 are the most hazardous species
R : species of residents ; S : species of summer breeders ; W: species of winter species ; P : species of transient migrants.
runway , their flying height , the distance of their activi2
ties to the flight area and so on , the 59 species were
classified as the most hazardous , hazardous , less haz2
ardous and least hazardous according to its rank.
3 　Discussion
311 　The distribution of bird species influencing
flight security
Fourteen species from each of the resident group
and the summer migrant group respectively fall into the
two highest hazard groups (most hazardous and haz2
ardous birds) , accounting for 9013 %of bird species in
these groups. Three species from each of the winter mi2
grants and the visitors account for the remaining
917 %. Therefore , the species which are the highest
potential hazards to flight security , are mainly residents
and summer migrants.
312 　Evaluation of the potential hazard to flight
security at different hazard grades
The most hazardous birds , with importance values
over 25 , include : raptors which fly fast and have a
wide activity scope ; crows and small finchs which fly
in large flocks ; cooers and pigeons which fly across the
runway ; quails and chickens which live on both sides
of the runway ; and small snipes which inhabit the wa2
ter areas. These birds often inhabit Section A and often
transverse or fly above the runway , close to the flight
route. The biological features of raptors influence their
hazard grade ; as they fly at high elevation , are active in
a wide area and feed mainly on mice and small birds ,
the hot air current above the runway can support their
flight and save them energy. In addition quarries on
both sides of these fields provide ideal foraging habitat
and therefore , the flight area becomes a preferred pre2
sent site. Meanwhile , crows , quails and small finchs fly
in large flocks across the runway in spring. At times
there can be more than 10 000 crows at the site , which
are more dangerous than raptors as planes can not
avoid them easily. The power of the impact of a group
of crows is greater than that of a single raptor . Quails
are common birds in the flight area . They forage on the
ground close to the runway during dawn and dusk , and
display scattered flight when scared. Therefore they
may be drawn into the engine of the plane by the cur2
rents generated by the engine . Small snipes are always
in the water areas around the flight area . They usually
land in flocks when they spot water . The water from
the sewage factory has formed a shining water surface
to the north of the runway , which attracts birds which
have flown for long distances and need to rest to renew
their energy. They can easily encounter landing or air2
borne planes while descending or flying around the run2
way when disturbed.
The eight hazardous2grade raptor species are dis2
tributed far away from the inner level area and seldom
fly into the flight area . Their flight routes overlap with
the ascending and descending route of the planes ,
which poses a potential threat to the airplane . Com2
pared these species with the most hazardous species
that often fly within the airfield area , they are less dan2
gerous , and are thus defined as hazardous birds.
There are 28 bird species that are less or least
hazardous . Their activities are focused in the cone area
and within the inner level area , far away from the flight
route. They pose little hazard to aircraft and have not
been discussed here .
2 期　　　　　　　　　　　　李　新等: 呼和浩特白塔机场春季鸟类的鸟击危险等级评估(英文) 165
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　(上接第148 页)
赵亚军　中国农业大学农业部设施农业生物环境工
程重点开放实验室
赵元　　重庆师范大学生命科学学院
郑光美　北京师范大学生命科学学院
钟　扬　复旦大学生命科学学院
周材权　西华师范大学珍稀动植物研究所
周　放　广西大学动物科技学院
周　莉　中国科学院水生生物研究所
周立志　安徽大学生命科学学院
周荣家　武汉大学生命科学学院
周　伟　西南林学院保护生物学学院
中国科学院昆明动物研究所的陈小勇、陈自明、胡新天、季维智、蒋学龙、金　扬、孔庆鹏、
赖　仞、李文辉、李　英、马原野、毛炳宇、庞峻峰、饶定齐、王建红、王瑞武、王　文、王应祥、
文建凡、向余劲攻、肖　文、杨　岚、杨晓君、张华堂、张　明、赵其昆、郑永唐。
衷心感谢上述提及到的、没有提及到的为本刊做出贡献的所有审稿人!
《动物学研究》编委会、编辑部　　
166 　　　　　　　动　物　学　研　究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　28 卷