全球航空现状及培训发展趋势

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航空

全球航空现状及培训发展趋势
格拉汉姆JF 亨特, 博士FRAeS
在中国民航发展论坛上的讲演
北京
2009年5月14-15日
04/2009
讲演要点
􀀴航空业的需求周期
􀀴人力资源与需求周期不匹配
􀀴飞行培训
􀀴对等的资质审查
􀀴维修技术项目
􀀴尝试新的资质培训内容
􀀴职业继续教育
现状 ––航空业的需求周期
􀀴2007 –全球航空公司的净利润
􀀴2008
􀂙燃油价格飞涨
􀂙燃油套期保值
􀂙微薄的收益空间
􀀴2009 –客运需求崩溃
􀂙与2008年3月相比下降11.1%
􀂙运力降低4.4%
􀂙亚太地区远程航线下降14.5%
􀂙职员遭遇强制放假或离职
􀀴2007 IATA
􀂙“...在培训概念和规章缺乏全球标准，航空业对此深感担忧。60年来飞行员的培训没有发生过变化-我们仍然固守着以飞行小时数为重点的老式培训概念”
GiovanniBisignani
IATA总裁2007
现状––航空业的需求周期
航空公司飞行员培训 ––简要回顾
1.二战以来
􀂙大多数飞行员在军队航校受训。
􀂙1999年, 美国主要航空公司97%的新飞行员是由军队培训出来。到2005年, 这一比例下降到仅30%。
2.通用航空
􀂙培训由军队过渡到民用领域
􀂙从航空俱乐部接受非全日制培训
􀂙全日制地面学校被批准成为培训机构
3.依托大学开展培训
􀂙职业航空学校
􀀹讲授NAA执照内容以满足规章检查
􀀹讲授普通教育、航空工程、数学、物理、信息技术、心理学、管理学及人为因素等
4.高级资质审批及特殊能力
􀂙FAR142部对培训中心的审定
􀂙等效资质审查（如：新西兰民航局）
航空公司飞行员培训––简要回顾
等效资质审查
目的: -使拥有航空课程的大学和局方都能够在专业资质领域内研究探讨新的知识、程序和评定要求
理由:-
1.帮助大学实现“讲授的课程源自研究”
2.利用新的系统和新的学习方法更好地帮助航空专业学生做好就业准备
等效资质审查
实施方法: -
利用“等效审批”机制，民航主管部门可以确信，在校接受培训学生的学习记录，可以等同或超过民用航空规则61部“执照和评级”相关部分所提出的技术知识和实践技能方面的审查要求。
规章符合性监督:-
大学应制定出报民航主管部门批准的年度审计时间表，其中审计内容应覆盖所有运行活动。时间表中应至少包括：质量系统审计，学科体系审计及运行基地审查等内容。只要上述内容与培训项目有关，并且涉及航空安全，就都要接受审计。
等效资质审查
2年制和 4年制机体及发动机（ A& P）资质项目
）2年制和4年制（学位）项目的区别在于：
􀂙在达到A&标准要求方面没有显著区别,
但是
􀂙非技术类技能不需要审查
􀂙2年制项目中的管理类培训效果不是关注重点，包括撰写报告，对规章和安全变革的管理，人员管理等
新的执照 ––多机组飞行员执照(MPL)(MPL)
􀀴也许是ICAO人员执照64年来最重要的创新
􀀴基于能力的培训
􀀴先进的培训方法
􀀴加入威胁和差错管理（TEM）内容
能力
基于能力的培训
(MPL 组成部分 )
技术类非技术类目标教育和培训证据TEM 对策
确认的技能
教学规范
培训成果
运行标准专业表现
教学介入
MPL 获得成功的指标 ?
1.学员能力得到验证–不依靠积累飞行小时
2.转变学习方式的效果得到验证，如可以证明依靠远程教学或模拟环境学到的能力能够转化为航空公司副驾驶需要具备的表现
知识方面的欠缺
Hunt, 2002商务管理应用人为分析数据劳动力管理培训与开发行业角度因素系统
研究生学位类型Hunt, 2002航空科学硕士通用MBA 航空MBA
结束语
􀀴乐观看待未来
􀀴对航空专业人员的需求–飞行员，工程师，空管员，以及高级能管理人员–难以得到满足
􀀴扩展培训课程的重点，尤其在“非技术类”能力方面
谢谢！
Global Aviation
Development and Training
Trends
Graham J F Hunt, Ph.D FRAeS
Presentation to the
China Civil Aviation Development Forum
Beijing
May 14-15 2009
04/2009
Focus of the presentation
􀀴Aviation demand cycle
􀀴The human resource mismatch to the cycle
􀀴Flight training
􀀴Examination licensing equivalence
􀀴Maintenance technician programs
􀀴New licensing initiatives
􀀴Continuing professional education
Stats – Aviation Aviation’s demand cycle
s 􀀴2007 –net profit for international airlines
􀀴2008
􀂙Soaring fuel prices
􀂙Fuel hedging liabilities
􀂙Weak revenue environment
􀀴2009 –collapse in passenger demand
􀂙11.1% below March 08
􀂙Capacity reduced by 4.4%
􀂙Asia-Pacific long haul down by 14.5%
􀂙Furloughed and laid off personnel
Stats – Aviation Aviation’s demand cycle
s 􀀴2007 IATA
􀂙“...the industry is concerned that there is no global standard for training concepts or regulation. Pilot training has not changed in 60 years –we are still ticking boxes with an emphasis on flight hours”
GiovanniBisignani
Director-General, IATA, 2007
Airline Flight Training –
a little bit of history
1.From World War II
􀂙Most pilots trained in military flight schools.
􀂙1999, 97% of new pilots hired by US major carriers were military trained. By 2005, only 30% military trained.
2.General Aviation
􀂙Transition from military to civil training
􀂙art-time training from general aviation clubs
􀂙Full-time ground schools which became ‘approved training organizations’
Airline Flight Training –
a little bit of history
3.University-based training
􀂙rofessional aviation schools
􀀹Teach NAA licensing content to meet regulatory examinations
􀀹Teach general education, aeronautical engineering, mathematics, physics. information technology, psychology, management and human factors
4.Advanced licensing approvals and privileges
􀂙FAR Part 142 certification of a Training centre
􀂙Examination Licensing Equivalence (e.g. NZ CAA)
Examination Licensing Equivalence
Purpose: -to enable university aviation programs and regulatory authorities to explore new knowledge, procedures and assessment requirements within professional licenses
Justification: -
1.Meeting university requirements to ‘teach research-based curriculum’
2.New systems and methods of learning to better prepare aviation graduates for employment
Examination Licensing Equivalence
Implementation: -
An Equivalence Approval will provide a mechanism for the Director of Civil Aviation to recognise the academic record of students completing a programme of training, as being equivalent to, or exceeding, the technical knowledge and practical skills examination requirements prescribed in the respective licence and rating section of the Civil Aviation Rules, Part 61.
Examination Licensing Equivalence
Compliance Monitoring:-
The university shall establish a schedule of annual audits, acceptable to the Director, covering the scope of its operations. Such a schedule shall include, but not be limited to, quality systems audits, academic systems audits and operational base inspections so far as they apply to the training programme and aviation safety.
2 and 4 year A& Certificate Programs
Differences between 2 year and 4 year (degree) programs
􀂙No significant differences in achieving A& P standards, but
􀂙Non-technical skills not assessed
􀂙In 2 year programs management outcomes not a focus –budgets, writing reports, managing regulatory and safety changes, people management
New Licences – the Multi Multi-crew Pilot
Licence (MPL)
􀀴erhaps most significant innovation in ICAO’s Personnel Licensing in 64 years
􀀴Competency-based training
􀀴Advanced training methodologies
􀀴Integrated Threat and Error Management
CompetencieCompetenciess
Competency Competency-based training
(components in the MPL) TechnicaTechnicallNonNon--TechnicalTechnicalObjectivesObjectivesEducation &Education trainingtrainingEvidenceEvidenceTEMTEMCountermeasuresCountermeasurestrainingoutcomesoperationalcriteria
definedskills
instructional
specificationsProfessionalProfessionalperformanceperformanceinstructionalinterventions
Success indices for the MPL?
1.Demonstrated competencies –not accumulated hours
2.Demonstrated transfer of learning such as e-learning, simulation, to First Officer airline performance
Suggested deficiencies in knowledge
Hunt, 2002
Types of graduate degreesTypes degreesHunt, 2002
Conclusions
􀀴Optimistic view of future
􀀴Demand for aviation professionals -pilots, engineers, air traffic controllers, and highly skilled managers -difficult to meet
􀀴Broader focus of curriculum, especially in ‘non-technical’competencies
Thank youThank you

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全球航空现状及培训发展趋势