Terminal Separation Methods and Procedures 航站间隔方法和程序

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Terminal
Separation
Methods and Procedures
1
Lecture Objectives
Explain basic minimum requirements for
•Vertical Separation
•Radar Separation
•Visual Separation
•Runway Separation
Non-Radar Separation
–Lateral (Miles, Airways, Routes)
–Longitudinal (mile or minutes
Explain basic holding procedures
2
ATC –Primary Duty –Separate Aircraft
ATC System
No ATC System
Prevent Mid-air Collisions
3Applied Separation –Positive Control
SEPARATION BETWEEN AIRCRAFT
SEPARATION BETWEEN AIRCRAFT AND PROTECTED AIRSPACE
4
Separation Minima
LONGITUDINAL
-
miles/minutes miles, airways or
routes
feet
VERTICAL
LATERAL
5
Radar Separation
“AMERICAN TWO TEN, TURN LEFT HEADING TREE TREEZERO, VECTOR FOR TRAFFIC.”
AAL210230C123 450
DAL326230C121 430
6
Radar Separation
“DELTA TREE TWENTY SIX TRAFFIC TWO O’CLOCK TEN MILES, BOEING SEVEN THIRTY-SEVEN TURNING TO NORTHWEST
AAL210230C123 450
DAL326230C121 430
7Terminal Radar Separation
APPROACH RADARANTENNA
3 MI
10 MI
20 MI
30 MI
40 MI
50 MI
5 MI
8
Course Definition
Crossing
Crossing
Same Opposite
Reference
Course
9
Vertical Separation
VERTICAL
10
Vertical Separation
10,000
1,000 FT
1,000 FT
FL180
11
Block Altitudes
1,000 FEET BELOW BLOCK
BLOCK ALTITUDE 10,000 14,000 -
9,000
12Fuel Dumping
BELOW FL290
1000 FT above
2000 FT below
13Special Use Airspace
500 FEET ABOVE
500 FEET BELOW
UP TO AND INCLUDING FL 290
SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE
14Departure Separation
(Lateral Separation)
45°
Intersecting Runways
15
10
R
28
L
Same Runway Separation
#1
#3
#2
16
10
R
28
LDeparture vs. Arrival
17
Intersecting Runway Separation
10
28
Runway is safe for aircraft to land
Aircraft clears intersection
Aircraft clears runway
Runway is safe for aircraft to depart
Aircraft clears intersection
Runway is safe for aircraft to depart
Federal Aviation
Administration
18
Nonintersecting Runway Separation
27
19
Visual Separation In Conjunction With Visual Approach Procedures
20Holding Uses
1.Traffic En Route
Why hold?
2.Arrival Delays
3.Weather at Destination
4.Flow Control
5.Spacing
21
Basic Principles Using Time
•Depart at a specified time
•Arrive at a fix at a specified time
•Hold at a fix until a specified time
•Change altitude at a specified time or fix
22
Holding
23Hold At A Fix Until A Specified Time
"DEPART PUEBLO VOR AT OR AFTER ONE THREE ONE EIGHT.”
24
Typical Holding Pattern
OUTBOUND LEG
INBOUND LEG
ABEAM POSITION
HOLDING FIX
LEG LENGTH
25
Lateral Separations In Holding Patterns
•BOLEY
JONES
COYLE
OKC
V6
090
Holding pattern airspace must NOT overlap.
Left-hand pattern airspace does NOT overlap.
BOLEY
26
HOLDING FIX
CLEARANCE LIMIT
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000Holding Procedures Using Vertical Separation
27Question
•The minimum terminal radar separation required for two aircraft 30 NM from the antenna is ______ miles.
A.1
B.3
C.5
28Response Item
•For a tower facility to provide visual separation between two arriving IFR aircraft, the following condition must exist:
A.One of the aircraft must be visually observed by the tower.
B.Local Controller in the Tower must be able to see (visually observe) Both aircraft
C.The pilots of both aircraft must see each other.
29
The End of Terminal Separation for Radar Operations and Holding
30
26 Aircraft w/3 Miles of Radar Separation = 75 Miles of Airspace
16 Aircraft w/5 Milesof Radar Separation = 75 Miles of Airspace
Radar vs. Non-Radar Separation
80 miles
5 Aircraft w/20 Milesof Separation = 80 Miles of Airspace
2 Aircraft w/10 Minutesof Separation at 450 KTS Ground Speed = 75 Miles Airspace
75 miles
31Lateral Separation
LATERAL
32
80 miles
5 Aircraft w/20 Milesof Separation = 80 Miles of Airspace
Non-Radar Separation
10 Minutes vs. 20 Miles
2 Aircraft w/10 Minutesof Separation at 450 KTS Ground Speed = 75 Miles Airspace
75 miles
33
Non-Radar Lateral Separation Example
Minima on diverging radials for DME application (compensates for DME slant range)
4 NM
45°
4 NM
NAVIGATION AID
Below FL180
Protected Airspace
34
Longitudinal Separation
LONGITUDINAL
35Non-Radar Longitudinal Separation
10 Minutes
20 Miles
Same altitude/flight level
Same/converging or crossing courses
36
Depart At A Specified Time
Departing aircraft must depart at or after one three two zero
Departing aircraft will climb to 5,000
LAA
First aircraft crossed LAA at 1310 @ 5,000
TIME 1310
37Arrive At A Fix At A Specified Time
November Two must cross LAMAR at or after one three three zero
N1 crossed LAA at 1320 @ 5,000
N2 @ 5,000
V244
LAA
V244
38
Change Altitude At A Specified Time Or Fix
“CROSS MIAMI VORTAC AT OR AFTER ZERO FOUR TWO ZERO. MAINTAIN SEVEN THOUSAND UNTIL THE MIAMI VORTAC, CLIMB AND MAINTAIN NINER THOUSAND”
7,000 230 KTS
9,000 250 KTS
AIRCRAFT PASSED MIO AT 0410Z
MIAMI VORTAC (MIO)
AIRCRAFT ESTIMATING MIO AT 0418Z REQUESTING 9,000
39
Basic Principles Using DME
N1
LAA
“NOVEMBER ONE, ROGER.”
“NOVEMBER ONE, REPORT PASSING FIVE MILES EAST OF LAMAR.”
40
DME
Departing aircraft will climb to 5,000
LAA
First aircraft is 5 DME from LAA at 5,000
Distance to LAA 15 DME
41
Using DME
N1 is 3 DME east LAA @ 5,000
N2 is 17 DME west LAA @ 5,000
V244
LAA
V244
42
Understanding Separation (Cont’d)
Same altitude/ flight level
Same/converging or crossing courses
43
Understanding Separation (Cont’d)
LONGITUDINAL SEPARATION
44
MIAMI VORTAC (MIO)
Understanding Separation (Cont’d)
“CROSS MIAMI VORTAC AT OR AFTER TWO TWO FOUR FIVE. MAINTAIN ONE FIVE THOUSAND UNTIL THE MIAMI VORTAC, CLIMB AND MAINTAIN ONE SEVEN THOUSAND”
15,000 400 KTS
17,000 445 KTS
AIRCRAFT PASSED MIO AT 2235Z
Longitudinal
AIRCRAFT ESTIMATING MIO AT 2240Z REQUESTING 17,000
45
Understanding Separation (Cont’d)
SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE
500 FEET BELOW
1,000 FEET ABOVE
FL310
FL200
46
Understanding Separation (Cont’d)
a
b
d
e
f
c
g
h
2,000 FEET
1,000 FEET
1,000 FEET (RVSM) or 2,000 FEET (Non-RVSM)
5,000 FEET
2,000 FEET
Above FL600
Up to FL600
Above FL290
Up to FL290
Surface
Above FL410
Up to FL410
47
En Route Radar Separation
FL 600
10 NM
5 NM
48Separation
49
Visual Separation
50
Tower Visual Separation
51
Runway Separation
52The End
53Non-Radar Departure Divergence
Headings must diverge by at least 45 degrees.
45°