VFR Flight Guide INDEX

帅哥

ACCELERATE STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE (ASDA) The take-off run available plus the length of stopway available (if stopway is provided). AERODROME BEACON (ABN) A light, visible intermittently at all azimuths, used to indicate the location of an aerodrome from the air. AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE ATC service for aerodrome traffic. AERODROME CONTROL TOWER A unit established to provide ATC service to aerodrome traffic. AERODROME ELEVATION The elevation of the highest point of the landing area. AERODROME METEOROLOGICAL MINIMA (Ceiling and Visibility Minima) The minimum heights of cloud base (ceiling) and minimum values of visibility which are prescribed in pursuance of CAR 257 for the purpose of determining the usability of an aerodrome either for take-off or landing. AERODROME REFERENCE POINT (ARP) The designated geographical location of an aerodrome. AERODROME TRAFFIC All traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome. Note: An aircraft is in the vicinity of an aerodrome when it is, in, entering, or leaving the traffic circuit. AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION CIRCULAR (AIC) A notice containing information that does not qualify for the origination of a NOTAM, or for inclusion in the AIP, but which relates to flight safety, air navigation, technical, administrative, or legislative matters. AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION (AIP) A publication issued by or with the authority of a State and containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation. 343 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS AIRCRAFT WEIGHT CATEGORIES For the purposes of wake turbulence separation aircraft are divided into the following weight categories: • HEAVY (H) - All aircraft of 136,000KG maximum take-off or more; • MEDIUM (M) - Aircraft of less than 136,000KG maximum take-off weight but more than 7,000KG maximum take-off weight. • LIGHT (L) - Aircraft of 7,000KG maximum take-off weight or less. AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS (A/G) Two-way communications between aircraft and stations on the surface of the earth. AIR-REPORT (AIREP) A report prepared by the pilot during the course of a flight in conformity with the requirements for position, operational or meteorological reporting in the AIREP form. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCE Authorisation for aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an Air Traffic control unit. NOTE 1: For convenience, the term “Air Traffic Control Clearance” is frequently abbreviated to “Clearance” when used in appropriate context. NOTE 2: The abbreviated term “Clearance” may be prefixed by “Taxi”,“Take-Off”, “Departure”, “En-route”, Approach”, or “Landing” to indicate the particular portion of the flight to which the Air Traffic control Clearance relates. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS Directions given by a person performing duty in Air Traffic control for an aircraft to conduct its flight in the manner specified in the directions. AIR TRANSIT Means the airborne movement of a helicopter that is: • For the expeditious transit from one place within an aerodrome to another place within the aerodrome. • At or below 100FT above the surface, and • At speeds greater than those used in air taxiing. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICES Means any service provided by Air Traffic Control when performing a function referred to in Air Service Regulation 3.02 and includes a traffic advisory service, traffic avoidance advice and traffic information. 344 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES (ATS) ATC service, flight information service and SAR alerting service. AIRWAYS CLEARANCE A clearance, issued by ATC, to operate in controlled airspace along a designated track or route at a specified level to a specified point or flight planned destination. ALERTING SERVICE A service provided to notify an appropriate organisation regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue air, and to assist such organisation as required. ALL-OVER FIELD A defined landing area selected or prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft in various directions. ALTIMETER SETTING A pressure datum which when set on the sub-scale of a sensitive altimeter causes the altimeter to indicate vertical displacement from that datum. A pressure-type altimeter calibrated in accordance with Standard Atmosphere may be used to indicate altitude, height or flight levels, as follows: • When set to QNH or Area QNH it will indicate altitude; • When set to Standard Pressure (1013.2 HPA ) it may be used to indicate flight levels. ALTITUDE (ALT) The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object, considered as a point, measured from mean sea level. NOTE: In aeronautical terms, altitude is measured in feet. For flight planning, the letter”A” followed by 3 figures denotes specific altitude, eg A060 for 6000FT AMSL. APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE ATC service for arriving or departing flights. APPROACH SEQUENCE The order in which two or more aircraft are cleared to approach to land at the aerodrome. APRON A defined area on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance. APRON SERVICE A traffic regulatory and information service provided to aircraft using the apron area of an aerodrome. 345 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS AREA CONTROL CENTRE (ACC) A unit established to provide area control service. AREA CONTROL SERVICE ATC service in control areas. AREA QNH A forecast altimeter setting which is representative of the QNH of any location within a particular area. AUTOMATIC ENROUTE INFORMATION SERVICE (AERIS) The provision of operational information enroute by means of continuous and repetitive broadcasts. AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE (ATIS) The provision of current, routine information to arriving and departing aircraft by means of continuous and repetitive broadcasts during the hours when the unit responsible for the service is in operation. BLOCK LEVEL A section of airspace with specified upper and lower limits on a specified track. BRIEFING The act of giving in advance, specific pre-flight instructions or information to aircrew. CEILING The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 20,000FT covering more than one-half of the sky. CENTRE A generic callsign used in the en route and area environment which can include Air Traffic Control (procedural or radar), Advisory, Flight Information and Alerting services, depending on the classification of airspace in which the service is provided. CLEARANCE LIMIT The point specified in an air traffic control clearance to which an aircraft is authorised to proceed. CLEARANCE EXPIRY TIME The time, if specified, in an air traffic control clearance at which the authorisation granted therein is withdrawn. CLEARWAY A defined rectangular area on the ground or water at the end of a runway in the direction of take-off and under the control of the Competent Authority, selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aircraft may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height. 346 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS COMMON TRAFFIC ADVISORY FREQUENCY (CTAF) A frequency for pilots to exchange traffic information while operating to or from an aerodrome without an operating control tower or within a designated area. Where established, a CTAF will be shown in ERSA FAC. CONTROLLED AIRSPACE Airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control services are provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification CONTROL AREA (CTA) A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth. CONTROL ZONE (CTR) A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit. CROSSWIND SHEAR A wind shear occurrence which requires a rapid change in aircraft heading to maintain track. CRUISE/CLIMB An aeroplane cruising technique resulting in a net increase in altitude as the aeroplane weight decreases. CRUISING LEVEL A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight. NOTE: The word “level”, except in the expression “flight level” is used to designate the vertical position of an aircraft regardless of the reference datum or the units of vertical distance used. In air-ground communications a level will be expressed in terms of “altitude” or “flight level”, depending on the reference datum and the altimeter setting in use. DAY That period of time from the beginning of morning civil twilight to the end of evening civil twilight. DEAD RECKONING (DR) NAVIGATION The estimating or determining of position by advancing an earlier known position by the application of direction, time and speed data. DENSITY HEIGHT An atmospheric density expressed in terms of height which corresponds to that density in the standard atmosphere. 347 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME) Equipment which measures in nautical miles, the slant range of an aircraft from the selected DME ground station. DME DISTANCE The slant range from the source of a DME signal to the receiving antenna. DISTRESS A stage of being threatened by serious and imminent danger and of requiring immediate assistance. DOMESTIC FLIGHT A flight between two points within Australia. ELEVATION (ELEV) The vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured from mean sea level. EMERGENCY PHASES •Uncertainly Phase: A situation wherein uncertainty exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants. • Alert Phase: A situation wherein apprehension exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants. • Distress Phase: A situation wherein there is reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger or require immediate assistance. ESTIMATE The time at which it is estimated that an aircraft will be over a position reporting point or over the destination. ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME The estimated time to proceed from one significant point to another. ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL For VFR flights, the time at which the aircraft is estimated to arrive over the aerodrome of intended landing. FINAL LEG The path of an aircraft in a straight line immediately preceding the landing (alighting) of the aircraft. FIX A geographical position of an aircraft at a specific time determined by visual reference to the surface, or by navigational aids. 348 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS FLIGHT FILE A file stored on the NAIPS system which contains stored briefings, or a stored flight notification. Flight files are owned by pilots and / or operators, and updated at their request. FLIGHT INFORMATION Information which may be of assistance to a pilot in the planning and progress of a flight. FLIGHT INFORMATION AREA (FIA) An airspace of defined dimensions, excluding controlled airpsace, within which flight information and SAR alerting services are provided by an ATS unit. NOTE: FIA’s may be sub-divided to permit the specified ATS unit to provide its services on a discrete frequency or family of frequencies within particular areas. FLIGHT INFORMATION CENTRE A unit established to provide flight information and SAR alerting services. FLIGHT INFORMATION OFFICE A unit providing briefing and debriefing services. FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION (FIR) An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information service and alerting service are provided. FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE (FIS) A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights. FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE STATION (FISS) A unit providing flight information services. FLIGHT LEVEL (FL) A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific pressure datum, 1013.2HPA and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals. NOTE: A pressure type altimeter calibrated in accordance with the Standard Atmosphere • When set to a QNH altimeter setting, will indicate altitude, and • When set to a pressure of 1013.2HPA may be used to indicate flight levels. 349 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS FLIGHT NOTE Details of the route and timing of a proposed flight provided by the pilot-incommand of an aircraft, which is other than notification submitted to the Airservices Australia, and which is required to be left with a person who could be expected to notify appropriate authorities in the event that the flight becomes overdue. FLIGHT SERVICES (FS) Air-ground communications services, flight information services and SAR alerting services provided by ATS units. FLIGHT STAGE A route or part of a route flown between any two aerodromes without an intermediate landing. FORECAST A statement of expected meteorological conditions for a specified period, and for a specified area or portion of airspace. FORECASTER A Weather Officer designated by the Bureau of Meteorology to prepare and issue forecasts of meteorological conditions. FORMATION Two or more aircraft flown in close proximity to each other and operating as a single aircraft with regard to navigation, position reporting and control. NOTE: Refer CAR 163AA for conditions under which formation flight may be undertaken. FULL EMERGENCY (In the context of aerodrome emergency plans) - A situation in which the response of all agencies involved in the Aerodrome Emergency Plan will be activated. A full emergency will be declared when an aircraft approaching the airport is known or suspected to be in such trouble that there is danger of an accident. GRIB Processed data in the form of grid-point values expressed in binary form. [Wind and temperature values derived from World Area Forcast System (WAFS) models are input to NAIPS and automated flight planning systems in GRIB format]. GROSS WEIGHT The weight of the aircraft together with the weight of all persons and goods (including fuel) on board the aircraft at the time. HARD SURFACE A surface comprised of asphalt, concrete, bitumen, tar stone covered, tar bound pavements, compacted gravel or coral. It does not include any grass or natural surface. 350 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS Meteorological conditions which may endanger aircraft or adversely affect their safe operation, including, but not limited to, dust-storms, icing, thunderstorms, linesqualls, blizzards, sandstorms, severe storms of tropical or sub-tropical origin, other severe or turbulent conditions, abnormal conditions of sea and sea swell, widespread conditions of fog, low cloud and low visibility, heavy precipitation, freezing precipitation and hail. HEADING The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic, compass or grid). HEIGHT • The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point measured from a specified datum or; • The vertical dimension of an object. HOLD SHORT LINE A line marked across a runway, in accordance with the requirements of AIP AD, at which landing aircraft must stop when required during land and hold short operations (LAHSO). The line shall not be closer than 75M to the intersecting runway centreline. HOLDING BAY An enlargement or special arrangement of a taxiway, provided near the runway end to permit aircraft to hold without obstructing the passage of other aircraft on the taxiway. HOLDING POINT A specified location identified by visual or other means in the vicinity of which the position of an aircraft in flight is maintained in accordance with ATC instructions. Note: Caution, taxiways may also include a holding point. HOLDING PROCEDURE A predetermined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a specified airspace whist awaiting further clearance. NOTE: Clearance not applicable OCTA. LAND In relation to a helicopter, means to lower the helicopter to bring the undercarriage in contact with a surface. LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS A procedure involving dependent operations conducted on two intersecting runways whereby aircraft land and depart on one runway while aircraft landing on the other runway hold short of the intersection. 351 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS LANDING AREA That part of the movement area intended for the landing or take-off of aircraft. LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE (LDA) The length of runway which is declared by the State to be available and suitable for the ground landing run of an aeroplane. The landing distance available commences at the threshold and in most cases corresponds to the physical length of the runway pavement. However, the threshold may be displaced from the end of the pavement when it is considered necessary to make a corresponding displacement of the approach area and surface by reason of obstructions in the approach path to the runway. LENGTH (LEN) In relation to a helicopter, means the total length of the helicopter (including its rotors). LEVEL (LVL) A generic term relating to the vertical position of an aircraft in flight and meaning altitude or flight level. LICENSED AERODROME means a place that is: • Licensed as a aerodrome under the Civil Aviation Regulations, or • Established as an aerodrome under the Air Navigation Regulations. LOCAL STANDBY (In the context of Aerodrome Emergency Plans) - A situation in which activation of only the airport-based agencies involved in the Aerodrome Emergency Plan is warranted. A local Standby will be the normal response when an aircraft approaching an airport is known or is suspected to have developed some defect, but the trouble is not such as would normally involve any serious difficulty in effecting a safe landing. MANDATORY BROADCAST ZONE (MBZ) An airspace of defined dimensions within which pilots must make specified broadcasts. Where established, details concerning a MBZ will be shown in ERSA. MANOEUVRING AREA That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off landing and taxing of aircraft, excluding aprons. MARKER An object, other than a landing direction indicator, a wind director indicator or flag used to indicate an obstacle or to convey aeronautical information by day. MARKINGS Signs displayed on surfaces in order to convey aeronautical information. 352 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT (MTOW) The maximum take-off weight of an aircraft as specified in its Certificate of Airworthiness. MEDICAL A flight providing transport of medical patients, personnel, and/or equipment, prioritised as: MED 1: An aircraft proceeding to pick up, or carrying , a severely ill patient, or one on whom life support measures are being taken. MED 2: An aircraft proceeding to pick up medical personnel and/or equipment urgently required for the transport of a MED 1 patient, or returning urgently required medical personnel and/or equipment at the termination of a MED 1 flight. METEOROLOGICAL BRIEFING Explanation with the aid of relevant meteorological charts, reports and documents of the existing and expected meteorological conditions over an area along air routes, on flight paths and at aerodromes. METEOROLOGICAL DISPLAY The special exhibition of, and/or availability of, meteorological data for examination by persons concerned with air navigation. METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE An office of a meteorological authority staff and equipped to provide certain meteorological services for air navigation. METEOROLOGICAL WARNING A statement or meteorological report of the occurrence or expectation of a deterioration or improvement in meteorological conditions or of any meteorological phenomenon which may seriously affect the safe operation of aircraft. MOVEMENT AREA That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the apron(s). NAIPS The National Aeronautical Information Processing System, which provides briefings and flight notification functionality. NIGHT (NGT) That period of time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight. 353 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS NON-DIRECTIONAL BEACON (NDB) A special radio station, the emissions of which are intended to enable a mobile station to determine its radio bearing or direction with reference to that special radio station. NOTAM A notice issued by or with the authority of Airservices Australia and containing information or instructions concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to persons concerned with flight operations. OPERATIONS MANUAL A manual provided by an operating agency for the use and guidance of its operations staff, containing instructions as to the conduct of flight operations, including the responsibilities of its operations staff. OVERSHOOT SHEAR A wind shear occurrence which produces an INITIAL effect of overshooting the desired approach path and/or increasing airspeed. PARKING AREA A specially prepared or selected part of an aerodrome within which aircraft may be parked. PERMISSIBLE ALL-UP-WEIGHT The all-up-weight to which an aircraft is limited by virtue of the physical characteristics of an aerodrome. PRIMARY MEANS NAVIGATION SYSTEM A navigation system that, for a given operation or phase of flight, must meet accuracy and integrity requrements, but need not meet full availability and continuity of sertvice requirements. Safety is achieved by either limiting flights to specific time periods, or through appropriate procedural restrictions and operational requirements. PREFERRED RUNWAY A runway nominated by ATC as the most suitable for the prevailing wind, surface conditions and noise sensitive areas in the proximity of the aerodrome. PROCEDURE TURN A manoeuvre in which a turn is made away by an aircraft to intercept and proceed along the reciprocal of the designated track. NOTE 1: Procedure turns are designated “left” or “right” according to the direction of the initial turn. NOTE 2: Procedure turns may be designated as being made either in level flight or while descending, according to the circumstances or each individual instrument approach procedure. 354 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS QNH ALTIMETER SETTING That pressure which, when placed on the pressure setting sub-scale of a sensitive altimeter of an aircraft located at the reference point of an aerodrome, will cause the altimeter to indicate the vertical displacement of the reference point above mean sea level. RADAR INFORMATION SERVICE (RIS) An add-on ATC service within radar coverage which provides information to flights, not otherwise receiving a separation service, in order to improve situation awareness and assist pilots in avoiding collisions with other aircraft. RADAR VECTORS Navigational guidance to aircraft in the form of specific headings, based on the use of radar. REPETITIVE FLIGHT PLAN A flight plan referring to a series of frequently recurring, regularly operated individual flights with identical basic features, submitted by an operator for retention and repetitive use by ATS units. RESCUE COORDINATION CENTRE (RCC) A centre that co-ordinates search and rescue within an assigned area. RESCUE UNIT A unit composed of trained personnel and provided with equipment suitable for the expeditious conduct of search and rescue. ROUTE A way to be taken in flying from a departure to a destination aerodrome, specified in terms of track and distance for each route segment. RUNWAY (RWY) A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft. RUNWAY NUMBER The number allotted to a runway end, being that whole number nearest to one tenth of the magnetic bearing of the centerline of the runway measured clockwise from magnetic north when viewed from the direction of approach. Single numbers so obtained are preceded by “O” and where the final numeral of the bearing is 5 degrees or greater, the number allocated is the next largest number. RUNWAY STRIP (RWS) The defined area, including the runway (and stopway if provided), intended both to reduce the risk of damage to aeroplanes inadvertently running off the runway and to protect aeroplanes flying over it during take-off, landing or missed approach. Apart from the use of its runway, the area is not intended for taxi, take-off or landing operations. 355 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS SARTIME The time nominated by a pilot for the initiation of SAR action if a report has not been received by the nominated time. SEARCH AND RESCUE (SAR) The act of finding and returning to safety, aircraft and persons involved in an emergency phase. SEARCH AREA The area in which an aircraft is believed to have crashed or forced-landed. SEARCH AND RESCUE REGION The specified area within which search and rescue is coordinated by a particular Rescue Coordination Centre. SEPARATION • LONGITUDINAL SEPARATION: Longitudinal spacing of aircraft which is never less than the prescribed standard interval. When using a time standard, the interval between aircraft is calculated at the speed of the following aircraft; • LATERAL SEPARATION: The lateral spacing of aircraft by requiring operation on different routes, or in different geographical locations as determined by visual observation or by use of radio or other navigation aids; • VERTICAL SEPARATION: The vertical spacing of aircraft. SIGNIFICANT POINT A specified geographical location used in defining an ATS route or the flight path of an aircraft and for other navigation and ATS purposes. SOLE MEANS NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM A navigation system that, for a given phase of flight, must allow the aircraft to meet all four navigation system performance requirements - accuracy, integrity, availability and continuity. of service. SUPPLEMENTAL MEANS NAVIGATION SYSTEM A navigational system that must be used in conjunction with a sole means navigation system. SPECIAL VFR FLIGHT A VFR flight authorised by ATC to operate within a control zone under meteorological conditions below the visual meteorological conditions. STANDARD PRESSURE The pressure of 1013.2 hectopascals which, if set upon the pressure sub-scale of a sensitive altimeter, will cause the latter to read zero when at mean sea level in a standard atmosphere. This pressure must be set on the sub-scale of an altimeter before the vertical displacement indicated by the altimeter is corrected to a true value by applying the temperature correction. 356 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS STOPWAY A defined rectangular area on the ground at the end of a runway in the direction of take-off designated and prepared by the Competent Authority as a suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped in the case of an interrupted take-off. TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE (TODA) The length of the take-off run available plus the length of clearway available. TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE (TORA) The length of runway which is declared by the State to be available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane taking-off. This in most cases corresponds to the physical length of the runway pavement. TAXI HOLDING POINT A designated position on a taxiway, runway or channel at which taxiing aircraft may be required to stop pending receipt of permission to proceed. TAXIWAY (TWY) A defined path on a land aerodrome, selected or prepared for the use of taxiing aircraft. Note: Caution, taxiways may also include a holding point. TERRAIN CLEARANCE The vertical displacement of an aircraft’s flight path from the terrain. Minimum values are prescribed relative to the flight rules in force and the conditions prevailing. THRESHOLD (THR) The beginning of that portion of the runway useable for landing. TO ALERT To warn to prepare for search and rescue and/or to direct the guarding of specified radio frequencies. TOTAL ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME For VFR flights the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over the destination aerodrome. TRACK The projection on the earth’s surface of the path of an aircraft, the direction of which path at any point is usually expressed in degrees from North (True, Magnetic or Grid). TRANSITION ALTITUDE The altitude at or below which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes. 357 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS TRANSITION LAYER The airspace between the transition altitude and the transition level. TRANSITION LEVEL (TRL) The flight level at or above which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to flight levels. UNDERSHOOT SHEAR A wing shear occurrence which produces an INITIAL effect of undershooting the desired approach path and/or decreasing air speed. UNSERVICEABLE AREA A portion of the movement area not available for use by aircraft because of the physical condition of the surface, or because of any obstruction on the area. VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RADIO RANGE (VOR) A VHF radio navigational aid which provides a continuous indication of magnetic bearing from the selected VOR ground station. VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR SYSTEM (VASIS) A system of lights so arranged as to provide visual information to pilots of approaching aircraft of their position in relation to the optimum approach slope for a particular runway. VISIBILITY (VIS) The ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see and identify prominent unit objects by day and prominent lit objects by night. Visibility is divided into two classes as follows: Flight Visibility: The average range visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight. Ground Visibility: The visibility at an aerodrome, as reported by and approved observer. 358 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION DEFINITIONS CODE DEFINITION A A/A Air to Air AACC Area Approach Control Centre AAD Assigned Altitude Deviation AAL Above Aerodrome Level ABM Abeam ABN Aerodrome Beacon Information Service ABT About ABV Above AC Altocumulus +ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System ACC Area Control Centre ACCID Initial Notification of an Aircraft Accident ACD Airways Clearance Delivery ACFT Aircraft ACK Acknowledge Service ACN Aircraft Classification Number ACPT Accept, Accepted Telecommunication ACT Active, Activated, Activity AD Aerodrome Zone(s) ADC Aerodrome Chart ADDGM Aerodrome Diagrams ADDN Addition, Additional #ADF Automatic Direction Finding Equipment #ADIZ Air Defence Identification Zone ADJ Adjacent ADQ Adequate Aerodrome ADR Advisory Route #ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance ADZ Advise AEP Aerodrome Emergency Plan +AERIS Automatic En Route Information Service AFIL Flight Notification: - filed in the air, or indicating the position at which ATS services will first be required. AFM Yes, Affirm, Affirmative, that is correct AFRU Aerodrome Frequency Response Unit AFS Aeronautical Fixed Service AFT After... #AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network AFZ Australian Fishing Zone(s) 359 GENERAL AND METEOROLOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS This list covers abbreviations which may be found throughout the Guide and on associated charts, or which are used in NOTAM, AIP Supplements and in meteorological messages and documentation. Abbreviations marked “+” may be used as spoken words in radio telephony. Abbreviations “#” may be spoken using the constituent letters rather than the phonetic alphabet. Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS A/G Air-to-ground AGA Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids #AGL Above Ground Level AGN Again AH After Hours AIC Aeronautical Information Circular #AIP Aeronautical Information Publication +AIRAC Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control +AIREP Air-Report +AIRMET Information in plain language concerning weather significant to light aircraft operations at or below 10,000FT #AIS Aeronautical Information Service #ALA Aircraft Landing Area for the purpose of CAR 92(1)(d) +ALERFA Alert Phase ALM Aircraft Landing Minima ALR Alerting Message ALS Approach Lighting System ALT Altitude ALTN Alternate, Alternating (light alternates in colour) ALTN Alternate (aerodrome) AMD Amend, Amended AMDT Amendment (AIP Amendment) #AMSL Above Mean Sea Level ANC Aeronautial Chart 1:500,00 (followed by name/title) AOC Aerodrome Obstruction Chart AP Airport APAPI Abreviated Precision Approach Path Indicator APCH Approach APP Approach Control APR April APRX Approximate, Approximately Publication APSG After Passing APV Approve, Approved, Approval AQZ Area QNH Zone ARC Area Chart ARFL Aeroplane Reference Field Length +ARFOR Area Forecast (in aeronautical meteorological code) ARN Aviation Reference Number ARNG Arrange ARP Aerodrome Reference Point ARP Air-Report (message type designator) ARR Arrive, Arrival ARS Special Air-Report (message Type designator) AS Altostratus #ASAP As Soon As Possible ASC Ascent to, Ascending to ASDA Accelerate-Stop Distance Available ASPH Asphalt ASR Area Surveillance Radar # ATA Actual Time of Arrival #ATC Air Traffic Control (in general) #ATD Actual Time of Departure 360 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management #ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service ATS Air Traffic Services ATTN Attention AUG August AUTH Authorised, Authorisation AUW All Up Weight AUX Auxiliary AVM Abrupt Vertical Manoeuvres (by the MIL) A-VASIS Abbreviated Visual Approach Slope Indicator System AT-VASIS Abbreviated “T” VisualApproach Slope Indicator System (pronounced “AY-TEE-VASIS”) AVBL Available AVG Average +AVGAS Aviation Gasoline AWIB Aerodrome Weather Information Broadcast AWK Aerial Work AWS Automatic Weather Station AWY Airway AZM Azimuth CODE DEFINITION B +BASE Cloud Base BCFG Fog Patches BCN Beacon (aeronautical ground light) BCST Broadcast BDRY Boundary BECMG Becoming BFR Before BL Blowing (followed by DU = dust, SA = sand or SN = snow) BLDG Building BLO Below Clouds BLW Below BOMB Bombing BR Mist BRF Short (used to indicate type of approach) BRG Bearing BRKG Braking BS Broadcasting Station (Commercial) BTL Between Layers BTN Between CODE DEFINITION C 0 C Degrees Celsius (Centigrade) C Centre (Runway) CAO Civil Aviation Order CAR Civil Aviation Regulation CASA Civil Aviation Safety Authority +CAT Category CAT Clear Air Turbulence +CAVOK Visibility, cloud and present weather better than prescribed values of conditions #CB Cumulonimbus CC Cirrocumulus 361 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS CCTS Circuits CEN En Route and Area ATC Unit CET Clearance Expiry Time CF Change Frequency To CFM Confirm, I Confirm CH Channel CHTR Charter CI Cirrus CIT Near, Over Large Town(s) CIV Civil CK Check C/L Centre Line CLA Clear type of ice formation CLBR Calibration CLD Cloud CLG Calling CLIAS Climbing Indicated Airspeed CLR Clear, Cleared to..., Clearance CLSD Closed, Close, Closing CM Centimetre CMB Climb to or Climbing to CMPL Completion, Completed, or Complete CMSD Commissioned CNL Flight Plan cancellation message CNL Cancel CNS Communications, Navigation and Surveillance COM Communications CONC Concrete COND Condition CONS Continuous CONST Construction, Constructed CONT Continue(s), Continued COOR Coordinate, Coordinated COORD Coordinates COR Correct, Corrected, Correction COS Conical Surface COT At the Coast, Coastal COV Cover, Covered, Covering #CPDLC Controller Pilot Datalink Communication CRZ Cruise CS Cirrostratus CS Call-sign #CTA Control Area +CTAF Common Traffic Advisory Frequency CTC Contact CTL Control CTN Caution CTR Control Zone CU Cumulus CUF Cumuliform CUST Customs CWY Clearway CODE DEFINITION D D Danger Area (followed by identification) D Deleted 362 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS DA Decision Altitude DAP Departure and Approach Procedures DCMSD Decommissioned DCKG Docking DCT Direct (in relation to flight plan clearance and type of approach) DEC December DEG Degrees DEP Depart, Departure, Departed, Departing, Departure Message DER Departure End of Runway DES Descend to, Descending to DEST Destination +DETRESFA Distress Phase DEV Deviation, Deviating #DF Direction Finder/ Finding DIF Diffuse DISP Displaced DIST Distance DIV Diversion, Divert, Diverting DLA Delay, Delayed DLY Daily #DME Distance Measuring Equipment DMEN DME (International) #DMEP DME (International Precision - used in conjunction with MLS) DNG Danger, Dangerous DOC Documents DOM Domestic DP Dew Point DPT Depth #DR Dead Reckoning DR... Low Drifting (followed by DU =dust, SN=snow SA = sand DRG During DS Duststorm DTAM Descend to And Maintain DTG Date-Time Group DTHR Displaced Runway Threshold DTRT Deteriorate, Deteriorating DU Dust DUR Duration DUC Dense Upper Cloud DVOR Doppler VOR DZ Drizzle CODE DEFINITION E E East, East Longitude EAT Expected Approach Time EB Eastbound #EET Estimated Elapsed Time EHF Extremely High Frequency (30 000 to 300 000 MHZ) ELEV Elevation ELR Extra Long Range #ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter EM Emission EMBD Embedded in a Layer (to indicate cumulonimbus embedded in layers of other clouds) 363 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS EMERG Emergency ENDCE Endurance ENE East North-East ENG Engine ENR En Route ENRC En Route Chart (followed by name/title) EOBT Estimated off Blocks Time +EPIRB Electronic Position Indicating Radio Beacon (marine term) EQPT Equipment #ERC En Route Chart +#ERSA En Route Supplement Australia ESE East South-East EST Estimate, estimate as message type indicator #ETA Estimated Time of Arrival, Estimating Arrival # ETD Estimated Time of Departure, Estimating Departure ETO Estimated Time Over significant point EV Every EET Estimated Elapsed Time EXC Except EXP Expect, Expected, Expecting EXTD Extend, Extending, Extended CODE DEFINITION F F Fixed (chart symbol) FAC Facility, Facilities FAF Final Approach Fix FAL Facilitation of International Air FAP Final Approach Point FATO Final Approach and Take-off Area +FAX Facsimile Transmission FBL Light (used to indicate the intensity of WX phenomena, interference or static reports, eg FBL RA = light rain) FC Funnel cloud (tornado or water spout) FCST Forecast FDL Fixed Distance Lighting FEB February FEW Few (cloud descriptor) FFR Flood, Fire Relief FG Fog #FIA Flight Information Area #FIC Flight Information Centre FIO Flight Information Office #FIR Flight Information Region #FIS Flight information Service FISS Flight Information Service Station FL Flight Level FLD Field FLG Flashing FLR Flares FLT Flight FLTCK Flight Check FLUC Fluctuating, Fluctuation, Fluctuated FLW Follow(s), Following FLY Fly, Flying FM From FM From (followed by time weather change is forecast to begin) 364 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS FMU Flow Management Unit FNA Final Approach FPD Flight Plan Designator FPL Filed Flight Plan Message FPM Feet Per Minute FPR Flight Plan Route FR Fuel Remaining FRI Friday FREQ Frequency FRNG Firing FRQ Frequent #FS Flight Service (in general) FSL Full Stop Landing FSP Fish Spotting FST First FT Feet FU Smoke FXD Fixed FZ Freezing FZDZ Freezing Drizzle FZFG Freezing Fog FZL Freezing Level FZRA Freezing Rain CODE DEFINITION G G Green GAAP General Aviation Aerodrome Procedures #GCA Ground Controlled Approach GEN General GEO Geographic, true GES Ground Earth Station GFY Glider Flying GLD Glider GND Ground GNDCK Ground Check GNS Global Navigation System GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GP Glide Path GPS Global Positioning System GPI Glide Path Intercept GR Hail +GRASS Grass Landing Area GRIB Processed Meteorological data in the form of grid point values expressed in binary form (aeronautical meteorological code) GRVL Gravel GS Groundspeed GS Small Hail and/or Snow Pellets CODE DEFINITION H #H24 Continuous day and night service HAA Height Above Aerodrome HAT Height Above Threshold HBN Hazard Beacon HDG Heading 365 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS HDS Hours of Daylight Saving HEL Helicopter HF High Frequency (3000 to 30,000 KHZ) HGT Height, Height above +HIAL High Intensity Approach Lighting HIRL High Intensity Runway Lighting #HJ Sunrise to Sunset HLDG Holding HLS Helicopter Landing Site #HN Sunset to Sunrise HO Service Available to meet operational requirements HOSP Hospital Aircraft HPA Hectopascal HR Hours HS Homestead HS Service available during hours of scheduled operations HURCN Hurricane HVY Heavy HVY Heavy (used to indicate the intensity of WX phenomena, eg HVY RA = heavy rain) HX No specific working hours HYR Higher HZ Haze HZ Hertz HZS Horizontal Surface CODE DEFINITION I IAC Instrument Approach Chart (followed by name/title) IAF Initial Approach Fix #IAL Instrument Approach and Landing Charts IAO In and out of clouds #IAS Indicated Air Speed IBN Identification Beacon +ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation IC Ice Crystals (MET code) ICE Icing, Ice ID Identifier, identify +IDENT Identification IF Intermediate Approach Fix #IFF Identification Friend/Foe #IFR Instrument Flight Rules #ILS Instrument Landing System IM Inner Marker #IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions IMG Immigration IMPR Improve, Improving, Improvement IMT Immediate, Immediately INBD Inbound #INC In Cloud +INCERFA Uncertainty Phase +INFO Information +INOP Inoperative #INS Inertial Navigation System INSTL Install, Installed, Installation INSTR Instrument 366 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS INT Intersection +INTER Intermittent, Intermittently INTL International INTRG Interrogator INTRP Interrupt, Interruption, Interrupted INTSF Intensify, Intensifying INTST Intensity +ISA International Standard Atmosphere ISB Independent Sideband ISOL Isolated IWI Illuminated Wind Indicator CODE DEFINITION J JAN January +J-BAR Jet Barrier JF Saturday, Sunday and PH JO Monday to Friday except PH JTST Jet Stream JUL July JUN June CODE DEFINITION K KG Kilograms KHZ Kilohertz KM Kilometres KMH Kilometres per Hour KPA Kilopascals KT Knots KW Kilowatts CODE DEFINITION L L Left (runway identification) L Locator (see LM, LO) LAHSO Land and Hold Short Operations LAN Inland +LAT Latitude LDA Landing Distance Available LDG Landing LDI Landing Direction Indicator LEN Length LF Low Frequency (30 to 300 KHZ) LGT Light, Lighting. LGTD Lighted LIH Light Intensity High LIL Light Intensity Low LIM Light Intensity Medium LJR Low Jet Route LLN Low Level Navigation (by the MIL) LLO Low Level Operations (by the MIL) LL Lower Limits LLZ Localizer LM Locator (middle) LMT Local Mean Time LO Locator (outer) 367 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS LOC Locally, Location, Located, Local LOE Lane of Entry +LONG Longitude LRG Long Range LSALT Lowest Safe Altitude LTD Limited LUL Lowest Usable Level LV Light and variable (relating to the wind) LVE Leave, Leaving LVL Level LYR Layer, Layered CODE DEFINITION M M Metres (preceded by figures) M Mach number (followed by figures) MAE Men and Equipment MAG Magnetic MAINT Maintenance MAN Manual MAP Aeronautical Maps and charts MAPT Missed Approach Point MAR March MAR At Sea +MAX Maximum MBST Microburst #MBZ Mandatory Broadcast Zone MCW Modulated Continuous Wave (by the MIL) MDA Minimum Descent Altitude MDF Medium Frequency Direction Finding Station #MEA Minimum En-route Altitude MED Medical +MET Meteorological, Meteorology +METAR Routine Weather Report METRAD MET Radar MF Medium frequency (300 to 3000 KHZ) MHZ Megahertz MIFG Shallow Fog MIL Military MIN Minutes MISC Miscellaneous MKR Marker Radio Beacon MLJ Military Low Jet MLJR Military Low Jet Route #MLS Microwave Landing System MLW Maximum Landing Weight MM Middle Marker MNM Minimum MNT Monitor, Monitoring, Monitored MNTN Maintain, Maintained, Maintaining MOA Military Operating Area MOC Minimum Obstacle Clearance (required) MOD Moderate, Moderately 368 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS MOD Moderate (used to indicate the intensity of WX phenomena, interface or static reports, eg MOD RA = moderate rain) MON Monday MON Above Mountains MOV Move, Moved, Moving, Movement MOWP Method of Working Plan MPS Meters per Second MRG Medium Range MRP ATS/MET Reporting Point MS Minus #MSA Minimum Sector Altitude MSG Message MSL Mean Sea Level MT Mountain MTOW Maximum Take-off Weight MTP Maximum Tyre Pressure MTW Mountain Waves MVA Minimum Vector Altitude MWO Meteorological Watch Office MX Mixed type of ice formation (white and clear) CODE DEFINITION N N North, North Latitude NAIPS National Aeronautical Information Processing System NAP Noise Abatement Procedures NAT NAVAID Training NAV Navigation NAVAID Navigation Aid NB Northbound NBFR Not Before NC No Change #NDB Non Directional Radio Beacon NE North-East NEG Negative, No Permission not granted or, that is not correct NGT Night +NIL None NM Nautical Miles NML Normal NNE North North-East NNW North North-West NOF International NOTAM Office +NOSIG No Significant Change +NOTAM Notice to Airmen (A notice containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change in facility, service procedure or hazard which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations) NOV November NSC No significant Cloud NTA No TAF Amendment NV Night VFR NVG Night Vision Goggles (by the MIL) NW North-West NXT Next 369 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS CODE DEFINITION O OBS Observe, Observed, Observation OBSC Obscure, Obscured, Obscuring OBST Obstacle OBSTR Obstruction #OCA Oceanic Control Area OCA Obstacle Clearance Altitude OCC Occulting (light) OCNL Occasional, Occasionally OCT October #OCTA Outside Control Area #OCTR Outside Control Zone OFZ Obstical Free Zone OHD Overhead OM Outer Marker OPA Opaque, white type of ice formation OPMET Operational Meteorological OPN Open, Opening,Opened OPN Operational Notification Message OPR Operator, Operate, Operative, Operating, Operational OPS Operations O/R On Request OT Other Times OTLK Outlook (used in SIGMET messages for volcanic ash and tropical cyclones) OTP On top OUBD Outboard OVC Overcast OW Over Water CODE DEFINITION P P Prohibited Area +PAL Pilot Activated Lighting PANS Procedures for Air Navigation Services +PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator PAR Precision Approach Radar PARL Parallel PAX Passengers PCN Pavement Classification Number PCD Proceed, Proceeding PCL Pilot Controlled Lighting PDC Pre-Departure Clearance PEC Pressure Error Correction PERM Permanent PH Public Holiday PFR Preferred Route PILS Practice ILS PJE Parachute jumping Exercise PL Ice Pellets PLN Flight Plan PLVL Present Level PN Prior Notice Required #PNR Point of No Return PO Dust Devils #POB Persons on Board POSS Possible #PPI Plan Position Indicator 370 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS PRFG Aerodrome Partially Covered by fog (MET code) PRI Primary PRM Precision Runway Monitoring PRKG Parking +PROB Probable, Probability PROC Procedure PROV Provisional PS Plus PSG Passing PSN Position PSP Pierced Steel Plank PTBL Portable PTN Procedure Turn PVT Private PWR Power CODE DEFINITION Q #QNH Altimeter subscale setting to obtain elevation or altitude QUAD Quadrant CODE DEFINITION R R Red R Restricted Area (followed by number) R Right (runway system identification) RA Rain RAC Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services RAD Radius RAFC Regional Area Forecast Centre RAG Ragged RAG Runway Arresting Gear RAI Runway Alignment Indicator +RAPIC Radar Picture (MET) +RAS Radar Advisory Service RCA Reach Cruising Altitude #RCC Rescue Coordination Centre RCH Reach, Reaching RCL Runway Centre Line RCLM Runway Centre Line Marking RDL Radial RDO Radio RE… Recent (used to qualify weather phenomena, eg RERA = recent rain) REC Receive, Receiver, Received REDL Runway Edge Lights REF Reference to..., Refer to... REG Registration RENL Runway End Lights REP Report, Reported, Reporting, Reporting Point REQ Request, Requested RERTE Re-Route RES Reserve Fuel RESTR Restrictions REV Review RFF Rescue and Fire Fighting Services RH Radio Height RHC Right Hand Circuit RIF Reclearance in flight 371 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS RL Report Leaving RLA Relay to RLLS Runway Lead-in Lighting RMK Remark(s) +RNAV Area Navigation +ROBEX Regional OPMET Bulletin Exchanges Recommended Practices (ICAO) ROC Rate of Climb ROD Rate of Descent +ROFOR Route Forecast (in aeronautical meteorological code) RPI Runway Point of Intercept RPT Regular Public Transport RQ Require(d) RQMNTS Requirements RR Report Reaching RSC Rescue Sub-Centre RSCD Runway Surface Condition RSP Responder Beacon System RSR En Route Surveillance Radar RTE Route RTF Radio Telephone RTHL Runway Threshold Light(s) RTN Return, Returned, Returning RTZL Runway Touchdown Zone Lights #RVR Runway Visual Range RWS Runway Strip RWY Runway CODE DEFINITION S S South, South Latitude SA Sand SAL Supplementary Airline licence SALS Simple Approach Lighting System +SAR Search and Rescue SARPS Standards and Recommended Practices (ICAO) +SARTIME Time search action required SAT Saturday +SATCOM Satellite Communication SB Southbound SC Stratocumulus SCT Scattered SDBY Standby SDC Standard Departure Clearance SE South East SEC Seconds SEC Second, Secondary SECT Section, Sector +SELCAL Selective Calling System SEP September SER Service, Servicing, Served SEV Severe (used eg. to qualify icing and turbulence report) SFC Surface SG Snow grains SH... Showers (followed by RA=rain, SN=snow, PE=ice pellets, GR=hail, GS=small hail and/or snow pellets or combinations thereof, eg, SHRASN= showers of rain and snow) 372 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS SHF Super High Frequent (3,000 to 30,000MHZ) +SID Standard Instrument Departure SIF Selective Identification SIG Significant +SIGMET Information concerning en route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations SIGWX Significant Weather SIMUL Simultaneous, Simultaneously SKC Sky Clear +SKED Schedule, Scheduled SLP Speed Limiting Point SLW Slow, Slowly #SMC Surface Movement Control SMR Surface Movement Radar SN Snow +SNOWTAM A special series NOTAM notifying the presence or removal of hazardous conditions due to snow, ice, slush or standing water associated with snow, slush and ice on the movement area SOC Start of Climb SOT Start of TORA (take-off) SP Single Pilot SPA Sport Aviation +SPECI Aviation Special Weather (in Aeronautical meteorological code) SPFIB Specific Preflight Information Bulletin +SPOT Spotwind SQ Squall SR Sunrise SRD Standard Radar Departure SRG Short range #SRR Search and rescue region SRY Secondary SS Sandstorm SS Sunset SSB Single Sideband SSE South South-East SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar SST Supersonic Transport SSW South South-West ST Stratus STA Straight in Approach +STAR Standard Arrival Route STD Standard STF Stratiform STN Station STNR Stationary STODA Supplementary Take-off distance STOL Short Take-off and Landing STS Status STWL Stopway Light(s) SUBJ Subject to SUN Sunday SUP Supplement (AIP Supplement) SUPPS Regional Supplementary Procedures 373 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS SVCBL Serviceable SVY Survey Operations SW South-West SWS Soft Wet Surface SWY Stopway CODE DEFINITION T ...T Bearing (true) T Temperature TA Transition Altitude +TAC Terminal Area Chart +TACAN Tactical Air Navigation Aid +TAF Aerodrome Forecast +TAIL Tailwind TAR Terminal Area Survelliance Area #TAS True Airspeed +TAT Terminal Area Thunderstorm Service (meteorological term) TAX Taxiing, Taxi TBA To Be Advised TC Tropical Cyclone +TCAS (tee-kas) Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System TCH Threshold Crossing Height TCTA Trans-continental Control Area TCU Towering Cumulus TDO Tornado TDZ Touchdown Zone TECR Technical Reason TEL Telephone +TEMPO Temporary, Temporarily TFC Traffic TGL Touch and go Landing TGS Taxiing Guidance System THR Threshold THRU Through THU Thursday TIBA Traffic Information Broadcasts by Aircraft +TIL Until TIP Until Past (place) TKOF Take-off TLW Time Limited WIP (work in progress) #TMA Terminal Control Area TNA Turn Altitude TNH Turn Height TNS Transitional Surface TOC Top of Climb TODA Take-off Distance Available TOP Cloud Top TORA Take-off Run Available TP Turning Point TR Track TRA Temporary Reserved Airspace TRANS Transmits, Transmitter TRL Transition Level TROP Tropopause TS... Thunderstorm 374 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS #TTF Trend Type Forecast TUE Tuesday TURB Turbulence +T-VASIS "T" Visual Approach Slope Indicator System (pronounced “TEE-VASIS”) TWR Aerodrome Control Tower, Aerodrome Control TWY Taxiway TWYL Taxiway Link TYP Type of Aircraft TYPH Typhoon CODE DEFINITION U UAB Until Advised By #UDF UHF Direction Finding Stations UFN Until Further Notice UHDT Unable Higher Due Traffic #UHF Ultra High Frequency (300 to 3 000 MHZ) UIR Upper Flight Information Region UL Upper Limits UNA Unable UNAP Unable to Approve UNLC Unlicensed UNL Unlimited UNREL Unreliable U/S Unserviceable UTA Upper Control Area #UTC Coordinated Universal Time CODE DEFINITION V VA Volcanic Ash VAL In Valleys VAR Magnetic Variation +VASIS Visual Approach Slope Indicator System VCY Vicinity VC Vicinity of the aerodrome (followed by FG=fog, FC=funnel cloud, PO=dust/sand whirls, BLDU=blowing dust, BLSA=blowing sand or BLSN=blowing snow; eg. VCFG=vicinity fog #VDF VHF Direction Finding Station VER Vertical #VFR Visual Flight Rules #VHF Very High Frequency (30 to 300 MHZ) VIA By way of... #VIP Very Important Person VIS Visibility VLF Very Low Frequency (3 to 30 MHZ) VLR Very Long Range #VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions +VOLMET Meteorological Information for Aircraft in Flight #VOR VHF Omni-directional Radio Range (OMNI) VRB Variable VTC Visual Terminal Chart 375 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS CODE DEFINITION W W West, West Longitude W White WAC World Aeronautical Chart - ICAO 1:1 000 000 (followed by name/title) WAFC World Area Forecast Centre WB Westbound WDI Wind Direction Indicator WDSPR Widespread WED Wednesday WEF With Effect From, Effective From WI Within WID Width WIE With Immediate Effect, Effective Immediately +WILCO Will Comply WIND Wind (used in connection with direction and speed) WINTEM Forecast upper wind and temperature at specified points (in aeronautical met code) WIP Work in Progress WKN Weaken, Weakening WNW West North-West WO Without WPT Way Point WRNG Warning WS Wind Shear WSW West South-West WT Weight WWW World Wide Web WTSPT Water Spout WX Weather CODE DEFINITION X X Cross XBAR Crossbar (of approach lighting system) XNG Crossing XS Atmospherics CODE DEFINITION Y YCZ Yellow Caution Zone YR Your(s) CODE DEFINITION Z Z Coordinated Universal Time (in meteorological messages) 376 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS 359 Accidents and incidents 28 Acrobatic flight 24 ADIZ – Visual Signals 277 ADIZ 274 Aerial sporting and recreational activities 267 AERIS Coverage 150 AERIS 121 AERODROME – Categories 131 – Forecasts 130 – Frequency Response Unit 199 – Markings – Displaced Threshold 88 – Markings – PAPI 87 – Markings – T-VASIS 86 – Markings 85 – Weather Information Broadcasts (AWIB) 122 – Operations in the vicinity of 82 AFRU 199 After Take-off - Controlled Airspace 246 Air to Air Communications 199 AIRCRAFT – Beacon Transponder 195 – callsigns 41 – equipment 77 – Safety 173 – Speeds 184 – Weather Reports 147 AIREP Special 152 AIRMET 148 Airways Clearance 235 Alerting the SAR System 320 ALTERNATE AERODROMES – NVFR 299 – Weather Conditions 153 – Alternate Aerodromes 153 ALTERNATE REQUIREMENTS – Helicopters 307 – Radio Navaids 299 ALTIMETER – Transition level 70 – Setting procedures diagram 71 – Setting procedures 69 – Setting rules 69 Altitude – GAAP 225 Animals – carriage 12 Approved Observers 146 Area forecasts 129 ATC Radar Services 195 ATIS/CATIS 118 Automatic Broadcast Services 118 Automatic Weather Stations 140 Availability of Meteorological Documentation 125 Aviation Forecasts 130 Avoiding Controlled Airspace 240 AWIB 122 BALLOON OPERATIONS - Carriage and use of radio 272 - Meteorological Conditions 273 - Operations in Controlled Airspace 273 - Operations in the Vicinity of Aerodromes 272 - Balloon Operations 271 377 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION Beacon Terminology 320 Before flight responsibilities – Pilot in Command 93 Bird Strike 30 Block Levels 262 Briefing of Passengers 173 CAGRS 200 Callsigns 43 Care and storage of emergency beacon 326 CARRIAGE – Use of radio 272 – Balloon Operations 272 – Of animals 12 – Of firearms 13 – Of passengers – prohibition 11 – Of passengers in seats with dual controls 20 CATIS/ATIS 118 Certified Air Ground Radio Service 200 Change of levels - Controlled Airspace 241 Changes in Medical conditions 2 Charts 114 Circuit Height – Helicopters 309 Circuit Height 208 Class E Airspace - Parachuting in 269 Class E Airspace 255 Clearances all Operations – GAAP 217 Climb and Cruise Procedures 209 Cloud Height Datum 135 Code – Weather Code and Translation 134 Commercial Operations 10 Commercial Purposes 10 Common Traffic Advisory Frequency 205 Communication and Navaid Failure 339 Conditional clearances - RTF 34 Control Area Protection 234 CONTROLLED AIRSPACE – After Take-off 246 – Airways Clearance 235 – Arrival 248 – Avoiding Controlled Airspace 240 – Control Area Protection 234 – Departure Instructions 244 – Diversion from track 239 – Engine start, push-back and taxi 242 – Establishment on Track 247 – Frequency Change 247 – Go Around Procedures 254 – Holding 251 – Minimum altitude requirements 250 – Nomination of Runways 243 – Provision of Separation 237 – Selection of Circuit Direction 252 – Selection of Take-off Direction 244 – Separation Minima for Take-off 245 – Take-off procedures 244 – Tracking Requirements 249 – Visual Approach 249 – Change of levels 241 – Controlled Airspace 233 378 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION CONTROLS – Dual 19 – Manipulation 24 – Pilots at 19 – Conversions 67 CRUISING LEVELS – Selection 261 – Cruising levels 75 CTAF 205 Daily Inspection 177 Danger, Prohibited, and Restricted Areas 117 Daylight and Darkness Graphs 107 Declared Density Chart 98 Defect reporting 27 Departure Instructions - Controlled Airspace 244 Departure into adjoining CTA – GAAP220 Departure Procedure – GAAP 222 Designated Remote Areas 182 Discharge of firearms 13 Disorderly and offensive behaviour 12 Displaced Threshold 88 Distress Signals 328 Ditching – Emergency 326 Diverson from Track - Controlled Airspace 239 Documents to be carried in aircraft 12 Dual controls – carriage of passengers 20 Dual controls 19 Duration of Licence 3 EMERGENCY – Mercy Flights 340 – Beacon – care and storage 326 – Locator Transmitters 185 – Procedures 317 – Water Still 332 Engine start, push-back and taxi 242 Entry to the Circuit - GAAP 226 Equipment of aircraft for VFR flight at night 293 Establishment on Track - Controlled Airspace 247 Exits and passageways not to be obstructed 21 FIREARMS – Carriage 13 – Discharge 13 FLIGHT INFORMATION – Areas 199 – Service 117 FLIGHT NOTE – Contents 162 – Form 164 FLIGHT NOTIFICATION – NVFR 301 – Contents 162 – Form 163 – Flight Notification 159 Flight number callsigns 42 379 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION 380 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION Flight Planning Preparation 91 Flight Reviews – PPL 5 Flight Reviews required – Helicopter 303 Flight within PRD areas 259 FLIGHTS OVER WATER – Helicopters 314 – Safety Equipment 180 – Flights over water 179 Flightwatch 123 Flotation equipment 180 Flying – low 25 Flying over public gatherings 25 Forced landings 330 Forecasts for flights 129 Forecasts 135 Formation Flying 81 Frequency Change - Controlled Airspace 247 FUEL – Planning 103 – Fuel Requirements 102 – Fuels and oils 14 GAAP – Altitude 225 – Arrival Procedures 225 – Clearances all operations 217 – Departure into adjoining CTA 220 – Departure Procedure 222 – Go Around Procedure 230 – Inbound Radio Calls 232 – Inbound Reporting points 226 – Landing Procedures 228 – Lookout and Give way 219 – Outbound Radio Calls 223 – Pilot Responsibilities 216 – Provision of Separation 216 – Take-off Procedure 221 – Taxi Clearance 219 – Taxi Procedures 218 – Taxiing after landing 230 – Tracking Requirements 225 – Transit of and flight in proximity to 231 – Procedures – Arrival Procedures 225 – Procedures 213 – Landing Clearance 229 GLIDING – Operations at licenced aerodromes 268 – Gliding 267 GO AROUND PROCEDURE – GAAP 230 – Controlled Airspace 254 Ground operations of engines 19 Ground Signals 85 Ground station callsigns 40 Ground Vehicles 43 Hazard Alert Service 123 Hazardous Weather 148 HELICOPTER – Flight Reviews required 303 – Recent Experience Requirements 304 – Alternate Requirements 307 – Circuit Height 309 – Flights over water 314 – Hot Refuelling (Helicopters) 306 – Instruments required for VFR Flight 306 – Low Flying 312 – Special VFR 307 – Use of Aerodromes 309 Helping Search and Rescue 318 HOLDING – Controlled Airspace 251 – Holding 198 Icing 101 Identification Procedures 197 Illness 2 Impaired efficiency due illness 2 Inbound Radio Calls – GAAP 232 Inbound Reporting points – GAAP 226 Incidents and accidents 28 Information by Pilots 124 Instruments – NVFR 296 Instruments for flight under VFR 77 Instruments required for VFR Flight – Helicopters 306 Instruments 77 INTER 135 Interception of Civil Aircraft 274 Internet 127 Intoxicated persons 11 LANDING – Clearance – GAAP 229 – Manoeuvres 210 – Procedures – GAAP 228 Lanes of Entry 260 Licence Production 7 Licence Requirements – PPL 5 Licence Requirements 3 Licenced aerodromes – Parachute decents at 270 Licencing – Student Pilot Licence 3 Light Signals 338 Light Signals 84 Lighting – NVFR 295 Listening watch 21 Log Books 6 Logs – navigation 24 Lookout and Give way – GAAP 219 Low Flying – Helicopters 312 Low flying 25 Lowest Safe Altitude - NVFR 286 Magnetic Tracks - Cruising levels 75 Mandatory Broadcast Zone 204 Manipulation of controls 24 Manipulation of propeller 22 MBZ - Parachute Operations in 269 381 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION MBZ 204 Medical Certificate 2 Mercy Flights 340 METAR 142 METEOROLOGICAL – Advices 147 – Briefing 125 – Conditions for balloons 273 – Conditions observed en-route 24 – Reports 142 – Aerodrome Categories 131 – Aerodrome Forecasts 130 – Aircraft Weather Reports 147 – AIREP 152 – AIRMET 148 – Area forecasts 129 – Automatic Weather Stations 140 – Aviation Forecasts 130 – Cloud Height Datum 135 – Forecasts for flights 129 – Hazardous Weather 148 – METAR 142 – Provisional Forecasts 141 – SIGMET 147 – Significant Forecast Abbreviations 133 – SPECI 142 – TEMPO and INTER 135 – Terminal Aerodrome Forecast(TAF) 136 – Trend Type Forecast (TTF) 140 Minimum altitude requirements- Controlled Airspace 250 NAIPS Briefing Services 128 NAIPS Contacts 127 NAIPS 126 Navaid rated coverage 285 NAVIGATION – Position Fixing 266 – Track Keeping 265 – Logs 24 – Requirements – Flights under the VFR 263 – Under the VFR 79 Night VFR – Checklist 280 Nomination of Runways - Controlled Airspace 243 NON-CONTROLLED AERODROMES – Arrival Information 209 – Circuit Height 208 – Climb and Cruise Procedures 209 – Communications 206 – CTAF 205 – Landing Manoeuvres 210 – MBZ 204 – Separation Minima for Landing 211 – Summary of Broadcasts 206 – Take-off 208 – Taxiing after landing 212 – Taxiing 207 NOTAM 156 Notification required from operators 129 Numerals 35 382 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION 383 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION NVFR – Flight notification 301 – Aircraft Equipment 293 – Alternate Aerodromes 299 – Instruments 296 – Lighting 295 – Lowest Safe Altitude 286 – Private pilot Recent experience requirements 283 – Qualification for night flying 282 – Radio Communication Systems 284 – Radio Navigation Systems 285 – Alternate Requirements - Runway lighting 299 Observers – Approved 146 Obstruction of exits and passageways 21 Offensive and disorderly behaviour 12 Operating near other aircraft 81 Operation of Transponders 195 OPERATIONS – Controlled Airspace 233 – Private 9 – Special VFR 187 – Visual Flight Rules 187 – At licenced aerodromes – Gliding 268 – In Class E Airspace 255 – In Controlled Airspace – Balloons 273 – In Controlled Airspace 236 – In the Vicinity of Aerodromes – Balloon Operations 272 – On and in the vicinity of Aerodromes82 – Outside Controlled Airspace 203 Outbound Radio Calls – GAAP 223 Over water flights 179 Overtaking aircraft 72 PAPI 87 PARACHUTE – Decents at licenced aerodromes 270 – Operations in MBZ 270 Parachuting in Class E Airspace 269 Parachuting Operations 269 Passengers – carriage prohibition 11 Persons not to be intoxicated 11 Phonetic alphabet 35 Phrases 44 PILOT IN COMMAND – Planning of Flight 91 – Powers 8 – Responsibility of Pilot in Command 93 – Responsibilities – before flight 13 – Pilot in Command 7 Pilot Responsibilities – GAAP 216 Pilot Responsibilities 6 Pilots at controls 19 Planning – Emergency 317 Planning of flight by Pilot in Command91 Position Fixing 266 Powers of Pilot in Command 8 PPL Recency Requirements 6 Precautions before take-off 23 384 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION Pre-flight altimeter check 69 Pre-flight information and flight notification 126 Pre-flight Information 91 PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING – AERIS 121 – Aerodrome Categories 131 – Aerodrome Forecasts 130 – Aircraft Safety 173 – Aircraft Speeds 184 – Alternate Aerodromes 153 – Area forecasts 129 – Availability of Meteorological Documentation 125 – Aviation Forecasts 135 – AWIB 122 – Briefing of Passengers 173 – Charts 114 – Daily Inspection 177 – Daylight and Darkness Graphs 107 – Declared Density Chart(s) 98 – Designated Remote Areas 182 – Emergency Locator Transmitters 185 – Flight Information Service 117 – Flight Notification 159 – Flights over water 179 – Fuel Planning 103 – Fuel Requirements 102 – Icing 101 – Meteorological Briefing 125 – Meteorology Services 129 – NAIPS 126 – Notification required from operators129 – Radio Requirements 93 – Safety Precautions before flight 174 – Significant Forecast Abbreviations 133 – Take-off and landing of Aircraft 95 – TEMPO and INTER 135 – Weather Code and Translation 134 – Pre-flight Planning 91 Pre-flight safety precautions 175 Prevention of collision 73 Private Operations 9 Private Pilot Licence 5 Production of Licence 7 Prohibhited, Restricted and Danger Areas 258 Prohibited, Restricted and Danger Areas 117 Propeller manipulation 22 PROV 141 PROVISION OF SEPARATION – Controlled Airspace 237 – GAAP 216 Provisional Forecasts 141 Public gatherings – flying over 25 Push-back, engine start and taxi 242 Qualification for night flying 282 Radar – Weather 124 Radar Vectoring Procedures 197 RADIO – Aircraft callsigns 41 – Amended route or level 34 – callsigns 43 – Flight number callsigns 42 – General Phrases 44 – ground station callsigns 40 – Ground Vehicles 43 – numerals 35 – phonetic alphabet 35 – read back information 33 – route terminology 34 – Standard words and phrases 44 – Transmission of numbers 36 Radio Calls – Outbound – GAAP 223 Radio Communication Procedures 197 Radio Communication Systems – NVFR284 Radio Failure - Light Signals 338 Radio Failure Procedures 336 Radio Navaids – Alternate requirements299 Radio Navigation Systems – NVFR 285 Radio Requirements- Pre-flight Planning93 Radio- Standard words and phrases 37 Radio Telephony procedures 31 Radios – testing of 21 Rated Coverage – Radio Navaids 285 Read back information 33 Recency – Student Pilot Licence 4 Recency Requirements (PPL) 6 Recent Experience Requirements – Helicopter 304 Refuelling operations 14 Regulation of Flight – Assesment of Priorities 184 Reporting of defects 27 Reports – Meteorological 142 Responsibility of pilot in command before flight 13 Responsibility of Pilot in Command before flight 93 Restricted, Prohibited and Danger Areas 117 Restrictions on Advertising 8 Right of way 72 RULES OF THE AIR – Aircraft equipment 77 – Determination of visibility 76 – Formation Flying 81 – Light Signals 84 – Operating near other aircraft 81 – Operations in the vicinity of Aerodromes 82 – Overtaking aircraft 72 – Prevention of collision 73 – Right of way 72 – See and avoid 75 – Time 81 – Track Keeping 81 – VFR navigation 79 – Rules of the air 72 385 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION Runway lighting – NVFR Alternate Requirements 299 Safety harnesses and seat belts 20 Safety Precautions before flight 174 Safety precautions before take-off 23 Safety Signals 329 SARTIME and SARWATCH 212 Seat belts and safety harnesses 20 See and avoid 75 Selection of Circuit Direction – Controlled Airspace 252 Selection of Circuit Direction, Separation Minima and Height 207 Selection of Cruising levels 261 Selection of Take-off Direction – Controlled Airspace 244 Separation Minima for Landing 211 Separation Minima for Take-off – Controlled Airspace 245 Separation Minima for Take-off – Uncontrolled Airspace 208 SIGMET 147 Signaling – Emergency 333 Signalling Equipment – Over water flights 181 Signals – Lights 84 Signals - Ground 85 Significant Forecast Abbreviations 133 Smoking in Aircraft 21 SPECI 142 Special VFR – Helicopters 307 Special VFR 187 Standard words and phrases 37 Starting and ground operations of engines 19 Starting and running of engines 22 Student Pilot Licence 3 Student Pilot Recency Requirements 4 Summary of Broadcasts 206 Survival Equipment – Over water flights 181 TAF 136 Take-off and landing of Aircraft 95 Take-off and landing reports 146 TAKE-OFF PROCEDURE – GAAP 221 – Controlled Airspace 244 Take-off safety precautions 23 Take-off, en-route and landing 188 Taxi Clearance – GAAP 219 Taxi Procedures - GAAP 218 Taxi, push-back and engine start 242 Taxiing after landing – GAAP 230 Taxiing after landing 212 Taxiing of aircraft 22 Taxiing 207 TEMPO 135 Terminal Aerodrome Forecast 130 386 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION Testing of radios 21 Time 105 Time 81 Track Keeping – VFR 265 Track Keeping 81 TRACKING REQUIREMENTS – GAAP 225 – Controlled Airspace 249 Transit of and flight in proximity to a GAAP 231 Transition layer 70 Transmission format 33 Transmission of distress signals 328 Transmission of numbers 36 Transponder Emergency Codes 196 Trend Type Forecast 140 TTF Decode 144 TTF 140 T-VASIS 86 UNICOM 202 Urgency Signals 329 Use of Aerodromes – Helicopters 309 Using Distress Beacons 324 VFR – Determination of visibility 76 VFR – Navigation Requirements 263 VFR – Track Keeping 265 VFR altimeters 69 VFR Flights at night 282 VFR instrument serviceability 78 VFR instruments 77 VFR Navigation 79 VFR 187 Visibility for VFR 76 Visual Approach - Controlled Airspace249 Visual Meteological Conditions (VMC)188 VMC 188 Weather Code and Translation 134 Weather Radar 124 Wind Shear Reporting 149 387 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION 388 ARE YOU SAFE TO FLY? Don’t fly if you are not safe! TYPE REGISTRATION Best rate of climb speed kts Best angle of climb speed kts Normal climb speed kts Best glide speed - Heavy kts Best glide speed - Medium kts Best glide speed - Light kts Stall speed 0º Flap kts Full Flap kts Short field take-off speed kts Short field landing speed kts Flapless landing speed kts Normal landing speed kts Maximum gear extension speed kts Vfe (flap extension speed) kts Fuel capacity (usable) litres Fuel Flow (65% power) litres/hr Fuel flow (75% power) litres/hr Basic empty weight kg Maximum take-off weight kg Maximum baggage weight kg I llness M edication S tress A lcohol F atigue E ating Are you physically well? Are you free from the effects of drugs? Are you free from significant stress? Are you free from the effects of alcohol? Are you adequately rested? Have you eaten properly to work effectively? Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia INDEX 09/2001 5 SECTION AIRCRAFT DETAILS 389 HIGH KEY 2500ft AGL 3000ft AGL ENGINE FAILURE POINT 4500ft AGL 2000ft AGL LOW KEY 1500 ft AGL 1000ft AGL IF TOO LOW IF TOO HIGH INITIAL CHECK Hold Altitude Aim for best glide speed Mixture Rich Carburettor heat Full hot Fuel On Pump On Change tanks Trim To best glide speed FIELD SELECTION Wind - Determine direction Surroundings - Power lines, trees Size & Shape - In relation to wind Surface & Slope S(c)ivilisation - Close proximity if possible FMOST CHECK Fuel Contents, pump on, primer locked Mixture Up & down range, leave rich Oil Temps & pressures green range Mags switch Left then right back to both Throttle Up & down range, then close MAYDAY CALL & SQUAWK 7700 "Mayday Mayday Mayday Sydney ZFR a Piper Engine Failure 3nm west of Picton 4500 feet attempting to land on road" Any other useful information such as number of passengers etc. BRIEF YOUR PASSENGERS FINAL ACTIONS Fuel Off Mixture Close Mags Off Harness Tight Door As required Master switch Off Caution If flaps are electrically operated 390 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia GENERAL 09/2001 5 SECTION NOTES