Certification Specifications for Large Aeroplanes（CS-25）

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Certification Specifications for Large Aeroplanes（CS-25）

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European Aviation Safety Agency

Certification Specifications

for

Large Aeroplanes

CS-25

Amendment 5

5 September 2008

CS-25

C-1

CONTENTS (general layout)

CS–25

LARGE AEROPLANES

PREAMBLE

BOOK 1 – AIRWORTHINESS CODE

SUBPART A – GENERAL

SUBPART B – FLIGHT

SUBPART C – STRUCTURE

SUBPART D – DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

SUBPART E – POWERPLANT

SUBPART F – EQUIPMENT

SUBPART G – OPERATING LIMITATIONS AND INFORMATION

SUBPART H ELECTRICAL WIRING INTERCONNECTION SYSTEMS

SUBPART J – AUXILIARY POWER UNIT INSTALLATION

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX C

APPENDIX D

APPENDIX F

APPENDIX H – INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONTINUED AIRWORTHINESS

APPENDIX I – AUTOMATIC TAKEOFF THRUST CONTROL SYSTEM

(ATTCS)

APPENDIX J – EMERGENCY DEMONSTRATION

APPENDIX K – INTERACTION OF SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURE

APPENDIX L

BOOK 2 – ACCEPTABLE MEANS OF COMPLIANCE (AMC)

INTRODUCTION

AMC – SUBPART B

AMC – SUBPART C

AMC – SUBPART D

AMC – SUBPART E

AMC – SUBPART F

AMC – SUBPART G

AMC – SUBPART H

AMC – SUBPART J

AMC – APPENDICES

GENERAL AMCs

Annex to ED Decision 2008/006/R

Amendment 5

CS-25

PREAMBLE

CS-25 Amendment 1 Effective: 12/12/2005

The following is a list of paragraphs affected by this amendment.

Contents

•The title of Subpart J is amended (NPA 10/2004)

•The title of Appendix K is amended (NPA 11/2004)

•A new reference to Appendix L is added (NPA 11/2004)

Book 1

Subpart B

•CS 25.251 (a) and (b) Amended (NPA 11/2004)

Subpart C

•CS 25.301(b) Amended (NPA 02/005)

•CS 25.302 Created (NPA 11/2004)

•CS 25.305 Amended by adding sub-paragraphs (e) and (f) ((NPA

11/2004))

•CS 25.307 Amended (NPA 11/2004)

•CS 25.341 Amended (NPA 11/2004)

•CS 25.343(b)(1)(ii) Amended (NPA 11/2004)

•CS 25.345(c)(2) Amended (NPA 11/2004)

•CS 25.371 Amended (NPA 11/2004)

•CS 25.373 (a) Amended (NPA 11/2004)

•CS 25.391 Amended (NPA 11/2004)

•CS 25.427 Amended by adding sub-paragraph (d) (NPA 11/2004)

Subpart D

•CS 25.613 Amended (NPA 11/2004)

•CS 25.621 Replaced (NPA 08/2004)

•CS 25.629 Amended (NPA 11/2004)

Subpart E

•CS 25.901(c) Amended (NPA 13/2004)

•CS 25.933 (a)(1) Amended (NPA 13/2004)

•CS 25.981 Replaced (NPA 10/2004)

•CS 25.1141 (f) Amended (NPA 13/2004)

•CS 25.1189 Amended (NPA 13/2004)

Subpart F

•CS 25.1436(b)(7) Amended to refer to Appendix L (NPA 11/2004)

Subpart G

•CS 25.1517 Amended (NPA 11/2004)

•CS 25.1522 Deleted. (NPA 10/2004)

•CS 25.1583(b)(1) Amended by removing reference to CS 25.1522 (NPA

10/2004)

Subpart J

•Sub-part J Replaced entirely (NPA 10/2004)

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Annex to ED Decision 2008/006/R

Amendment 5

CS-25

•CS 25J1189 Amended by adding reference to AMC 25.1189 (NPA

13/2004

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Appendices

•Appendix K Replaced entirely (NPA 11/2004)

•Appendix L Old Appendix K renumbered (NPA 11/2004)

Book 2

Introduction Amended to reflect changes introduced by Amendment 1.

AMC - Subpart C

•AMC 25.301(b) Amended (sub-paragraph (b) deleted) and renumbered as

AMC No 1 to CS 25.301(b) (NPA 02/2005)

•AMC No.2 to CS 25.301(b) Created (NPA 02/2005)

•AMC 25.307 Replaced (NPA 11/2004)

•AMC 25.341 Amended (NPA 11/2004)

AMC - Subpart D

•AMC 25.613 Created (NPA 11/2004)

•AMC 25.621 Created (NPA 08/2004)

•AMC 25.621(c) Created (NPA 08/2004)

•AMC 25.621(c)(1) Created (NPA 08/2004)

•AMC 25.629 Created (NPA 11/2004)

AMC - Subpart E

•AMC 25.901(c) Created (NPA 13/2004)

•AMC 25.933 (a)(1) Created (NPA 13/2004)

•AMC 25.981(a) Created (NPA 10/2004)

•AMC 25.981(c) Created (NPA 10/2004)

•AMC 25.1189 Created (NPA 13/2004)

AMC- Subpart J

•Existing AMC to subpart J Deleted entirely (NPA 10/2004)

•AMC 25J901(c)(2) Created (NPA 10/2004)

•AMC 25J901(c)(4) Created (NPA 10/2004)

•AMC 25J943 Created (NPA 10/2004)

•AMC 25J955(a)(2)(iii) Created (NPA 10/2004)

•AMC 25J991 Created (NPA 10/2004)

•AMC 25J1041 Created (NPA 10/2004)

•AMC 25J1093(b) Created (NPA 10/2004)

•AMC 25J1195(b) Created (NPA 10/2004)

CS-25 Amendment 2 Effective: 02/10/2006

The following is a list of paragraphs affected by this amendment.

Book 1

Subpart B

•CS 25.101 (b)(2) Corrected

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Annex to ED Decision 2008/006/R

Amendment 5

CS-25

Subpart C

•CS 25.399 (a)(1) Corrected

Subpart D

•CS 25.735(f)(2) Corrected

•CS 25.745(c) Corrected

Subpart F

•CS 25.1301(c) Corrected

•CS 25.1365(a) Corrected

•CS 25.1423 Corrected

•CS 1435(b)(2) Corrected

Subpart G

•CS 25.1591 replaced entirely (NPA 14/2004)

Appendix F

•Part II, (a)(3) Corrected

Appendix J

•Introductory sentence Corrected

Book 2

AMC - Subpart C

•AMC 25.335(b)(2), 2 Title corrected

•AMC 25.415, 2 Title corrected

•AMC 25.491, 2 Title corrected

•AMC 25.571(a),(b) and (e), 3.2.2 a Corrected

AMC - Subpart D

•AMC 25.703, 2 Title corrected

•AMC 25.703, 3 a. Corrected

•AMC 25.703, 3. b. (2) Corrected

•AMC 25.703, 5. b. (4) Corrected

•AMC 25.723, 2 Title corrected

•AMC 25.735, 2. a. Corrected

•AMC 25.735, 2. b. (ii) Corrected

•AMC 25.735, 2.b. (vi) Corrected

•AMC 25.735, 4.a.(1)(e) Corrected

•AMC 25.785(d) Designation of this AMC corrected

AMC - Subpart F

•AMC 25.1309, 3.a.(3) Corrected

•AMC 25.1309, 3.a.(4) Corrected

•AMC 25.1309, 3.b.(2) Corrected

•AMC 25.1309, section 7 heading Corrected

•AMC 25.1322, 2 Title corrected

•AMC 25.1322, 2.1 Corrected

•AMC 25.1435, 2.(b) Corrected

•AMC 25.1457 Corrected

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Annex to ED Decision 2008/006/R

Amendment 5

CS-25

AMC - Subpart G

•AMC 25.1581, 6. (b) (6) (i) Corrected

•AMC 25.1581, APPX 1, 6. b. (1) Corrected

•AMC 25.1583(k), a. and b. Cross-references to CS 25.1591 amended (NPA

4/2004)

•AMC 25.1591 Created (NPA 14/2004)

GENERAL AMC

•AMC 25-11, 3 Title corrected

•AMC 25-11, 3 a. Corrected

•AMC 25-11, 3 b. Corrected

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•AMC 25-11, 3 d. (1) Corrected

•AMC 25-11, 4 a. (1) Corrected

•AMC 25-11, 4 a. (2) Corrected

•AMC 25-11, 4 b. (2) (ii) Corrected

•AMC 25-11, 7 b. (1) ) Corrected

•AMC 25-13, 2 Title corrected

•AMC 25-19, 2 Title corrected

•AMC 25-19, 3 b. Corrected

•AMC 25-19, section 6 intro Corrected

•AMC 25-19, section 7 intro and a. Corrected

•AMC 25-19, section 8 intro Corrected

CS-25 Amendment 3 Effective: 19/09/2007

The following is a list of paragraphs affected by this amendment.

Book 1

Subpart B

•CS 25.21(g) Created (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.103(b)(3) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.105(a) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.107(c)(3) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.107(g)(2) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.107(h) Created (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.111(c)(3)(iii) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.111(c)(4) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.111(c)(5) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.119 Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.119(a) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.119(b) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.121(b) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.121(c) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.121(d) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.123(a) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.123(b) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.125(a) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

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Amendment 5

CS-25

•CS 25.125(b) Redesignated as CS 25.125(c) (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.125(b) Created (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.125(c) Redesignated as CS 25.125(d) (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.125(d) Redesignated as CS 25.125(e) (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.125(e) Redesignated as CS 25.125(f) (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.125(f) Redesignated as CS 25.125(g) (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.143(c) Amended and redesignated as CS 25.143(d)

(NPA6/2004)

•CS 25.143(c) Created (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.143(d) Amended and redesignated as CS 25.143(e)

(NPA16/2004)

•CS 25.143(e) Amended and redesignated as CS 25.143(f) (NPA

16/2004)

•CS 25.143(f) Amended and redesignated as CS 25.143(g)

(NPA 6/2004)

•CS 25.143(g) Redesignated as CS 25.143(h) (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.143(i) Created (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.143(j) Created (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.207(b) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.207(e) Amended and Redesignated as CS 25.207(f)

(NPA 6/2004)

•CS 25.207(e) Created

•CS 25.207(f) Amended and Redesignated as CS 25.207(g)

(NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.207(h) Created (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.237(a) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.253(b) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.253(c) Created (NPA 16/2004)

Subpart C

•CS 25.405(b) Formula corrected

Subpart D

•CS 25.721 Amended (NPA 21/2005)

•CS 25.773(b)(1)(ii) Amended ((NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.811(g) Amended (NPA 04/2006)

•CS 25.812 Amended (NPA 04/2006)

•CS 25.855(c) Amended (NPA 04/2006)

•CS 25.857(d) Deleted (NPA 04/2006)

•CS 25.858 Amended (NPA 04/2006)

Subpart E

•CS 25.901(b)(1)(ii) Corrected

•CS 25.905 Corrected

•CS 25.907 Corrected

•CS 25.941(c) Amended (NPA 16/2004)

•CS 25.963 Amended (NPA 21/2005)

•CS 25.994 Amended (NPA 21/2005)

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Amendment 5

CS-25

Subpart F

•CS 25.1302 Created (NPA 15/2004)

•CS 25.1419 Amended (NPA 16/2004)

Subpart J

•CS 25J994 Amended (NPA 21/2005)

Appendix C

•Appendix C Introduction of Part I Title (NPA 16/2004)

•Part I paragraph (c) Created (NPA 16/2004)

•Part II Created (NPA 16/2004)

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Book 2

AMC - Subpart B

•AMC 25.21(g) Created (NPA 16/2004)

•AMC 25.119(a) Amended and redesignated as AMC 25.119 (NPA

16/2004)

•AMC 25.121(b)(1) Redesignated as AMC 25.121(b)(1) (i) (NPA

16/2004)

•AMC 25.125(a)(3) Redesignated as AMC 25.125(b)(3) (NPA 16/2004)

•AMC 25.125(b) Redesignated as AMC 25.125(c) (NPA 16/2004)

•AMC 25.125(b)(2) Amended and redesignated as AMC 25.125(c)(2)(NPA

16/2004)

•AMC 25.143(c) Amended and redesignated as AMC 25.143(d) (NPA

16/2004)

•AMC No.1 to 25.143(f) Redesignated as AMC No.1 to 25.143(g) (NPA

16/2004)

•AMC No.2 to 25.143(f) Amended and redesignated as AMC No.2 to 25.143(g)

(NPA 16/2004)

•AMC 25.143(g) Amended and redesignated as AMC 25.143(h) (NPA

16/2004)

AMC - Subpart D

•AMC 25.812(b)(1) Created (NPA 04/2006)

•AMC 25.812(b)(2) Created (NPA 04/2006)

•AMC 25.812(e)(2) Created (NPA 04/2006)

AMC - Subpart E

•AMC 25.963(d) Replaced (NPA 21/2005)

•AMC 25.963(e) Created (NPA 21/2005)

•AMC 25.963(g) Revoked (NPA 21/2005)

AMC - Subpart F

•AMC 25.1302 Created (NPA 15/2004)

•AMC 25.1329 Cross-references amended (NPA 16/2004)

•AMC 25.1360(a) Title corrected

•AMC 25.1360(b) Title corrected

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Annex to ED Decision 2008/006/R

Amendment 5

CS-25

CS-25 Amendment 4 Effective: 27/12/2007

The following is a list of paragraphs affected by this amendment.

Book 1

Subpart D

•CS 25.729 Amended (NPA 02/2006)

•CS 25.773 Amended (NPA 02/2006)

•CS 25.783 Amended (NPA 02/2006)

•CS 25.807 Amended (NPA 02/2006)

•CS 25.809 Amended (NPA 02/2006)

•CS 25.810 Amended (NPA 02/2006)

•CS 25.820 Created (NPA 02/2006)

•CS 25.851 Amended (NPA 02/2006)

Subpart F

•CS 25.1329 Replaced entirely (NPA 18/2006)

•CS 25.1335 Deleted (NPA 18/2006)

•CS 25.1439 Amended (NPA 02/2006)

•CS 25.1453 Amended (NPA 02/2006)

Appendix F

•Part II paragraph (f)4 Corrected (NPA 18/2006)

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Book 2

AMC - Subpart D

•AMC 25.729 Created (NPA 02/2006)

•AMC 25.773 Created (NPA 02/2006)

•AMC 25.773(b)(1)(ii) Deleted (NPA 02/2006)

•AMC 25.783 Created (NPA 02/2006)

•AMC 25.851(b) Created (NPA 02/2006)

AMC - Subpart F

•AMC 25.1309 (4) Corrected

•AMC 25.1329 Replaced by AMC Nos 1 and 2 to CS 25.1329

•AMC No. 1 to CS 25.1329 Created (NPA 18/2006)

•AMC No. 2 to CS 25.1329 Created (NPA 18/2006)

•AMC 25.1439(b)(5) Deleted (NPA 02/2006)

•AMC 25.1453 Deleted (NPA 02/2006)

CS-25 Amendment 5 Effective: 05/09/2008

The following is a list of paragraphs affected by this amendment.

Book 1

Subpart D

•CS 25.611 Amended (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.807 Corrected

•CS 25.812 Corrected

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Annex to ED Decision 2008/006/R

Amendment 5

CS-25

•CS 25.855 Amended (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.869 Amended (NPA 2007-01)

Subpart E

•CS 25.991 Corrected

•CS 25.1203 Amended (NPA 2007-01)

Subpart F

•CS 25.1301 Amended (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1309 Amended (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1353 Amended (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1357 Amended (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1411 Corrected

Subpart H

•CS 25.1701 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1703 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1705 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1707 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1709 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1711 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1713 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1715 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1717 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1719 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1721 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1723 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1725 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1727 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1729 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•CS 25.1731 Created (NPA 2007-01)

Subpart J

•CS 25J991 Corrected

Appendix H

•H25.1 Amended (NPA 2007-01)

•H25.4 Amended (NPA 2007-01)

•H25.5 Created (NPA 2007-01)

Book 2

AMC - Subpart E

•AMC 25.951(d) Deleted (Correction)

AMC - Subpart F

•AMC 25.1301(a)(2) Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1301(b) Replaced by AMC 25.1301(a)(2) (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1357(f) Created (NPA 2007-01)

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Amendment 5

CS-25

AMC - Subpart H

•AMC 25 Subpart H Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1701 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1703 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1707 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1709 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1711 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1713 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1715 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1717 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1719 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1721 Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC 25.1723 Created (NPA 2007-01)

AMC - Appendices

•AMC to Appendix H, H25.4(a)(3) Created (NPA 2007-01)

•AMC to Appendix H, H25.5 Created (NPA 2007-01)

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Amendment 5

CS–25 BOOK 1

1-0-1

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EASA Certification Specifications

for

Large Aeroplanes

CS-25

Book 1

Airworthiness Code

Annex to ED Decision 2008/006/R

Amendment 5

CS–25 BOOK 1

1–A–1

CS 25.1 Applicability

(a) This Airworthiness Code is applicable to

turbine powered Large Aeroplanes.

SUBPART A – GENERAL

Annex to ED Decision 2008/006/R

Amendment 5

CS-25 BOOK 1

GENERAL

CS 25.20 Scope

(a) The requirements of this Subpart B apply to

aeroplanes powered with turbine engines –

(1) Without contingency thrust ratings,

and

(2) For which it is assumed that thrust is

not increased following engine failure during

take-off except as specified in sub-paragraph (c).

(b) In the absence of an appropriate

investigation of operational implications these

requirements do not necessarily cover –

(1) Automatic landings.

(2) Approaches and landings with

decision heights of less than 60 m (200 ft).

(3) Operations on unprepared runway

surfaces.

(c) If the aeroplane is equipped with an engine

control system that automatically resets the power or

thrust on the operating engine(s) when any engine

fails during take-off, additional requirements

pertaining to aeroplane performance and limitations

and the functioning and reliability of the system,

contained in Appendix I, must be complied with.

CS 25.21 Proof of compliance

(a) Each requirement of this Subpart must be

met at each appropriate combination of weight and

centre of gravity within the range of loading

conditions for which certification is requested. This

must be shown –

(1) By tests upon an aeroplane of the type

for which certification is requested, or by

calculations based on, and equal in accuracy to,

the results of testing; and

(2) By systematic investigation of each

probable combination of weight and centre of

gravity, if compliance cannot be reasonably

inferred from combinations investigated.

(b) Reserved

(c) The controllability, stability, trim, and

stalling characteristics of the aeroplane must be

shown for each altitude up to the maximum expected

in operation.

(d) Parameters critical for the test being

conducted, such as weight, loading (centre of gravity

and inertia), airspeed, power, and wind, must be

maintained within acceptable tolerances of the

critical values during flight testing.

(e) If compliance with the flight characteristics

requirements is dependent upon a stability

augmentation system or upon any other automatic or

power-operated system, compliance must be shown

with CS 25.671 and 25.672.

(f) In meeting the requirements of CS

25.105(d), 25.125, 25.233 and 25.237, the wind

velocity must be measured at a height of 10 metres

above the surface, or corrected for the difference

between the height at which the wind velocity is

measured and the 10-metre height.

(g) The requirements of this subpart associated

with icing conditions apply only if the applicant is

seeking certification for flight in icing conditions.

(1) Each requirement of this subpart,

except CS 25.121(a), 25.123(c), 25.143(b)(1) and

(b)(2), 25.149, 25.201(c)(2), 25.207(c) and (d),

and 25.251(b) through (e), must be met in icing

conditions. Compliance must be shown using the

ice accretions defined in Appendix C, assuming

normal operation of the aeroplane and its ice

protection system in accordance with the

operating limitations and operating procedures

established by the applicant and provided in the

Aeroplane Flight Manual.

(2) No changes in the load distribution

limits of CS 25.23, the weight limits of CS 25.25

(except where limited by performance

requirements of this subpart), and the centre of

gravity limits of CS 25.27, from those for nonicing conditions, are allowed for flight in icing

conditions or with ice accretion.

[Amdt. No.:25/3]

CS 25.23 Load distribution limits

(a) Ranges of weights and centres of gravity

within which the aeroplane may be safely operated

must be established. If a weight and centre of gravity

combination is allowable only within certain load

distribution limits (such as spanwise) that could be

inadvertently exceeded, these limits and the

corresponding weight and centre of gravity

combinations must be established.

(b) The load distribution limits may not exceed

–

(1) The selected limits;

(2) The limits at which the structure is

proven; or

1-B-1

Annex to ED Decision 2008/006/R

Amendment 5

SUBPART B – FLIGHT

CS-25 BOOK 1

(3) The limits at which compliance with

each applicable flight requirement of this Subpart

is shown.

CS 25.25 Weight Limits

(a) Maximum weights. Maximum weights

corresponding to the aeroplane operating conditions

(such as ramp, ground taxi, take-off, en-route and

landing) environmental conditions (such as altitude

and temperature), and loading conditions (such as

zero fuel weight, centre of gravity position and

weight distribution) must be established so that they

are not more than –

(1) The highest weight selected by the

applicant for the particular conditions; or

(2) The highest weight at which

compliance with each applicable structural

loading and flight requirement is shown.

(3) The highest weight at which

compliance is shown with the noise certification

requirements .

(b) Minimum weight. The minimum weight (the

lowest weight at which compliance with each

applicable requirement of this CS–25 is shown) must

be established so that it is not less than –

(1) The lowest weight selected by the

applicant;

(2) The design minimum weight (the

lowest weight at which compliance with each

structural loading condition of this CS–25 is

shown); or

(3) The lowest weight at which

compliance with each applicable flight

requirement is shown.

CS 25.27 Centre of gravity limits

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The extreme forward and the extreme aft centre of

gravity limitations must be established for each

practicably separable operating condition. No such

limit may lie beyond –

(a) The extremes selected by the applicant;

(b) The extremes within which the structure is

proven; or

(c) The extremes within which compliance with

each applicable flight requirement is shown.

CS 25.29 Empty weight and corresponding centre of gravity

(a) The empty weight and corresponding centre

of gravity must be determined by weighing the

aeroplane with –

(1) Fixed ballast;

(2) Unusable fuel determined under CS

25.959; and

(3) Full operating fluids, including –

(i) Oil;

(ii) Hydraulic fluid; and

(iii) Other fluids required for normal

operation of aeroplane systems, except

potable water, lavatory pre-charge water,

and fluids intended for injection in the

engine.

(b) The condition of the aeroplane at the time of

determining empty weight must be one that is well

defined and can be easily repeated.

CS 25.31 Removable ballast

Removable ballast may be used in showing

compliance with the flight requirements of this

Subpart.

CS 25.33 Propeller speed and pitch

limits

(a) The propeller speed and pitch must be

limited to values that will ensure –

(1) Safe operation under normal operating

conditions; and

(2) Compliance with the performance

requirements in CS 25.101 to 25.125.

(b) There must be a propeller speed limiting

means at the governor. It must limit the maximum

possible governed engine speed to a value not

exceeding the maximum allowable rpm.

(c) The means used to limit the low pitch

position of the propeller blades must be set so that

the engine does not exceed 103% of the maximum

allowable engine rpm or 99% of an approved

maximum overspeed, whichever is greater, with –

(1) The propeller blades at the low pitch

limit and governor inoperative;

(2) The aeroplane stationary under

standard atmospheric conditions with no wind;

and

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CS-25 BOOK 1

(3) The engines operating at the

maximum take-off torque limit for turbopropeller

engine-powered aeroplanes.

PERFORMANCE

CS 25.101 General

(See AMC 25.101)

(a) Unless otherwise prescribed, aeroplanes

must meet the applicable performance requirements

of this Subpart for ambient atmospheric conditions

and still air.

(b) The performance, as affected by engine

power or thrust, must be based on the following

relative humidities:

(1) 80%, at and below standard

temperatures; and

(2) 34%, at and above standard

temperatures plus 28ºC (50ºF).

Between these two temperatures, the relative

humidity must vary linearly.

(c) The performance must correspond to the

propulsive thrust available under the particular

ambient atmospheric conditions, the particular flight

condition, and the relative humidity specified in subparagraph (b) of this paragraph. The available

propulsive thrust must correspond to engine power or

thrust, not exceeding the approved power or thrust,

less –

(1) Installation losses; and

(2) The power or equivalent thrust

absorbed by the accessories and services

appropriate to the particular ambient atmospheric

conditions and the particular flight condition. (See

AMCs No 1 and No 2 to CS 25.101(c).)

(d) Unless otherwise prescribed, the applicant

must select the take-off, en-route, approach, and

landing configuration for the aeroplane.

(e) The aeroplane configurations may vary with

weight, altitude, and temperature, to the extent they

are compatible with the operating procedures

required by sub-paragraph (f) of this paragraph.

(f) Unless otherwise prescribed, in determining

the accelerate-stop distances, take-off flight paths,

take-off distances, and landing distances, changes in

the aeroplane’s configuration, speed, power, and

thrust, must be made in accordance with procedures

established by the applicant for operation in service.

(g) Procedures for the execution of balked

landings and missed approaches associated with the

conditions prescribed in CS 25.119 and 25.121(d)

must be established.

(h) The procedures established under subparagraphs (f) and (g) of this paragraph must –

(1) Be able to be consistently executed in

service by crews of average skill,

(2) Use methods or devices that are safe

and reliable, and

(3) Include allowance for any time delays

in the execution of the procedures, that may

reasonably be expected in service. (See AMC

25.101(h)(3).)

(i) The accelerate-stop and landing distances

prescribed in CS 25.109 and 25.125, respectively,

must be determined with all the aeroplane wheel

brake assemblies at the fully worn limit of their

allowable wear range. (See AMC 25.101(i).)

[Amdt. No.:25/2]

CS 25.103 Stall speed

(a) The reference stall speed VSR is a calibrated

airspeed defined by the applicant. VSR may not be

less than a 1-g stall speed. VSR is expressed as:

zw

CLMAX

SR

n

V

V ≥

where –

VCLMAX =Calibrated airspeed obtained when the

loadfactor-corrected lift coefficient

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qS

W nzw

is first a maximum during the

manoeuvre prescribed in sub-paragraph

(c) of this paragraph. In addition, when

the manoeuvre is limited by a device that

abruptly pushes the nose down at a

selected angle of attack (e.g. a stick

pusher), VCLMAX may not be less than the

speed existing at the instant the device

operates;

nzw =Load factor normal to the flight path at

VCLMAX;

W =Aeroplane gross weight;

S =Aerodynamic reference wing area; and

q =Dynamic pressure.

(b) VCLMAX is determined with:

(1) Engines idling, or, if that resultant

thrust causes an appreciable decrease in stall

speed, not more than zero thrust at the stall speed;

(2) Propeller pitch controls (if applicable)

in the take-off position;

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(3) The aeroplane in other respects (such

as flaps, landing gear, and ice accretions) in the

condition existing in the test or performance

standard in which VSR is being used;

(4) The weight used when VSR is being

used as a factor to determine compliance with a

required performance standard;

(5) The centre of gravity position that

results in the highest value of reference stall

speed; and

(6) The aeroplane trimmed for straight

flight at a speed selected by the applicant, but not

less than 1.13 VSR and not greater than 1.3 VSR.

(c) Starting from the stabilised trim condition,

apply the longitudinal control to decelerate the

aeroplane so that the speed reduction does not exceed

0.5 m/s

2

(one knot per second). (See AMC 25.103(b)

and (c)).

(d) In addition to the requirements of subparagraph (a) of this paragraph, when a device that

abruptly pushes the nose down at a selected angle of

attack (e.g. a stick pusher) is installed, the reference

stall speed, VSR, may not be less than 3,7 km/h (2 kt)

or 2%, whichever is greater, above the speed at

which the device operates.

[Amdt. No.:25/3]

CS 25.105 Take-off

(a) The take-off speeds prescribed by CS

25.107, the accelerate-stop distance prescribed by CS

25.109, the take-off path prescribed by CS 25.111,

the take-off distance and take-off run prescribed by

CS 25.113, and the net take-off flight path prescribed

by CS 25.115, must be determined in the selected

configuration for take-off at each weight, altitude,

and ambient temperature within the operational limits

selected by the applicant –

(1) In non-icing conditions; and

(2) In icing conditions, if in the

configuration of CS 25.121(b) with the “Take-off

Ice” accretion defined in Appendix C:

(i) The stall speed at maximum

take-off weight exceeds that in non-icing

conditions by more than the greater of 5.6

km/h (3 knots) CAS or 3% of VSR; or

(ii) The degradation of the gradient

of climb determined in accordance with CS

25.121(b) is greater than one-half of the

applicable actual-to-net take-off flight path

gradient reduction defined in CS 25.115(b).

(b) No take-off made to determine the data

required by this paragraph may require exceptional

piloting skill or alertness.

(c)The take-off data must be based on:

(1) Smooth, dry and wet, hard-surfaced

runways; and

(2) At the option of the applicant,

grooved or porous friction course wet, hardsurfaced runways.

(d) The take-off data must include, within the

established operational limits of the aeroplane, the

following operational correction factors:

(1) Not more than 50% of nominal wind

components along the take-off path opposite to

the direction of take-off, and not less than 150%

of nominal wind components along the take-off

path in the direction of take-off.

(2) Effective runway gradients.

[Amdt. No.:25/3]

CS 25.107 Take-off speeds

(a) V1 must be established in relation to VEF as

follows:

(1) VEF is the calibrated airspeed at which

the critical engine is assumed to fail. VEF must be

selected by the applicant, but may not be less than

VMCG determined under CS 25.149 (e).

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Amendment 5