【转帖】浅析西宁机场29号VOR/NDB进近如何防止目测高
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.05pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT color=#000000><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文隶书">浅析西宁机场<SPAN lang=EN-US>29</SPAN>号</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">VOR/NDB</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文隶书">进近如何防止目测高<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1"><FONT color=#000000><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">机场简介</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">西宁机场位于湟水流域，大峡和小峡之间，四周环山，地形复杂，周围山高平均在</SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="2500" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2500</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上。跑道西面（距中心</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">282</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度方位</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公里处）有黑旗山，高于机场</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="353" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">353</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，对飞行影响较大。跑道东面</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="250" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处有一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">至</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="30" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的深沟（下降率过大时极易触发近地警告）。跑道为沥青道面，无中线灯。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号为中光强简易进近灯光系统，有坡度灯，边灯。机场标高为</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="2179" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2179</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7149</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英尺），</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号入口处标高为</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="2161" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2161</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7090</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英尺），跑道坡度为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">0.6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">％</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，西高东低，落差为</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="18" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">59</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英尺）。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号落地时为上坡着陆。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1"><FONT color=#000000><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> 29</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR/DME</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进近容易出现的问题</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">西宁机场夏季多阵雨，且多出现在下午，傍晚以后，这主要是由于复杂的地行对对流性的降水性天气造成了促进作用，所以我们常常会在一小时甚至半小时之内的天气报告中，收到的风向变化了近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">180</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度，所以我们常常会用到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR/DME</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进近，当使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR/DME</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进近时，特别是在夜航或能见度不理想的情况下，由于地形复杂，非精密进近相对工作量增加，给机组人员带来的工作压力和心理压力都相应增大。往往会凭借以往通常的经验来控制飞机的状态，有时会忽略对进近图中一些细节的理解。作</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR/DME</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进近时</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">C</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类飞机的能见度标准是</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="m" SourceValue="3200" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3200M</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，最低下降高为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">636</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英尺</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号跑道入口端来测能见度的话，如果我们距该入口</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="m" SourceValue="3200" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3200M</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">看清跑道，此时我们飞机上的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">XNN</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的测距</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">读数为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.07NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），且此时飞机的真高正好约为</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="m" SourceValue="194" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">194M</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">636`</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也就是说，我们在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，最低下降高</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="636" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">636ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时如果不具备目视条件，应放弃进近，选择复飞，而在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR/DME</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进近图中并未明确标时</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和最低下降高度的点，只时在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME2NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处标明了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">MAPT</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点。而我们知道，复飞点（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">MAPT</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）是为保证不违反最低超障余度在仪表进近程序中规定的一个点，在这个点或这个点之前必须开始执行复飞程序，也就是说，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">MAPT</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是最后复飞点，而不是起始复飞点，我们在执行该程序时并不能按照图中标识的那样，在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME6.2NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之后一直以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的梯度一直下降到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME2.0NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处，而是当</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3NM<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue=".636" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0">.636ft</st1:chmetcnv></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如未见跑道或未具备着陆条件时执行复飞程序，或保持不低于</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="636" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">636ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的真高，在不晚于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME2.0NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的情况下复飞。假如我们保持</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="636" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">636ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">高度在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3.0NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以内较多才具备目视条件，如果选择着陆，那么我们将会以一个远大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的梯度下降，如果下降率过大，甚至会由于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号跑道入口前大坑的影响到，探测到一个大于</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="2253" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2253ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分的地形接近率而触发“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">TERRAIN<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>TERRAIN</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”的近地警告，这对保障飞行安全是极为不利的，在程序设计中，最后进近阶段的最大下降梯度不应大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6.5%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是非常有必要的。因为下降梯度过大，飞机会以高进近的方式进近，此时，飞机维护速度的油门偏小，飞机在接地前不得不以更大的姿态变化率来减小下降率，飞机速度的消失会很快，操纵不当会使飞机的接地过载值过大，甚至会造成重着陆。因此如要认识不到目测偏高的影响，对保障飞行安全和高质量的服务是很不利的。</SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1"><FONT color=#000000><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">原因分析</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为什么西宁机场的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR/DME</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进近容易出现上述问题呢？我们知道任何事件的发生都是由一连串的因素所导致的，我们称之为“事故链”。导致上述情况发生也是由于诸多因素造成的。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9.05pt; mso-para-margin-left: .86gd"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">被忽视的关键点</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——机组对进近图的理解不够及进近图中应予强调的部分强调不足。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">图中在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">FAF DME 6.2XNN</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之后仅以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的下降梯度和到最后复飞点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(MAPT)DME2.0NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有一个明确的标识，并未在飞机以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">梯度下降到最低下降高</SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="636" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">636ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处作一个标注，这样会对机组产生一个误导，误以为飞机可以一直下降到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME2.0NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处，或者错误地认为以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的梯度从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME6.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">下降直至到达，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME2.0NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">才会到达最低下降高</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="636" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>636ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>(<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="m" SourceValue="194" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0">194m</st1:chmetcnv>) </SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，实际上仔细阅图下文所列的距离，高度对照表我们可以明确地知道在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3.0NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处飞机就已经到达最低下降高了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而这一点如图能在上方的下滑轨迹剖面图上作一个标注将会起到提示机组的作用。（如图）</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; TEXT-INDENT: -27.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT color=#000000>(2)<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT color=#000000><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">被忽视的高原真空速变化</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——对西宁机场</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">梯度所对应的下降率认识不足</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: 3.71gd"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们知道下降率跟地速和梯度成正比。公式为：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">下降率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> = </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地速</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> × 下降梯度</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: 3.71gd"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">另外我们知道海拔上升</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="英尺" SourceValue="1000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英尺</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">真空速大约增加</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，西宁机场的机场标高是</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="英尺" SourceValue="7149" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7149</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英尺</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，也就是说真空速比我们经常飞的平原机场大约增加了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10%---15%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，真空速增加了相应的地速也就增加了，所对应的下降率也就增加，在静风条件下大约也要增加</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10%---15%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，因西宁机场特殊的复杂地形所致，该程序的设计必须在最后进近阶段以一个相对较大的下降梯度下降，我们知道程序设计中规定了，最后进近阶段的下降梯度最大不超过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6.5%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，而该程序已达到了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，那么</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">下降梯度对应的下降率是多少呢？根据公式不难算出：</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: 3.71gd"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当飞机地速分别以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">135kt</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">140kt</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">150</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进近时下降率分别为：</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="820" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>820 ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分、</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="850" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>850 ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分、</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="910" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>910ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分。因此我们心中应该有一个大概的印象，即在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">FAF D6.2XNN</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之后正常的下降率应至少在</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="800" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>800 ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分或更大，这是根据地速及飞机实际高度偏差来决定的。即地速越大，高度偏高时，下降率常常会大于</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="800" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>800 ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分，例如表速为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">135kt</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6.2NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处高度为</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="9000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9000FT</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">则真空速大约为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">135</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">倍约为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">159kt</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，此时即使在正确的下滑线上的下降率也达到</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="968" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>968ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分。假如略有顺风，或高度稍高，要想达到正常的下滑线，都将会使下降率达到甚至大于</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="1000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>1000ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分。而事实上我们通常所抱有的“高度宁高勿低，速度宁大勿小”的态度会让我们忽视，这将会加剧我们在最后进近的最后阶段目测高的风险。实际飞行中由于地形风的影响，五边有顺风时地速大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">140,150</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">甚至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">160</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的情况都是很常见的。因此我们也应当有一个需要注意的概念，在此机场下降率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">900</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">都可能只是是正常的下降率，而不是我们需要修正高于下滑线所用的修正下降率。此时机组应具体情况具体对待，根据地速的大小来估算出合适的下降率，并且准确地与图中标出的高度，距离表来进行比对，尽可能减小高度偏差，既不能低，也不要高。同时我们要比在平原机场飞行时更加关注由于地速的变化而产生的对下降率造成的影响</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以及在最终进近点前调至最小进近速度的重要性。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(3)<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">“忙碌的决断点”</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——运行规则规定及飞行程序原因会加剧高度偏差的产生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们的运行规则规定高度在预调时应遵循以下规则，当最低下降的高度不是整数时，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">MCP</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">板高度窗以百英尺向上取整，如</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="7721" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7721 ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">MCP</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">板上调</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="7800" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>7800 ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US><</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">南航运行手册</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6.32></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">经过计算可知，在当飞机下降到最低下降高度</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="7800" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7800 ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时实际</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">显示应为（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.16NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.2NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，而在飞机达到</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="7800" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7800 ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之前，飞行会显示高度截获会处于改平状态，事实上飞机在改平的过程中，飞机的下降率将会减小至零，而此时飞机的下降梯度将不再是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，我们前面计算过，能见度</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="m" SourceValue="3200" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>3200m</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时，飞行员应在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3.07NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处看见跑道，若在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.2NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时尚未看清跑道，根据飞行规则我们将使飞机保持在</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="7800" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7800 ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的高度上不再下降。当</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时看见跑道后再下降，此时飞机再由平飞状态转为下降状态，我们将会高出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">梯度的下降剖面下降，加上飞行员的反应时间和飞机的反应时间这个高度偏差将会理一步加大。假如我们以</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="7800" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7800 ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的高度在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME2.9NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时下降的话</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果想以正常的</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="50" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">50ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进跑道，下降梯度将达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，如果当时的地速为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">140kt</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，则应使用</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="1000" HasSpace="True" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>1000 ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分的下降率，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的下降梯度以超过了程序设计所要求的最后进近阶段的最大下降梯度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6.5%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，如果飞行人员及飞机的反应时间更长则会使这个下降梯度更大，所需的下降率也将更大，假如此时地速又很大时，这一矛盾将以叠加的方式更加突出。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由图我们可以看出，在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">附近是产生偏差的关键，是最容易产生偏差的位置。同样此时的矛盾也是由多种诱因所致。在此时，飞行人员的工作压力达到仪表进近阶段的峰值，此时航向道（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的反应偏差已大大加快，飞行员又处于由仪表进近转入目视进近的关键目刻。由于西宁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号跑道的灯光系统在一定条件下（如雨中）不太好判断，虽可判断大致位置关系，但不易清晰辨别坡度灯，飞行人员此时又多在忙于将处于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">28</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">8</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">°<SPAN lang=EN-US>VOR</SPAN>经向线上的飞机修正到<SPAN lang=EN-US>291</SPAN>°的着陆轨迹上，往往先前对高度的那种兼顾程度会有所放松，甚至会对飞机的改平和飞机高距比对照的情况处于失察状态，待发现坡度灯的迅速变化（由双红双白到三白甚至到四白灯的过程非常迅速）才采取措施时，此时的偏差已经很大了，所以我们可以看到，反应时间越长（人的反应和飞机的反应）则偏差就会越大，修正起来就越困难。而且由于此时飞机距跑道头的位置太近，即便是不太大的偏差也会导致较严重的后果。假设我们到了<SPAN lang=EN-US>DME2.0XNN</SPAN>处仍有高出<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="100" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>100ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv>的偏差，此时由于以大下降率下降又积累了一定的速度，假设我们当时的地速为<SPAN lang=EN-US>145kt</SPAN>，此时若要正常以<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="50" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>50ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv>进跑道，则我们需要的下降梯度为<SPAN lang=EN-US>8.10%</SPAN>，下降率将会达到<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="1200" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>1200ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>分，（已构成<SPAN lang=EN-US>QAR</SPAN>记录的Ⅲ类事件），另外在真高这么低的情况下，加上<SPAN lang=EN-US>29</SPAN>号端头大坑的影响，以如此大的下降率下降将会触发“<SPAN lang=EN-US>TERRAIN</SPAN>，<SPAN lang=EN-US>TERRAIN</SPAN>”近地警告，对飞行安全是极为不利的。（如果在<SPAN lang=EN-US>DME2.0XNN</SPAN>处高出<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="155" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>155ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv>，则即便是地速只有<SPAN lang=EN-US>125kt</SPAN>，也将会使下降率达到<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="1200" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>1200ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>分</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。事实上，我们在实际的飞行中会遇到各种可能性性，不要自信的认为以上那些近乎巧合的假设我们自己永远不会遇到：边缘的天气条件，注意力分配的偶尔不当，过重地心理压力，五边的小顺风和正好准备不足的进近方式怎么会同时遇上呢？事实上以上的情况遇到两种以上便可能形成我们曾提到过的“事故链”，我们正是为了切断这条事故链才在这里分析和讨论的。只有更加了解有可能出现的各种引发偏差的条件，才能更好的在实际飞行中避免可能出现的非正常情况。</SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; mso-outline-level: 1"><FONT color=#000000><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避免偏差出现而导致</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR/DME</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进近目测高的几点建议：</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 43.5pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、尽可能充分地作好预先准备，机组在执行航班前应尽可能预先作好准备，分析机场特点及不同方式的特点，采取尽可能有针对性的飞行方案，避免麻痹大意的情绪，在正规统一的飞行程序下，根据不同的飞行情况有所侧重的地分配好飞行不同阶段的工作重点，在尽可能充分地理解进近方式的特点之后，尽可能多地考虑到有可能出现的不利因素和由这些因素可能导致的不利后果，及避免和处理这些后果的措施，不要等到飞行中再去发现和解决问题，要知道“智者千虑必有一失”。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 43.5pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、加强机组配合，进近简令中强调特点和重点，在进近中的关键阶段对各人的分工达成共识，充分发挥机组配合的优势。针对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">VOR/DME</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进的的特点，为防止在最后进近特别是转入目视之后目测高，我们该事先注意以下几点：</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 43.5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">要充分认识到高原机场在最后进近定位点前必须达到稳定进近状态显得更加重要。在保证水平位置相对稳定（截获并保持沿</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">28</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">8</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">°<SPAN lang=EN-US>XNN</SPAN>经向线进近）的前提下，必须在<SPAN lang=EN-US>FAF</SPAN>、<SPAN lang=EN-US>DME6.2XNN</SPAN>点之前完全建立着陆形态并已经将速度稳定在目标速度（<SPAN lang=EN-US>VREF</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">+</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">风修飞值），以便于在最后进近阶段相对较陡的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的梯度上的一个较小且相对稳定的下降率下降。从图中分析可知，从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME13.0XNN</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME6.2XNN</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是该程序的中间进近阶段</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这一段的下降梯度很小，只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.6%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多一点，飞机的下降率不大，在这一阶段应该有足够的余度完成放轮放衿翼至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">°并将速度减至最小进近速度的稳定进近状态，但若发现五边有顺风的情况时，应适情况将这一完成着陆形态的时机提前，以确保在最后进近阶段飞机处于稳定进近状态。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><FONT color=#000000>（<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>） 考虑到西宁机场的复杂地形，可以考虑在<SPAN lang=EN-US>DME13XNN</SPAN>之后的下降过程中先不调最低下降高度<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="7800" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>7800ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv>，而调<SPAN lang=EN-US>FAF</SPAN>，最后进近点的初始高度<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="9000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>9000ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv>，先以梯级下降的方式略早于<SPAN lang=EN-US>6.2NM</SPAN>下到<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="9000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>9000ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>但操纵飞机的飞行员应提前告知监控飞机的飞行员应注意高度和报出<SPAN lang=EN-US>DME</SPAN>距离读数，并且一定在飞机到达<SPAN lang=EN-US>6.2NM</SPAN>之前提醒其根据<SPAN lang=EN-US>DME</SPAN>来预调下一高度（最低下降高度<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="7800" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>7800ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv>）并且在这一点一定要开始以<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="800" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>800ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>—<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="900" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0">900ft</st1:chmetcnv></SPAN>的下降率下降。这样做的好处是可以防止在最后进近的初始阶段便已产生高度的偏差，从而人为地增加了最后进近阶段的下降梯度，另外可以相对缩短高强度注意高距比的时间和距离，以便使最后进近阶段有更充沛的精力去照顾飞机的状态和处理偏差，不至于因长时间疲于注意高距比反而造成对最后进近阶段对高度偏差的不敏感。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">（<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>） 在收到天气报告不理想的情况时，尽量不要因为考虑节油或迫于时间压力选择顺风用<SPAN lang=EN-US>29</SPAN>号落地，因为虽然地面顺风不超标，但空中的顺风会使地速增加很多，从而导致所需下降率变得很大，除非你事先已经考虑到这一因素并且已经计算过所需的下降率。一个简单的办法就是直接将当时的地速（海浬<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>小时）乘以梯度<SPAN lang=EN-US>6</SPAN>得到大致的下降率。应多利用可用资源来减轻飞行人员的工作压力，采用自动驾驶方式，以航向选择和<SPAN lang=EN-US>V/S</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">方式进近。操纵飞机的飞行员应提醒监控者每海浬必须报出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">读数及高度偏差（最后进近阶段），同时尽早寻找跑道，以图尽早建立目视条件，最大限度地减小决断时的反应区间。有条件的飞机可以在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">CDU</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上作一个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">XNN DME3NM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的距离圈，以帮助提示飞机应该达到最低下降高度的位置，否则，监控的飞行员必须在不晚于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3.5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时提醒操纵者，高度将要截获及目视条件是否建立。有时地面报告的能见度较好，但空中未必那么好（如中雨），目视虽可清楚地判断出飞机相对于跑道的位置偏差，却不一定可以通过坡度灯判断出飞机的高度偏差，此时不应过早放弃仪表飞行，仍坚持以自动驾驶方式多保持一下目视监控下的仪表飞行，以减轻工作压力。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制好最后进近阶段的下降率及到达最低下降高度时对飞机改平的控制。我们已经知道最后进近阶段的下降率较大，从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME6.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的中间进近阶段只需要</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="400" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>400ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分左右的下降率，但到达</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME6.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时必须保证飞行的高度为</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="9000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9000ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，下降率达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">900---<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="1000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0">1000ft</st1:chmetcnv>/</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分（根据地速而定），且保证当时的下降率能够使飞机在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之前达到最低下降高度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7800,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这样一来，即使飞机改平，我们可以保持最低下降高度平飞至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处（也即能见度</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="m" SourceValue="3200" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3200m</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处），在具备目视条件的情况下以人工或自动飞行的方式下降且保持</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="800" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>800ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分的下降率下降（也就是说在接近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.1DME</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之前是以梯级下降的方式，先下到最低下降高，保持平飞，建立目视条件，在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">再继续下降）。这一阶段的工作量最大，也是对创造良好的着陆条件最为关键的阶段，机组配合的重要在这一阶段也体现的最为突出，一定要注意内外结合，切忌不要忽略了飞机当时处于的状态（平飞，高度截获，还是下降状态），以及</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的距离是否大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 45pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(5)<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一旦因为配合不当或者错过了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME3.0</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处的下降时机，当达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DME2.5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时假如飞机的高度仍处于</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="7800" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7800ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的情况下，我们应果断选择复飞，无论此时是否具备目视条件，或者飞机是否处于下降状态，因为此时的飞机已高出正常下滑线</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="180" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">180ft</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之多，要想正常进跑道飞机的下降率会大于</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="ft" SourceValue="1200" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>1200ft</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分，此时飞机的下滑点会处于跑道头的大坑之中，地形警告会被触发，这种情况持续</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">秒以上，就会构成严重的人为不安全事件。在这样的情况下要强行落地，势必会出现整个接地前的过程中油门偏小很多，速度积累过大，但是会随着飞机姿态改变减小过快，加上较正常偏大较多的地形接近率，很容易造成重着陆的严重后果。所以我们应在这种情况下果断选择复飞。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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