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民航发表于 2010-4-7 14:19:37

This was recognized by the ICAO Assembly, which in 1986<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
adopted Resolution A26-9 on Flight Safety and Human<o:p></o:p>
Factors. As a follow-up to the Assembly Resolution, the Air<o:p></o:p>
Navigation Commission formulated the following objective<o:p></o:p>
for the task:<o:p></o:p>
“To improve safety in aviation by making States more aware<o:p></o:p>
and responsive to the importance of Human Factors in civil<o:p></o:p>
aviation operations through the provision of practical<o:p></o:p>
Human Factors materials and measures, developed on the<o:p></o:p>
basis of experience in States, and by developing and<o:p></o:p>
recommending appropriate amendments to existing material<o:p></o:p>
in Annexes and other documents with regard to the role of<o:p></o:p>
Human Factors in the present and future operational<o:p></o:p>
environments. Special emphasis will be directed to the<o:p></o:p>
Human Factors issues that may influence the design,<o:p></o:p>
transition and in-service use of the future ICAO CNS/ATM<o:p></o:p>
systems.”<o:p></o:p>

民航发表于 2010-4-7 14:21:55

One of the methods chosen to implement Assembly<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
Resolution A26-9 is the publication of guidance materials,<o:p></o:p>
including manuals and a series of digests, that address<o:p></o:p>
various aspects of Human Factors and its impact on aviation<o:p></o:p>
safety. These documents are intended primarily for use by<o:p></o:p>
States to increase the awareness of their personnel of the<o:p></o:p>
influence of human performance on safety.<o:p></o:p>
The target audience of Human Factors manuals and digests<o:p></o:p>
are the managers of both civil aviation administrations and<o:p></o:p>
the airline industry, including airline safety, training and<o:p></o:p>
operational managers. The target audience also includes<o:p></o:p>
regulatory bodies, safety and investigation agencies and<o:p></o:p>
training establishments, as well as senior and middle nonoperational<o:p></o:p>
airline management.<o:p></o:p>

民航发表于 2010-4-7 14:22:09

This manual is an introduction to the latest information<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
available to the international civil aviation community on the<o:p></o:p>
control of human error and the development of countermeasures<o:p></o:p>
to error in operational environments. Its target<o:p></o:p>
audience includes senior safety, training and operational<o:p></o:p>
personnel in industry and regulatory bodies.<o:p></o:p>
This manual is intended as a living document and will be<o:p></o:p>
kept up to date by periodic amendments. Subsequent<o:p></o:p>
editions will be published as new research results in<o:p></o:p>
increased knowledge on Human Factors strategies and more<o:p></o:p>
experience is gained regarding the control and management<o:p></o:p>
of human error in operational environments.<o:p></o:p>
(vi)<o:p></o:p>

民航发表于 2010-4-7 14:22:25

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance<o:p></o:p>
ATC Air Traffic Control<o:p></o:p>
CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain<o:p></o:p>
CNS/ATM Communications, Navigation and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management<o:p></o:p>
CPDLC Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications<o:p></o:p>
CRM Crew Resource Management<o:p></o:p>
DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder<o:p></o:p>
ETOPS Extended Range Operations by Twin-engined Aeroplanes<o:p></o:p>
FAA Federal Aviation Administration<o:p></o:p>
FDA Flight Data Analysis<o:p></o:p>
FMS Flight Management System<o:p></o:p>
FOQA Flight Operations Quality Assurance<o:p></o:p>
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization<o:p></o:p>
LOSA Line Operations Safety Audit<o:p></o:p>
MCP Mode Control Panel<o:p></o:p>
QAR Quick Access Recorder<o:p></o:p>
RTO Rejected Take-Off<o:p></o:p>
SCP Safety Change Process<o:p></o:p>
SOPs Standard Operating Procedures<o:p></o:p>
TEM Threat and Error Management<o:p></o:p>
<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">UTTEM</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Texas</st1:place></st1:State> Threat and Error Management<o:p></o:p>
(vii)<o:p></o:p>

民航发表于 2010-4-7 14:22:40

民航发表于 2010-4-7 14:22:59

民航发表于 2010-4-7 14:23:23

3. LOSA is closely linked with Crew Resource<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
Management (CRM) training. Since CRM is essentially<o:p></o:p>
error management training for operational personnel, data<o:p></o:p>
from LOSA form the basis for contemporary CRM training<o:p></o:p>
refocus and/or design known as Threat and Error Management<o:p></o:p>
(TEM) training. Data from LOSA also provide a<o:p></o:p>
real-time picture of system operations that can guide<o:p></o:p>
organizational strategies in regard to safety, training and<o:p></o:p>
operations. A particular strength of LOSA is that it identifies<o:p></o:p>
examples of superior performance that can be reinforced and<o:p></o:p>
used as models for training. In this way, training interventions<o:p></o:p>
can be reshaped and reinforced based on successful<o:p></o:p>
performance, that is to say, positive feedback. This is indeed<o:p></o:p>
a first in aviation, since the industry has traditionally<o:p></o:p>
collected information on failed human performance, such as<o:p></o:p>
in accidents and incidents. Data collected through LOSA are<o:p></o:p>
proactive and can be immediately used to prevent adverse<o:p></o:p>
events.<o:p></o:p>

民航发表于 2010-4-7 14:23:46

民航发表于 2010-4-7 15:04:31

民航发表于 2010-4-7 15:04:53

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