Doc9803航线运行安全审计 - 第9页 - 民航安全 Civil Aviation Safety - 航空论坛_航空翻译_民航英语翻译_飞行翻译

航空发表于 2010-4-12 17:27:18

航空发表于 2010-4-12 17:27:27

lifeline of LOSA. If you have unmotivated or<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
untrustworthy observers, LOSA will fail. The size of<o:p></o:p>
the observation team depends on the airline’s size,<o:p></o:p>
the number of flights to be observed and the length<o:p></o:p>
of time needed to conduct the observations. After<o:p></o:p>
observers are selected, everyone is trained and<o:p></o:p>
calibrated in the LOSA methodology, including the<o:p></o:p>
use of the LOSA rating forms and, particularly, the<o:p></o:p>
concepts of threat and error management. Training<o:p></o:p>
of observers in the concepts and methodology of<o:p></o:p>
LOSA will ensure that observations will be conducted<o:p></o:p>
in the most standardized manner. After<o:p></o:p>
completing training, observers spend a period of<o:p></o:p>
time (between one and two months) observing<o:p></o:p>
regularly scheduled line flights. The objective is to<o:p></o:p>
observe the largest number of crews and segments<o:p></o:p>
possible in the time frame, given the flight<o:p></o:p>
schedules, logistics and types of operation sampled.<o:p></o:p>
7. Trusted data collection site: In order to maintain<o:p></o:p>
confidentiality, airlines must have a trusted data<o:p></o:p>
collection site. At the present time, all observations<o:p></o:p>
are sent off-site directly to The University of Texas<o:p></o:p>
at Austin Human Factors Research Project, which<o:p></o:p>
manages the LOSA archives. This ensures that no<o:p></o:p>
individual observations will be misplaced or<o:p></o:p>
improperly disseminated through the airline.<o:p></o:p>

航空发表于 2010-4-12 17:27:37

航空发表于 2010-4-12 17:27:46

9. Data-derived targets for enhancement: The final<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
product of a LOSA is the data-derived LOSA<o:p></o:p>
targets for enhancement. As the data are collected<o:p></o:p>
and analysed, patterns emerge. Certain errors occur<o:p></o:p>
more frequently than others, certain airports or<o:p></o:p>
events emerge as more problematic than others,<o:p></o:p>
certain SOPs are routinely ignored or modified and<o:p></o:p>
certain manoeuvres pose greater difficulty in adherence<o:p></o:p>
than others. These patterns are identified for<o:p></o:p>
the airline as LOSA targets for enhancement. It is<o:p></o:p>
then up to the airline to develop an action plan based<o:p></o:p>
on these targets, using experts from within the airline<o:p></o:p>
Chapter 2. Implementing LOSA 2-7<o:p></o:p>
to analyse the targets and implement appropriate<o:p></o:p>
change strategies. After two or three years, the<o:p></o:p>
airline can conduct another LOSA to see if their<o:p></o:p>
implementations to the targets show performance<o:p></o:p>
improvements.<o:p></o:p>

航空发表于 2010-4-12 17:27:55

航空发表于 2010-4-12 17:28:05

航空发表于 2010-4-12 17:28:18

航空发表于 2010-4-12 17:28:30

航空发表于 2010-4-12 17:29:02

2.4 HOW TO DETERMINE THE<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
SCOPE OF A LOSA<o:p></o:p>
<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899" w:st="on">2.4.1</st1:chsdate> Only smaller airlines with limited numbers of<o:p></o:p>
fleets would find it reasonable to attempt to audit their entire<o:p></o:p>
flight operation, that is, all types of operations and all fleets.<o:p></o:p>
Most airlines will find it cost effective to conduct a LOSA<o:p></o:p>
on only parts of their operation. Evidence from LOSA<o:p></o:p>
suggests that flight crew practices vary naturally by fleet.<o:p></o:p>
The type of operation, such as domestic, international, shorthaul<o:p></o:p>
or long-haul, is also relevant. Usually, auditing any<o:p></o:p>
combination of types of operations is a good way to break<o:p></o:p>
down an entire operation into useful comparison groups.<o:p></o:p>
<st1:chsdate IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899" w:st="on">2.4.2</st1:chsdate> Ideally, every flight crew should be audited, but<o:p></o:p>
more often than not, this will be impossible or impractical<o:p></o:p>
in material terms. At a major airline and in large fleets,<o:p></o:p>
around 50 randomly selected flight crews will provide<o:p></o:p>
statistically valid data. For smaller fleets, around 30 randomly<o:p></o:p>
selected flight crews will provide statistically valid<o:p></o:p>
data, although the risk of arriving at conclusions that might<o:p></o:p>
not reflect reality increases as the number of flight crews<o:p></o:p>
audited drops. If less than 25 flight crews are audited, the<o:p></o:p>
data collected should be considered as “case studies” rather<o:p></o:p>
than representing the group as a whole.<o:p></o:p>

航空发表于 2010-4-12 17:29:14

<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899" w:st="on">2.4.3</st1:chsdate> The number of observers needed depends, as<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
already discussed, on the intended scope of the audit. For<o:p></o:p>
example, an airline might want to audit 50 flight crews in<o:p></o:p>
each of 2 domestic fleets, for a total of 100 segments. A<o:p></o:p>
conservative rule of thumb to scope this audit would be<o:p></o:p>
2 domestic observations per day per observer. The goal is<o:p></o:p>
thus expressed in terms of flight crews observed, rather than<o:p></o:p>
segments. Should an airline want to audit an international<o:p></o:p>
fleet, the first step is to determine how many international<o:p></o:p>
observations can be made in a day, and this depends on the<o:p></o:p>
length of the segments. For a domestic LOSA, a workable<o:p></o:p>
rule of thumb suggests the need for 50 person/days of work<o:p></o:p>
for the actual audit phase of the LOSA. Using line pilots for<o:p></o:p>
a month of observations, each might be requested to spend<o:p></o:p>
10 days conducting observations, plus 4 days training/<o:p></o:p>
travelling. This requires 14 days per observer. Thus, there<o:p></o:p>
would be a need for 4 observers for this hypothetical audit,<o:p></o:p>
2-8 Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA)<o:p></o:p>
and this should easily meet the audit’s goals. It is important<o:p></o:p>
to be conservative in the estimates since sometimes it will<o:p></o:p>
be necessary to observe a crew for more than one segment.<o:p></o:p>This counts as one crew, not two.

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