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航空发表于 2010-4-13 16:43:32

航空发表于 2010-4-13 16:43:44

<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" Year="1899" Month="12" Day="30" IsLunarDate="False" IsROCDate="False">4.3.3</st1:chsdate> The flight operations and training departments<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
must be integrally involved with implementing a LOSA for<o:p></o:p>
several reasons. First, they are at the centre of the operation<o:p></o:p>
and have first-hand information about what is and is not<o:p></o:p>
working well. These departments often know of specific<o:p></o:p>
areas on which they would like the LOSA to concentrate.<o:p></o:p>
Additionally, these departments can provide valuable input<o:p></o:p>
and suggestions for the smooth conduct of the LOSA. They<o:p></o:p>
will also be able to help provide the much needed personnel.<o:p></o:p>
Possibly the most important reason for their involvement is<o:p></o:p>
that ultimately many of the problem areas and the potential<o:p></o:p>
benefits that are identified during a LOSA must be<o:p></o:p>
“corrected” or implemented by these departments. As with<o:p></o:p>
the example of the airline above, if these departments do not<o:p></o:p>
support the LOSA, then there could be possible resistance<o:p></o:p>
to the findings from the LOSA. However, if these departments<o:p></o:p>
take an active part in the process, implementation of<o:p></o:p>
LOSA enhancements becomes much more probable.<o:p></o:p>

航空发表于 2010-4-13 16:43:53

航空发表于 2010-4-13 16:44:06

4.4 THE KEY STEPS OF A LOSA<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" Year="1899" Month="12" Day="30" IsLunarDate="False" IsROCDate="False">4.4.1</st1:chsdate> To help provide focus for the LOSA, the LOSA<o:p></o:p>
steering committee should first look at problems that have<o:p></o:p>
been identified in the past by all involved departments. With<o:p></o:p>
this information in hand, the committee can then decide<o:p></o:p>
what they expect to gain from the LOSA and use that to form<o:p></o:p>
goals and an action plan. It must be kept in mind that the<o:p></o:p>
goals and action plan may have to be modified depending<o:p></o:p>
on the LOSA findings.<o:p></o:p>
Goals<o:p></o:p>
<st1:chsdate w:st="on" Year="1899" Month="12" Day="30" IsLunarDate="False" IsROCDate="False">4.4.2</st1:chsdate> The LOSA steering committee should meet to<o:p></o:p>
determine what they would like to achieve from the LOSA.<o:p></o:p>
This will vary among airlines, but the following are some<o:p></o:p>
goals established by one airline:<o:p></o:p>
• To heighten the safety awareness of the line pilot<o:p></o:p>
• To obtain hard data on how crews manage threats<o:p></o:p>
and errors<o:p></o:p>
• To measure and document what is happening “on the<o:p></o:p>
line”<o:p></o:p>
— What works well<o:p></o:p>
— What does not work well<o:p></o:p>
• To provide feedback to the system so that<o:p></o:p>
enhancements can be made<o:p></o:p>

航空发表于 2010-4-13 16:44:15

• To inform end users WHY enhancements are being<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
made, especially if the enhancements are a result of<o:p></o:p>
end user feedback<o:p></o:p>
• To monitor results of LOSA enhancements<o:p></o:p>
<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" Year="1899" Month="12" Day="30" IsLunarDate="False" IsROCDate="False">4.4.3</st1:chsdate> One airline stated up front that they wanted their<o:p></o:p>
line pilots to be the “customer” of the LOSA, meaning that<o:p></o:p>
whatever problems were identified, they would work to<o:p></o:p>
correct them to make the system safer and more efficient for<o:p></o:p>
their pilots.<o:p></o:p>

航空发表于 2010-4-13 16:44:24

航空发表于 2010-4-13 16:44:33

Chapter 4. How to set up a LOSA — US Airways experience 4-3<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
Figure 4-1. The key steps to LOSA<o:p></o:p>
STEP 5: Schedule audit dates,<o:p></o:p>
select observers and<o:p></o:p>
schedule training<o:p></o:p>
STEP 8: Provide feedback to system<o:p></o:p>
and carry out improvements to system<o:p></o:p>
STEP 9: Develop enhanced policies,<o:p></o:p>
procedures and a safer operational<o:p></o:p>
environment for the line pilot<o:p></o:p>
STEP 4: Determine how<o:p></o:p>
many segments to observe<o:p></o:p>
STEP 6: Conduct observer training<o:p></o:p>
STEP 7: Analyse audit findings<o:p></o:p>
AUDIT<o:p></o:p>
STEP 3: Identify what to look at<o:p></o:p>
STEP 2: Gather information<o:p></o:p>
STEP 1: Form initial<o:p></o:p>
development team<o:p></o:p>

航空发表于 2010-4-13 16:44:44

SAFER OPERATION!<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
Develop data collection forms and<o:p></o:p>
observer training<o:p></o:p>
Refine data collection forms<o:p></o:p>
as needed<o:p></o:p>
Recalibrate observers<o:p></o:p>
4-4 Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA)<o:p></o:p>
Step 2: Gather information<o:p></o:p>
In order to conduct a LOSA, the initial development team<o:p></o:p>
must understand how LOSAs have been carried out in the<o:p></o:p>
past and they should be aware of the benefits that have been<o:p></o:p>
derived. They should, therefore, gather information on the<o:p></o:p>
LOSA process.<o:p></o:p>
Step 3: Identify what to look at<o:p></o:p>
To conduct the most efficient LOSA, it is best to focus on<o:p></o:p>
specific aspects. One common mistake is to try to tackle too<o:p></o:p>
much at one time. When doing this, the effort can be<o:p></o:p>
enormous and the data findings can be overwhelming.<o:p></o:p>
A more manageable approach may be to narrowly focus on<o:p></o:p>
or target specific things to be observed. Are there certain<o:p></o:p>
airports that have more hazards or threats compared to other<o:p></o:p>
airports? Do certain aircraft fleets have more instances of tail<o:p></o:p>
strikes? Are unstabilized approaches something your<o:p></o:p>
operation is struggling with?<o:p></o:p>

航空发表于 2010-4-13 16:44:55

The decisions about what to observe should be based on data<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p>
and not just instincts. For example, if an airline utilized an<o:p></o:p>
FOQA Programme or a confidential incident reporting<o:p></o:p>
system, these sources would be excellent places to help<o:p></o:p>
pinpoint areas on which efforts should be focused.<o:p></o:p>
It should be remembered that LOSA is not designed to look<o:p></o:p>
at the entire operation, but really just provide a<o:p></o:p>
representative sampling or “slice” of the operations. One<o:p></o:p>
large international carrier decided to focus their first LOSA<o:p></o:p>
on their domestic operations, but had plans to later conduct<o:p></o:p>
a LOSA that focused on their international operations.<o:p></o:p>

航空发表于 2010-4-13 16:45:04

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