LOST PROCEDURE MASS BRIEF 迷航程序讲解

航空发表于 2010-9-27 08:08:58

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航空发表于 2010-9-27 08:09:14

LOST PROCEDURE MASS BRIEF By Sara Boulton Aim:  To understand the principles and considerations should the unfortunate event of becoming lost or uncertain of your position occurs. And….  How to competently deal with such a scenario, and know what steps can be taken to minimise the chances of becoming lost. Explanation:  There will be occasions during a cross country flight when the pilot (you!) may become uncertain of the aircrafts position, particularly along routes where there is a considerable distance between verifiable landmarks. However……….  IF PROPER flight planning and checking procedures have been conducted, logging has been monitored and recorded, then the only probable way of becoming lost is if heading adjustments have been incorrectly calculated or if a turning point has been over flown without noticing. Application:  These procedures are tested in the PPL and CPL flight tests  To enable the pilot to deal with unexpected scenarios; resulting in increased confidence and minimising the chances of becoming lost when flying solo. Overview:  Revision  Definitions  Principles / Air Exercise  Considerations  Airmanship Revision 1 in 60  Depends on fact that after travelling 60miles, a distance of 1mile off track represents a track error of 1degree. (It is not necessary to travel 60nm to make use of the rule!)  TE – Track Error – tells us how much we have to turn to parallel track. Note: does not tell us angle to get back on track  CA - Closing Angle – once calculated this along with TE will get the aircraft back on track EXAMPLE: 20nm 30nm 2nm 6oTE 4oCA  To get back on track you need to add the TE to the CA We must then change heading by 10o (TE + CA) Parallel track TE ? A B CA? Revision  Diversion At some stage during your cross country navigation flying you will need to conduct an unplanned diversion due to various factors. We use a specific procedure to do this Diversion (as per SOPs) Conduct ‘C-L-E-A-R’ check  Compass to DG  Course- draw track /check map for terrain  Log Time/HDG / TI / ETA / Fuel & endurance  Engine -Monitor settings  Altitude as required / Airspace  Radio calls, advise ATC (Flightwatch) Principles:  If proper pre-flight planning and correct navigational techniques are applied, the situation of being lost or uncertain of your position should not occur.  However, human error is a possibility so a good technique needs to be adopted to help you fix your position.  Being lost or uncertain, may cause people to make rash decisions to quickly fix the problem…….mistake - this will make the problem worse! Take your time.  Use a procedure and the resources available to you as a pilot to aid in such a situation. Definitions:  Uncertain – this is not LOST, it is when you have not arrived at your position (destination/waypoint/turning point) within 4 minutes of planned ETA  Lost – is when you have continued flying when uncertain, thus becoming totally unaware of your position. Some time has probably elapsed since your last positive fix, and more than likely you are receiving conflicting information. Considerations: Reasons why you may get lost:  Directional Errors : - DG and compass not aligned / Steering the wrong heading  Calculation errors (drift/variation etc)  Compass malfunction (due metal objects nearby)  Weather/ Navigational – Poor visibility may make ground features hard to see; avoiding low cloud /rain may have caused variation in course flown; Features on map may not be visible on ground (ie.dried up lakes)  Incorrect ETIs or G/S calculations Things to do if uncertain of position:  Log heading you have been following and time  Check compass to DG (is there an error?)  STOP! No sense in proceeding further – nominate a reference feature at your present position and hold there to assess the situation  Climb to higher altitude in order to increase visibility (weather dependent / consider CTA steps)  Use resources available – Autopilot / other crew member/use ELT  Check for possible errors made  Plot most probable position (using circle of uncertainty) Plotting most probable position:  Start from last known position/ fix  Determine ETI  Use ETI to determine distance covered  Draw line from last known position, on heading flown for distance covered  Draw lines approx 15o either side of track  Draw circle around most probable position (DR position) Last known fix -Time 10 G/S 120kts (2nm/min) Distance covered = 20nm MPP 20nm At Feature -Time 20 Determine position:  Locate features on map that are within your circle of uncertainty and look for them on the ground  Use any nav aids in range to establish position lines  Read from ground to map to try and establish position MPP 20nm Things to do whilst lost and trying to fix position:  Consider - Remaining fuel and daylight  Consider - Reducing power for best range (60%power)  Consider - (if below 3000feet) Climbing to higher altitude in order to increase visibility (weather dependent & CTA steps considered)  Find – Errors you might have made  Share the problem - contact ATS  Remember – “Don’t stay up too late” Be prepared to make precautionary landing before fuel depletes/ weather deteriorates/ light fades. Precautionary Search and landing can take up to 45 mins!!!!!  Use Resources – Use your charts / navaids/ GPS/ ATC /Other aircraft / other crew members Things NOT to do whilst lost and trying to fix position:  Don’t panic – you will only end up rushing decisions and make situation worse  Don’t wonder all over the sky – this will make it more difficult to position fix  Don’t fly into worsening weather  Divert – Do not divert until absolutely sure of your position. Consider heading to a prominent feature  Don’t give up – you have made it this far so you can make it back Airmanship  DON’T GET LOST IN THE FIRST PLACE!!!  Ensure you have thorough pre-flight planning  Use good navigational technique – accurate logs etc  Conduct thorough “CLEAR” checks  Use Watch-Map-Ground  Use dog-legs to get around weather  Think ahead and keep in mind what you should be seeing along route- use distinct initial and final tracking points Question Time?  What can you do to reduce your chances of becoming LOST?  What should you NOT do when you are Lost?  What should you do?  How do we determine our circle of uncertainty?

猪也能飞 发表于 2013-10-28 19:13:33

感谢楼主万分感谢感谢万分

xy8701 发表于 2015-4-7 22:52:42

谢谢楼主，我正准备去RMIT读书

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LOST PROCEDURE MASS BRIEF 迷航程序讲解