LOST PROCEDURE MASS BRIEF 迷航程序讲解

航空

游客，如果您要查看本帖隐藏内容请回复

航空

LOST PROCEDURE
MASS BRIEF
By
Sara Boulton
Aim:
 To understand the principles and
considerations should the unfortunate
event of becoming lost or uncertain of
your position occurs.
And….
 How to competently deal with such a
scenario, and know what steps can be
taken to minimise the chances of
becoming lost.
Explanation:
 There will be occasions during a cross
country flight when the pilot (you!) may
become uncertain of the aircrafts
position, particularly along routes
where there is a considerable distance
between verifiable landmarks.
However……….
 IF PROPER flight planning and checking
procedures have been conducted,
logging has been monitored and
recorded, then the only probable way of
becoming lost is if heading adjustments
have been incorrectly calculated or if a
turning point has been over flown without
noticing.
Application:
 These procedures are tested in the PPL and
CPL flight tests
 To enable the pilot to deal with unexpected
scenarios; resulting in increased
confidence and minimising the chances of
becoming lost when flying solo.
Overview:
 Revision
 Definitions
 Principles / Air Exercise
 Considerations
 Airmanship
Revision
1 in 60
 Depends on fact that after travelling 60miles, a
distance of 1mile off track represents a track error of
1degree. (It is not necessary to travel 60nm to make
use of the rule!)
 TE – Track Error –
tells us how much we have to turn to parallel track.
Note: does not tell us angle to get back on track
 CA - Closing Angle –
once calculated this along with TE will get the
aircraft back on track
EXAMPLE:
20nm 30nm
2nm
6oTE 4oCA
 To get back on track you need to add the
TE to the CA
We must then change heading by 10o
(TE + CA)
Parallel track
TE ?
A B
CA?
Revision
 Diversion
At some stage during your cross country
navigation flying you will need to conduct
an unplanned diversion due to various
factors.
We use a specific procedure to do this
Diversion
(as per SOPs)
Conduct ‘C-L-E-A-R’ check
 Compass to DG
 Course- draw track /check map for terrain
 Log Time/HDG / TI / ETA / Fuel & endurance
 Engine -Monitor settings
 Altitude as required / Airspace
 Radio calls, advise ATC (Flightwatch)
Principles:
 If proper pre-flight planning and correct navigational
techniques are applied, the situation of being lost or
uncertain of your position should not occur.
 However, human error is a possibility so a good technique
needs to be adopted to help you fix your position.
 Being lost or uncertain, may cause people to make rash
decisions to quickly fix the problem…….mistake - this will
make the problem worse! Take your time.
 Use a procedure and the resources available to you as a
pilot to aid in such a situation.
Definitions:
 Uncertain – this is not LOST, it is when you
have not arrived at your position
(destination/waypoint/turning point) within 4
minutes of planned ETA
 Lost – is when you have continued flying
when uncertain, thus becoming totally unaware
of your position. Some time has probably
elapsed since your last positive fix, and more
than likely you are receiving conflicting
information.
Considerations:
Reasons why you may get lost:
 Directional Errors : - DG and compass not aligned
/ Steering the wrong heading
 Calculation errors (drift/variation etc)
 Compass malfunction (due metal objects nearby)
 Weather/ Navigational – Poor visibility may make
ground features hard to see; avoiding low cloud /rain
may have caused variation in course flown; Features on
map may not be visible on ground (ie.dried up lakes)
 Incorrect ETIs or G/S calculations
Things to do if uncertain of position:
 Log heading you have been following and time
 Check compass to DG (is there an error?)
 STOP! No sense in proceeding further – nominate a
reference feature at your present position and hold there
to assess the situation
 Climb to higher altitude in order to increase visibility
(weather dependent / consider CTA steps)
 Use resources available – Autopilot / other crew
member/use ELT
 Check for possible errors made
 Plot most probable position (using circle of uncertainty)
Plotting most probable position:
 Start from last known
position/ fix
 Determine ETI
 Use ETI to determine
distance covered
 Draw line from last known
position, on heading flown
for distance covered
 Draw lines approx 15o
either side of track
 Draw circle around most
probable position (DR
position)
Last known fix -Time 10
G/S 120kts
(2nm/min)
Distance covered = 20nm
MPP
20nm
At Feature -Time 20
Determine position:
 Locate features on map that
are within your circle of
uncertainty and look for
them on the ground
 Use any nav aids in range
to establish position lines
 Read from ground to map
to try and establish position
MPP
20nm
Things to do whilst lost and trying to
fix position:
 Consider - Remaining fuel and daylight
 Consider - Reducing power for best range (60%power)
 Consider - (if below 3000feet) Climbing to higher altitude in order
to increase visibility (weather dependent & CTA steps considered)
 Find – Errors you might have made
 Share the problem - contact ATS
 Remember – “Don’t stay up too late” Be prepared to make
precautionary landing before fuel depletes/ weather deteriorates/ light
fades. Precautionary Search and landing can take up to 45 mins!!!!!
 Use Resources – Use your charts / navaids/ GPS/ ATC /Other
aircraft / other crew members
Things NOT to do whilst lost and
trying to fix position:
 Don’t panic –
you will only end up rushing decisions and
make situation worse
 Don’t wonder all over the sky –
this will make it more difficult to position fix
 Don’t fly into worsening weather
 Divert – Do not divert until absolutely
sure of your position. Consider heading to a
prominent feature
 Don’t give up – you have made it
this far so you can make it back
Airmanship
 DON’T GET LOST IN THE FIRST PLACE!!!
 Ensure you have thorough pre-flight planning
 Use good navigational technique – accurate logs etc
 Conduct thorough “CLEAR” checks
 Use Watch-Map-Ground
 Use dog-legs to get around weather
 Think ahead and keep in mind what you should be
seeing along route- use distinct initial and final
tracking points
Question Time?
 What can you do to reduce your chances of
becoming LOST?
 What should you NOT do when you are Lost?
 What should you do?
 How do we determine our circle of
uncertainty?

猪也能飞

感谢楼主万分感谢感谢万分

xy8701

谢谢楼主，我正准备去RMIT读书