航空 发表于 2011-6-19 09:10:43

航空知识-飞行计划

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航空 发表于 2011-6-19 09:10:51

<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">航空知识-飞行计划</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所谓飞行计划表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Flight Plan Bill</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是事先决定好由起飞到降落究竟如何飞行的计划。其实施目的是搭载旅客,运送货物之飞航上,不仅仅要注意安全,而且要照时间表,经济而舒适地飞行。飞行计划表有提交给航管单位的航管飞行计划表,与航空公司为飞航准备或航务管理上所必要之航空公司飞行计划表。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">壹、航管飞行计划表</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">依照航空法规定,航空公司有义务提交航管飞行计划表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ATC flight plan</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)给航管机关并取得认可。提交飞行之预定计划或必要之信息给航管机关,主要着眼于防止空中撞机,维护飞航安全,确保在紧急事故发生时,能迅速而且适切的展开搜索救援活动之目的。在飞行计划表内,有飞机之国籍编码、登记号码、无线电之呼叫代号、机型、机长姓名、采取仪表飞行或目视飞行方式之区别、起飞地跟起飞时间、巡航高度时之对空速度、使用的通讯设备、替代机场、所装载燃料之可能飞行时间、搭载人数,与其它有关航管、搜索、救难之参考事项。飞行计划表通常由运航签派员(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Dispatcher</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)所制作,经机长同意后,取得航管单位认可方为有效。我们把提交飞行计划表称为「报备」(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">File</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),经由管制台给予机长认可则称为「许可」(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Clearance</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">贰、航空公司飞行计划表</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">航空公司飞行计划表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Company Flight Plan</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是为找寻最合适之航线,同时确认飞机重量在限制值内的一项表格,通常由航务签派员(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Dispatcher</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)所制作,经机长同意后成立。具体上是依照以下程序作成。首先,先查询所使用之机型,由旅客与货运之订位状况来预算酬载(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Pay Load</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">酬载之多少与飞机总重量相关,也影响燃料消耗量。如果其内容包含危险物品或动物时,处理就必须给予特别注意。还要检讨依照气象资料,预计到达时降落机场,或替代机场之预报天候能否安全降落,途中气候如何(有无台风或恶劣气候、风向、风速、喷射气流之位置、强度等),还要依照飞航公告(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">NOTAM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)确认助航设施或通信设施之动作状态,禁止飞行区域之有无等。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">综合检讨这些要素,决定飞行时间短而且快适的预定飞行航线,将这航线描到航图上,分成几区,在各区上预测其风向、风速、计算飞行时间及燃料消耗量,反复将这些计算起来,就可算出总飞行时间和总燃料消耗量。飞机之装载燃料之多少,由预计燃料消耗量加上预备燃料来决定。装载燃料加上酬载决定起飞重量,要确认这项数值不得超过起飞许可重量,如果超出就必需卸下部份货物或旅客。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目前几乎所有的飞行计划书都由计算机计算来作成。对于某航线,由事先算出几种路线中选出最合适者来飞行。另外,全世界的航线,都利用位于伦敦的国家气象局以数字元方式发行全球气象数据,来选定时间最短,燃料最省的航线,或者适切飞行时间的航线,以计算机制作能满足任意条件之飞行计划表。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、签派员</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所谓签派员(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Dispatcher</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),是要制作由各机场起飞以及到达目的地为止之飞行计划,再和机长协商,使航机能顺利起飞,以及在飞行中和机长保持密切的联络,传送必要的信息,可说是为飞航安全,在地面上协助机长的专家。签派员要有一定的实务经验,再通过国家举办的技术检定考试,最后还要通过公司的资格审定不可。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在起飞之前,机长和签派员,对公司飞行计划上进行讨论(简报),在安全性及其它事项上彼此同意,签名之后才算定。如果意见不一致时,就采取安全性较高的一方。决定后的飞行计划,会编入航管飞行计划,提交给国土交通省航空交通管制部(以邻国日本为例),管制部将其它提出的飞行计划作比较检讨之后,如确认无碍,就经由该机场的塔台,对机长认可其飞行,飞机就可出发。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、起飞许可总重</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">起飞许可总重(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">AGTOW</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Allowable Gross Takeoff Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是根据飞行计划所算出,许可飞行起飞重量之最大值,这数值还是下面重量中最小者。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">①起飞机场跑道长度、起飞后的上升性能、轮胎的速度限制等条件所许可之最大起飞重量,这个数值会因标高、风、当地气温、发动机出力、襟翼角度等而有所变化。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">②因目的地机场跑道长度,气象状态等所决定之降落许可总重,加上预计消耗燃料之重量。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">③最大无燃料重量加上装载燃料之重量。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">④最大起飞重量。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、燃料消耗量</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">燃料消耗量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Fuel Consumption</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是指由飞机由发动机启动起飞离地,到降落目的地后发动机停止运转,所消耗燃料之总重量。这重量不只因飞机及发动机性能而异,而且还会因下列因素情况而有所变动。如搭载人数或货物重量(酬载)、到目的地之距离、风向、大气温度、飞行速度、飞行高度、机场拥塞程度(等待降落所需时间)、天候(是否需要回避降落到其它机场)及飞行方式等。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞机之燃料消耗量多少,不只有油箱总油量表可看,在各油箱亦分别有油表,每具发动机更有流量计。依靠这些,在天候不佳或非常事态发生晚到目的地时,或要变更飞到原目的地以外之机场,或者避难等状况发生时,就能计算出更正确的剩油容量。燃料消耗量对航空运输是相当重要的因素。不考虑前述的条件,单只是比较数值是无意义的。也就是说,不决定依使用目的别之航线距离、风、高度、载运量、飞行速度等前提条件,就无法对燃料消耗有关性能作评价。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">然而,谈到在巡航时之经济性,不用燃料消耗量,也可用续航率(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Specific Range</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)来比较其性能。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所谓续航率是指无风状态时,每单位燃料之飞行距离,其数值是真空速除以燃料流量。由这个关系,改变特定的距离或速度飞行时,燃料消耗量和所需时间之变动,不需要一一计算,亦可比较。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参、重量</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞机的重量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),大致分为机体空重、酬载、燃料。这些与飞航的性能、安全性、经济性有密切的关系,以下为各种状态下的重量定义:</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、空重</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">空重(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Empty Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是指机体构造,发动机,固定装备,内部装备之合计重量。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、基本航运重量</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基本航运重量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Basic Operation Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)包括机体空重,加上系统液体(系统内的燃料、滑油、液压油)、紧急装备(救生衣、救生筏)及标准飞航装备(手册或航空日志等)在内。以日航为例,每隔</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年要实际测量飞机基本航运重量和重心位置。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、航运重量</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基本上航运重量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Operation Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)乃是指加上机组员及其行李、旅客服务用品、餐点等重量。但是机组员之人数、餐点食物随航线而有变化。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、无燃料重量</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">无燃料重量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Zero Fuel Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)指航运重量加上酬载。最大无燃料重量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Maximum Zero Fuel Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)在飞机之结构设计时就已决定,为无装载燃料之最大许可重量。燃料主要是装在主翼之燃料槽与机身内。飞行中之升力与燃料重量之重力相互抵销,作用在翼根的力量,在无装载燃料时最大。因此,翼根之强度,决定了最大无燃料重量,这强度也限制了酬载的装载量。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五、酬载</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">酬载(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Payload</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),亦即能用来使航空公司增加收入的重量。包括搭载的旅客、货物、邮件等重量,这重量受到许可装载量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ACL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)的限制。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">六、起飞重量</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">起飞时飞机总重量,为航运重量加上酬载及装载燃料。起飞重量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Take-off Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)不得超过许可起飞重量。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最大起飞重量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Maximum Take-off Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此乃依机型而定,为飞机起飞时之最大重量。飞机制造厂必需证明此重量能满足如起飞及爬升性能、稳定性、操纵性、机身强度等各项要求。如波音</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">747-400</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之最大起飞重量,依航空公司需求及航线性质而有所不同,如以日本为出发地的国际线约为</SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="磅" SourceValue="850000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">850000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">磅</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">385</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吨)、国内线为</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="磅" SourceValue="600000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">600000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">磅</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">272</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吨)。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">七、消耗燃料重量</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">消耗燃料重量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Burn-off Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)乃指飞机由起飞到降落所用的燃料重量。如波音</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">777</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在满载时由札幌到东京约</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="公里" SourceValue="900" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">900</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公里</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之航程,约消耗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7.9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吨(</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="公升" SourceValue="9900" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9900</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公升</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)之燃料,每公升只能飞行</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="公里" SourceValue=".09" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">0.09</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公里</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,乘客为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">389</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人,也就是说达到每公升约</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="公里" SourceValue="35" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">35</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公里</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人的运输量。同样波音</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">747-400</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在满载时由东京到纽约大约</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="公里" SourceValue="11300" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11300</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公里</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之航程,约消耗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">120</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吨(</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="公升" SourceValue="150000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">150000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公升</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)之燃料,每公升只能飞行</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="公里" SourceValue=".07" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">0.07</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公里</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,乘客为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">266</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人,运输量为每公升约</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="公里" SourceValue="19" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公里</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞行距离越长,燃料消耗就越多,在长距离飞行时,为运送最先要被消耗的燃料,需要花费更多的燃料,另者运输量降低,亦与机舱内设置头等舱与商务舱而使舱内座位数减少的缘故。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">八、降落重量</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">降落重量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Landing Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)为起飞重量减去消耗燃料之重量。降落重量要调整不得超过最大降落重量。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最大降落重量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Maximum Landing Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此乃依机型而定,为允许飞机降落之最大重量。此重量在决定降落装置(起落架)之强度上非常重要。飞机制造厂需提出证明,所制造的飞机的最大降落重量能满足其降落性能,降落后再起飞之上升性能等要求不可。如果起飞后,不知什么原因必须紧急降落时,就必须抛弃燃料,将总重量减到最大着陆重量以下不可。波音</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">747-400</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在国际线之最大降落重量约为</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="磅" SourceValue="630000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">630000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">磅</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">286</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吨)。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">九、预备燃料重量</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">预备燃料重量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Reserve Fuel Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是指预备在飞行途中,或因目的地之气候突变,或其它理由使飞机无法在目的地机场降落时,所需追加准备之燃料重量。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">十、总预备燃料</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">总预备燃料(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Total Fuel Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是指照预定到达目的地机场,在计划上应该还要剩下之燃料重量,由下面几种所构成。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)应急燃料</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应急燃料(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Contingency Fuel</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)指为补正预估消耗燃料与实际消耗燃料之误差,所装载之补给燃料。一般约为消耗燃料的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)代替燃料</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">代替燃料(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Alternate Fuel</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)亦为在无法降落目的地机场时,由目的地机场飞到代替机场降落时所需之燃料。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)待命燃料</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">待命燃料(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">holding fuel</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)亦指在代替机场上空待命时所需之燃料。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)额外燃料</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">额外燃料(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Extra Fuel</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)主要是指机长或签派员举出下面理由而追加之补充性,判断能使航运效能提升的燃料。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">a.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">航线上上层风之预报非常不确定,或是前方有坏天气因此有可能需要绕道飞行,或在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ATC</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上预估将受到显著的限制时。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">b.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目的地或替代机场之气象预报上认为有必要时</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">c.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">燃料搭载手续上有必要时。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">d.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其它。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">十一、许可装载量</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">许可装载量(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ACL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Allowable Cabin Load</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)亦指由起飞许可重量减掉装载燃料重量及航运重量,表示飞行酬载之限度。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ACL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分为下列</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种:</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)重量限制</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因起飞机场跑道长度、标高、气温、风向、飞行路径与气象,目标机场之状况等航运条件,来计算出每个航班之重量限制(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Weight Limited ACL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。如波音</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">747-400</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞行东京与旧金山间之</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ACL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="磅" SourceValue="135000" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">135000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">磅</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">左右。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(二)容积限制</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">容积限制(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Space Limited ACL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)亦指与航运条件无关,在客舱全满,货舱亦满载时之最大搭载量。因为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ACL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以重量计算,以日航为例,乘客重量在国际线一人算</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="磅" SourceValue="160" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">160</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">磅</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="公斤" SourceValue="73" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">73</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公斤</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),国内线算</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="磅" SourceValue="145" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">145</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">磅</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="公斤" SourceValue="64" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">64</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公斤</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),货舱每一立方英呎装载</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="磅" SourceValue="10" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">磅</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="公斤" SourceValue="4.5" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公斤</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)货物,用以上数值来计算</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ACL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">747-400</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">容积限制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ACL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,依客舱座席之配置有所差异,但大概为</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="磅" SourceValue="106090" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">106090</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">磅</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">48</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吨)左右。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">十二、着陆许可总重</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">陆许可总重(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Allowable Gross Landing Weight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)亦指对预计降落机场所允许最大降落重量。依跑道铺面强度、长度、风向、襟翼角度等条件来决定,但不能超越前述的最大降落重量。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">肆、载重平衡</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">载重平衡(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Weight and Balance</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是航空公司在各航班飞行前,依实测或计算数值,算定飞机重量及重心位置,为飞航安全,在预先设定的重心位置移动容许范围内,操作其重量配置。飞机重量之数据可利用来作所需燃料、容许搭载量、起飞时之速度之决定、滑行距离之计算、发动机推力之设定、飞行高度之选定。飞机重心位置之数据,可利用来作起飞时水平方向舵角度之设定,及飞行中确认燃料之消耗是否在重心位置移动容许范围内等。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">载重平衡一般使用特别的图表(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Weight And Balance Manifest</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)来制作,但日航几乎在所有机场,利用与旅客办理报到(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Check In</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)业务相联机的计算机来计算,又快又准确。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压舱物</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压舱物(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Ballast</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)亦指为飞机重心调整用的重物。依酬载(旅客和货物)之重量分配,若还是无法调整重心位置时,就需装载压舱物或配平物(大部份为铅块)调整飞机的重心,使之顺利飞行。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">伍、相关用语</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、风因子</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">风因子(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Wind Factor</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)亦指飞行中飞机的对地速度受到风影响的程度。为真空速减去对地速度之值,在顺风时为正值,逆风时为负值。这是决定飞行航线方向时一项要素。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、顺风</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与飞机进行方向相同风向的风谓之顺风(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Tail Wind</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。即逆风的相对。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、重心</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">指顶起飞机时,其前后左右不偏不倾,保持平衡状态时的支点。这重心(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">CG</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Center Of Gravity</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)位置,对飞机的安定性、操纵性及强度的考虑上有其重要意义。各种机型都对其重心位置移动容许之范围有相当严格的规定。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、预计离场(起飞)时间</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">预计离场(起飞)时间(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ETD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Estimated Time of Departure</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)亦指在班机时刻表所刊载之时间,但因飞机维修或其它理由有时会有所变动。机舱内的清扫、机体的维修、飞机加油、装界卸货、旅客的登机广播都以这时间为目标来进行。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ETD</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">及</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ETA</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Estimated Time of Arrival</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,预计到达时间)都会记陆在飞行计划表上,尔后再联系航管单位。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五、定期机场</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">定期机场(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Regular Aerodrome</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)亦指定期航空公司被正式许可航线中,定期起降使用的机场。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">六、大圈航线</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大圈航线(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Great Circle Route</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是指通过地球中心以平面切开之外圆圈。也就是说在此大圆圈上,连接地球两地点最短之航线。对飞机或船而言,这是最能节省燃料与时间的重要航线。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">七、转降</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">指因目的地机场天候不佳等因素,而转到其它机场降落称为转降(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Diversion</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),但折返原出发机场不在此内。在飞行计划表作成之际,需考虑转降之可能性而决定替代机场,这时就要装载可能飞到该机场所需之燃料。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">八、替代机场</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">航机在气象状态恶化或跑道关闭时,无法降落在原预定之机场,而用以取代降落的机场称为替代机场(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Alternate Aerodrome</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">使用仪降飞行时,替代机场必需明示在飞行计划表上。但如飞机装载有巡航速度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">小时之备份燃料时,不设定替代机场也可以。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">九、技术降落</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所谓技术降落(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Technical Landing</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),就是装载了容许最大燃料,依飞机性能还是无法直飞抵目的地机场,就必需在事先预定的机场降落以补充燃料。在这种机场一般是不可以上下旅客或装卸货物。在班次时刻表上,有时会写上该站技术停留(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Technical Stop</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)等字样。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">十、预计到场(达)时间</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">预计到场(达)时间(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ETA</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Estimated Time of Arrival</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)指各航班之预定到达时间,将飞机起飞时间,加上飞行计划表所计算出来的飞行时间。这并不是班机时刻表所刊载预计到达之时间。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">十一、飞航公告</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞航公告(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">NOTAM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Notice to Airmen</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是民航主管单位为飞航安全,向飞航关系人员所发出的通告。有一定时间性的,也有紧急性的。其内容为有关机场、助航设施、飞航关联业务方式之改变,或像军事演习关系到空中危险等事项。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">NOTAM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有分为以电报发送的一级公告(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Class I</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),还有以电报以外(通常为文书方式)送达的二级公告(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Class II</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">十二、飞行时间</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞机起飞时轮胎离地(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Lift-off</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)开始,到降落轮胎触地(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Touch Down</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)为止,称为飞行时间(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Flight Time</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。每段航班之预定飞行时间,在飞行计划表作成时已算出,作为装载燃料的参考与飞行前准备之用。每次飞行的时间都纪录统计下来,作为航运实绩之记录,飞机就航率等基本统计资料之用。此外,也可利用在维修飞机之计划及成本控管方面。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">十三、全段时间</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">全段时间(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Block Time</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)指由航机由驶出停机坪(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Ramp Out</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,到降落目标机场停机(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Ramp In</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)为止之时间。用拖车开始由停机点推出机坪的时间也包括在内。班机时刻表上所写的出发时间到到达时间为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Block Time</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的预定时间。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">十四、空中待命</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所谓空中待命(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Holding</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),指航机因机场航管拥挤或其它理由,受塔台指示在空中盘旋待命,这时塔台会指示其待命空域、时间及高度。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">十五、逆风</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">指作用在飞机之升力、阻力等空气动力都与空速有关。因此顺风或逆风(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Head Wind</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)在飞机运用上是一项要素。飞机起降时之逆风能提高起飞性能,有助于减短起飞所需跑道长度。但逆风却也使续航性能变差。因此,飞机起降时之风向影响,逆风以实测值的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">50%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,顺风以实测值的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">150%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,算出其对性能的影响,以提高飞航的安全性。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">十六、再许可</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这种飞行方式是先计划飞原目的地机场更近的机场,飞行途中在某地点确认所剩燃料,如果从该地到原目的地机场为止之飞行计划能够成立,若燃料足够的话,再向原目的地机场继续飞行。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">飞行计划中,除计算到目的地机场会使用之燃料以外,也考虑到上层风向等之误差对应,多装载了预备燃料。这项预备燃料在性质上,到机场降落为止都不会用到的机会较多。以长程线而言,有时达</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吨之多,结果使旅客及货物的装载量受到限制。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Re-Clearance</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的飞行方式,如由美国飞东京,先以札幌为最终目的地机场,作成有搭载预备燃料的飞行计划,在飞行途中某地点确认所剩燃料,再作一份由该地点到东京的飞行计划,如果能够确认燃料足够就继续飞到东京,将当初到札幌的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Clearance</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,在飞行中变更成到东京的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Clearance</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,这样的飞航方式称为再许可(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Re-Clearance</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;美国称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Re-Dispatch</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">十七、双发动机延距操作</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">指双发动机构型的飞机,由可能紧急降落的机场算起,在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">具发动机不运转的状态下,超过以巡航速度飞行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">60</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分钟距离的飞航方式,谓之双发动机延距操作(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ETOPS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Extended-range Twin Operations</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">具发动机的商用机,在起飞前要制作飞航计划,万一在巡航中,同时有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">具发动机不运转的情况时,也能避开所有障碍物,并在最近的机场紧急降落。另一方面,就没想定万一双发动机飞机在有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">具发动机运转时的情况,而代之以由可能紧急降落的机场算起,在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">具引发动机不运转的状态下,超过以巡航速度飞行超过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">60</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分钟的区域范围就不可飞行。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">然而,随着喷射发动机性能的提升,对满足一定条件的航空公司而言,「在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">具发动机不运转的状态下,超过以巡航速度飞行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">60</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分钟的距离」,是可实行将操作距离的限制予以延长。这样的飞航方式称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ETOPS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。在日本飞航关岛、塞班的航线亦采用此种飞航方式。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>

coindong 发表于 2011-9-28 17:20:30

good stuff ,checkout

天若有情 发表于 2011-11-9 18:55:45

太棒了,:hug:

rambo1986 发表于 2012-3-18 10:54:08

需要这些东西的详细码,求资料啊

songhh 发表于 2012-3-18 11:19:37

太棒了,:hug:

jack_yang2013 发表于 2013-10-6 21:55:04

长知识了,谢谢

jetboatpool 发表于 2013-10-29 21:28:00

飞行计划 我要

Vivian0218 发表于 2014-4-3 15:03:17

谢谢楼主分享

Chocolate 发表于 2014-5-25 21:30:38

谢谢,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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